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Ppt of humanities
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  CHAitANYA AGrAWAL
  riddHi PArMAr
  rAHUL dWeVedi
CONteNt:-
 HistOrY, FACts ANd iNFOrMAtiON AbOUt
 ANCieNt rOMAN ArCHiteCtUre

 ArCHiteCtUre - tHe sOCietY, CULtUre
 ANd LiFe OF tHe rOMANs

 ArCHiteCtUre - triUMPHAL ArCHes -
 ViLLAs - teMPLes - rOAds - FOrts ANd
 stOCkAdes - tOWNs - AqUedUCts
Ppt of humanities
HistOrY, FACts ANd iNFOrMAtiON
AbOUt ANCieNt rOMAN ArCHiteCtUre
 tHe ANCieNt rOMANs Were MAsters OF
  ArCHiteCtUre - desiGNiNG ANd ereCtiNG
  bUiLdiNGs.

 tHeir skiLLs iN bUiLdiNG ANd eNGiNeeriNG,
  iNCLUdiNG tHeir iNVeNtiON OF CONCrete,
  resULted iN diFFereNt tYPes ANd stYLes OF
  ArCHiteCtUre iNCLUdiNG tHe bUiLdiNG OF
  FOrts, ViLLAs, teMPLes, tOWNs, bAtHs, GreAt
  WALLs ANd rOAds - CHANGiNG tHe FACe OF
  eUrOPe FOreVer.
strUCtUres bUiLt bY tHe ANCieNt
rOMANs:-
   FOrUMs - sqUAres WHiCH Were sUrrOUNded bY teMPLes, sHOPs,
    ANd bAsiLiCAs
   bAsiLiCAs - PUbLiC bUiLdiNGs
   bAtHs
   MArkets sUCH As trAjAN's MArket iN rOMe - A FiVe stOrY
    COMPLex HOUsiNG sHOPs, bArs ANd restAUrANts
   AMPHitHeAters sUCH As tHe COLOsseUM ANd tHe CirCUs
    MAxiMUs
   tHeAtres
   triUMPHAL ArCHes CeLebrAtiNG tHe ViCtOries OF tHe rOMANs
   ViLLAs
   teMPLes
   rOAds
   FOrts ANd stOCkAdes
   tOWNs
   AqUedUCts
rOMAN ArCHiteCtUrAL FeAtUres
ANd GeOGrAPHiCAL CONditiONs:-

• CAPitAL – rOMe WAs FOUNd NeAr riVer tiber
  sUrrOUNded bY 7 HiLLs
• COAst WAs NOt iNteNded Like GreeCe.
• COLUMNAr ANd trAbeAted stYLe OF tHe
  Greeks ANd etrUsCAN ArCH ANd VAULt
• exteNsiVe Use OF LiMe CONCrete – CONCrete
  HeLPed NeW CONstrUCtiON sYsteM
• COVered LArGe sPANs,ribs Were MAde bY
  briCks ON edGes
rOMAN ArCHiteCtUrAL FeAtUres
ANd GeOGrAPHiCAL CONditiONs:-
• VAULts Used bY rOMANs Were – seMi CirCULAr
  VAULt / bArreL VAULt,CrOss VAULt, Or
  HeMisPHeriCAL dOMe
• tHeY CONstrUCted MULti stOreYed bLdGs.
  UNLike tHe GreeCe…
rOMAN Orders:-
•dOriC Order
•iONiC Order
•COriNitHiAN Order
•COMPOsite Order
•tUsCAN Order
PANtHeON teMPLe
rOMAN tUsCAN Order:-
exAMPLes OF
rOMAN
ArCHiteCtUre:-
AqUedUCts:-


•tHeY PAid AtteNtiON tO WAter sUPPLY sCHeMes
•WAter WAs COLLeCted FrOM sPriNGs/riVers .
•Arried bY tUNNeLs,CHANNeLs sUPPOrted ON
WALLs/ArCHes tO A reserVOir OUtside A CitY.
•WAter WAs sUPPLied tO rOMe ViA A NetWOrk OF
NiNe AqUedUCts
tHe rOMAN rOAd ANd bridGe:-

•rOMAN rOAds Were GeNerALLY CONstrUCted iN FOUr
LAYers WitH tHe tOPMOst LAYer CONsistiNG OF A
PAVeMeNt OF FLAt ,HArd stONes, CONCrete Or PebbLes
tHAt Were set iN MOrtAr.

•tHe rOMANs ,iN tHeir PriMe, bUiLt tHOUsANds OF MiLes OF
rOAds WHiCH stretCHed FrOM rOMe tO britAiN ANd FrOM
CArtHAGe tO PArtHiA.

•tHese rOAds Were CONstrUCted "tO LAst A CeNtUrY" ANd
MOst LAsted FOr tWO MiLLeNNiUM ANd Are stiLL beiNG
Used tOdAY.
Ppt of humanities
tHe rOMAN bAtH:-
Ppt of humanities
trAjAN's COLUMN:-
•tHe strUCtUre is AbOUt 30 Meters (98
Ft) iN HeiGHt, 38 iNCLUdiNG its LArGe
PedestAL.

•tHe sHAFt is MAde FrOM A series OF 18
COLOssAL CArrArA MArbLe drUMs, eACH
WeiGHiNG AbOUt 40 tONs, WitH A
diAMeter OF AbOUt 4 Metres (13 Ft).

•tHe 200 Meter (656 Ft) Frieze WiNds
ArOUNd tHe sHAFt 23 tiMes.

•trAjAN's COLUMN is A MONUMeNt iN rOMe
rAised bY Order OF eMPerOr trAjAN.

•it is LOCAted iN trAjAN's FOrUM, bUiLt
NeAr tHe qUiriNAL HiLL, NOrtH OF tHe
rOMAN FOrUM
PALAtiNe HiLL :-
tHe PALAtiNe HiLL (LAtiN
PALAtiUM) is tHe
CeNterMOst OF tHe seVeN
HiLLs OF rOMe ANd is ONe OF
tHe MOst ANCieNt PArts OF
tHe CitY OF rOMe iN itALY..
tHe ArCH ANd tHe
dOMe
ArCH:-
•tHe rOMANs First AdOPted tHe ArCH FrOM tHe Greeks,
ANd iMPLeMeNted it iN tHeir OWN bUiLdiNG.

•AN ArCH is A VerY strONG sHAPe As NO siNGLe sPOt HOLds
ALL tHe WeiGHt ANd is stiLL Used iN ArCHiteCtUre tOdAY.

•tHe rOMAN Use OF tHe ArCH ANd tHeir iMPrOVeMeNts iN
tHe Use OF CONCrete ANd briCks FACiLitAted tHe bUiLdiNG

•tHe sAMe ideA PrOdUCed NUMerOUs bridGes.

•exAMPLe: bridGe OAt MAridA..
•tHe rOMAN Use OF tHe ArCH tOGetHer WitH tHeir
iMPrOVeMeNts iN tHe Use OF CONCrete.

•CONstrUCtiON OF VAULted CeiLiNGs ALsO eNAbLed HUGe
(COVered) PUbLiC sPACes sUCH As tHe PUbLiC bAtHs ANd
bAsiLiCAs.
• tHerOMANs ALsO bAsed MUCH OF tHeir ArCHiteCtUre ON
tHe dOMe, sUCH As HAdriAN's PANtHeON iN tHe CitY OF
rOMe…

•rOMAN ArCHiteCtUre WAs sOMetiMes deterMiNed bAsed
UPON tHe reqUireMeNts OF rOMAN reLiGiON.

•FOr exAMPLe tHe PANtHeON WAs AN AMAziNG
eNGiNeeriNG FeAt CreAted FOr reLiGiOUs PUrPOses
tHe PANtHeON :-
•tHe PANtHeON is A bUiLdiNG iN rOMe
WHiCH WAs OriGiNALLY bUiLt As A
teMPLe tO tHe seVeN deities OF tHe
seVeN PLANets iN tHe rOMAN stAte
reLiGiON.

•it WAs A CHristiAN CHUrCH siNCe
tHe 7tH CeNtUrY.
•it is tHe best-PreserVed OF ALL
rOMAN bUiLdiNGs ANd tHe OLdest
iMPOrtANt bUiLdiNG iN tHe WOrLd
WitH its OriGiNAL rOOF iNtACt.

•it HAs beeN iN CONtiNUOUs Use
tHrOUGHOUt its HistOrY…
PLAN
Ppt of humanities
Ppt of humanities
ArCH OF sePtiMiUs seVerUs




ArCH OF sePtiMUs seVerUs,204 Ad
•tHe WHite MArbLe ArCH OF sePtiMiUs seVerUs At tHe
NOrtHeAst eNd OF tHe rOMAN FOrUM is A triUMPHAL ArCH
ereCted iN 204 Ad

•tHe tHree ArCHWAYs rest ON Piers, iN FrONt OF WHiCH
Are detACHed COMPOsite COLUMNs ON PedestALs.

•tHe ArCH WAs rAised ON A trAVertiNe bAse OriGiNALLY
APPrOACHed bY stePs FrOM tHe FOrUM's ANCieNt LeVeL…
rOMAN - triUMPHAL - ArCH
POst-rOMAN triUMPHAL
ArCHes
ArCH OF CONstANtiNe
bAsiLiCA
Ppt of humanities
Ppt of humanities
Ppt of humanities
bAsiLiCA AeMiLiA:-
•tHe bAsiLiCA AeMiLiA WAs ereCted iN 179 bC bY tHe
CeNsOrs MArCUs AeMiLiUs LePidUs (AFter WHOM tHe
bAsiLiCA is NAMed)

•MArCUs FULViUs NObiLiOr, COMPLeteLY rebUiLt OVer tWO
deCAdes ANd dediCAted iN 34 bC, restOred AFter A Fire
bY AUGUstUs iN 14 bC, ANd tHeN AGAiN iN Ad 22 ON its tWO-
HUNdredtH ANNiVersArY, tHe bAsiLiCA AeMiLiA WAs
CONsidered bY PLiNY tO be ONe OF tHe MOst beAUtiFUL
bUiLdiNGs iN rOMe.

• it WAs A PLACe FOr bUsiNess
bAsiLiCA jULiA:-
•tHe bAsiLiCA jULiA, NAMed AFter
jULiUs CAesAr, WHO dediCAted it iN
46 bC bY AUGUstUs, bUt bUrNed
sHOrtLY AFterWArd ANd WAs NOt
redediCAted FOr ANOtHer tWeNtY
YeArs, iN 12 Ad.

•it WAs rebUiLt AGAiN bY
diOCLetiAN AFter tHe Fire OF 283
Ad.

•tHe bAsiLiCA WAs A LArGe,
OrNAte, PUbLiC bUiLdiNG Used FOr
MeetiNGs ANd OtHer OFFiCiAL
bUsiNess

• ANd PrOVided sPACe FOr
GOVerNMeNt OFFiCes ANd bANkiNG.
bAsiLiCA OF MAxeNtiUs:-
•tHe bAsiLiCA OF MAxeNtiUs
(bAsiLiCA MAxeNtii) WAs tHe
LAst OF tHe GreAt CiViLiAN
bAsiLiCAs ON tHe rOMAN
FOrUM.

•tHe rUiNs OF tHe bAsiLiCA is
LOCAted betWeeN tHe teMPLe
OF AMOr ANd rOMA .
•
teMPLes:-
teMPLe OF CAstOr ANd POLLUx:-
teMPLe OF jUPiter:-
teMPLe OF rOMULUs:-
teMPLe OF sAtUrN:-
teMPLe OF VeNUs ANd rOMA:-
tHe rOMAN
COLOsseUM
tHe FLAViAN AMPHitHeAtre
•tHe COLOsseUM Or COLiseUM, OriGiNALLY kNOWN As tHe
FLAViAN AMPHitHeAtre, is AN AMPHitHeAtre iN rOMe,
CAPAbLe OF seAtiNG 50,000 sPeCtAtOrs, WHiCH WAs ONCe
Used FOr GLAdiAtOriAL COMbAt.

•tHe COLOsseUM HOsted LArGe-sCALe sPeCtACULAr
GAMes tHAt iNCLUded

•FiGHts betWeeN ANiMALs (VeNAtiONes),

•tHe kiLLiNG OF PrisONers bY ANiMALs (see: zOOPHiLiA:
rOMAN GAMes ANd CirCUs) ANd

•OtHer exeCUtiONs (NOxii), NAVAL bAttLes
(NAUMACHiAe, ViA FLOOdiNG tHe AreNA) UP UNtiL Ad 81,
ANd COMbAts betWeeN GLAdiAtOrs (MUNerA).
Ppt of humanities
Ppt of humanities
tHe rOMAN FOrUM:-
•tHe rOMAN FOrUM WAs tHe CeNtrAL
AreA ArOUNd WHiCH ANCieNt rOMe
deVeLOPed.

•Here tHe COMMUNAL HeArtH WAs
LOCAted.

•OriGiNALLY it HAd beeN MArsHY
GrOUNd, WHiCH WAs drAiNed bY tHe
tArqUiNs WitH tHe CLOACA MAxiMA.
CirCUses:-
CirCUs MAxiMUs:-
tHe CirCUs MAxiMUs
(LAtiN FOr LArGest
CirCLe) is AN ANCieNt
AreNA ANd MAss
eNtertAiNMeNt VeNUe
LOCAted iN rOMe.
Ppt of humanities
HiPPOdrOMe:-
•tHe HiPPOdrOMe WAs AN
ANCieNt rOMAN desiGN tO
HOLd HOrse ANd CHAriOt
rACiNG.

•it COrresPONded tO tHe
rOMAN CirCUs Were ONLY
FOUr CHAriOts rAN At A
tiMe.
HistOriCAL bACkGrOUNd:-
•etrUsCANs – FALL OF LAst kiNG
tArqUiNUs sUPerbUs – rOMAN rePUbLiC
WAs FOrMed
•rOMAN kiNGs Were eLeCted – MOst
FAMOUs jULiUs CeAser – He brOUGHt
MOst PrOsPeritY tO rOMe
•NerO,VesPAsiAN,titUs,dOMitiAN,trAjAN
,HAdriAN,CArCALLA – GreAt PrOMOters
OF ArCHiteCtUre….
tHe eNd

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Ppt of humanities

  • 2. Credit s  CHAitANYA AGrAWAL  riddHi PArMAr  rAHUL dWeVedi
  • 3. CONteNt:-  HistOrY, FACts ANd iNFOrMAtiON AbOUt ANCieNt rOMAN ArCHiteCtUre  ArCHiteCtUre - tHe sOCietY, CULtUre ANd LiFe OF tHe rOMANs  ArCHiteCtUre - triUMPHAL ArCHes - ViLLAs - teMPLes - rOAds - FOrts ANd stOCkAdes - tOWNs - AqUedUCts
  • 5. HistOrY, FACts ANd iNFOrMAtiON AbOUt ANCieNt rOMAN ArCHiteCtUre  tHe ANCieNt rOMANs Were MAsters OF ArCHiteCtUre - desiGNiNG ANd ereCtiNG bUiLdiNGs.  tHeir skiLLs iN bUiLdiNG ANd eNGiNeeriNG, iNCLUdiNG tHeir iNVeNtiON OF CONCrete, resULted iN diFFereNt tYPes ANd stYLes OF ArCHiteCtUre iNCLUdiNG tHe bUiLdiNG OF FOrts, ViLLAs, teMPLes, tOWNs, bAtHs, GreAt WALLs ANd rOAds - CHANGiNG tHe FACe OF eUrOPe FOreVer.
  • 6. strUCtUres bUiLt bY tHe ANCieNt rOMANs:-  FOrUMs - sqUAres WHiCH Were sUrrOUNded bY teMPLes, sHOPs, ANd bAsiLiCAs  bAsiLiCAs - PUbLiC bUiLdiNGs  bAtHs  MArkets sUCH As trAjAN's MArket iN rOMe - A FiVe stOrY COMPLex HOUsiNG sHOPs, bArs ANd restAUrANts  AMPHitHeAters sUCH As tHe COLOsseUM ANd tHe CirCUs MAxiMUs  tHeAtres  triUMPHAL ArCHes CeLebrAtiNG tHe ViCtOries OF tHe rOMANs  ViLLAs  teMPLes  rOAds  FOrts ANd stOCkAdes  tOWNs  AqUedUCts
  • 7. rOMAN ArCHiteCtUrAL FeAtUres ANd GeOGrAPHiCAL CONditiONs:- • CAPitAL – rOMe WAs FOUNd NeAr riVer tiber sUrrOUNded bY 7 HiLLs • COAst WAs NOt iNteNded Like GreeCe. • COLUMNAr ANd trAbeAted stYLe OF tHe Greeks ANd etrUsCAN ArCH ANd VAULt • exteNsiVe Use OF LiMe CONCrete – CONCrete HeLPed NeW CONstrUCtiON sYsteM • COVered LArGe sPANs,ribs Were MAde bY briCks ON edGes
  • 8. rOMAN ArCHiteCtUrAL FeAtUres ANd GeOGrAPHiCAL CONditiONs:- • VAULts Used bY rOMANs Were – seMi CirCULAr VAULt / bArreL VAULt,CrOss VAULt, Or HeMisPHeriCAL dOMe • tHeY CONstrUCted MULti stOreYed bLdGs. UNLike tHe GreeCe…
  • 9. rOMAN Orders:- •dOriC Order •iONiC Order •COriNitHiAN Order •COMPOsite Order •tUsCAN Order
  • 13. AqUedUCts:- •tHeY PAid AtteNtiON tO WAter sUPPLY sCHeMes •WAter WAs COLLeCted FrOM sPriNGs/riVers . •Arried bY tUNNeLs,CHANNeLs sUPPOrted ON WALLs/ArCHes tO A reserVOir OUtside A CitY. •WAter WAs sUPPLied tO rOMe ViA A NetWOrk OF NiNe AqUedUCts
  • 14. tHe rOMAN rOAd ANd bridGe:- •rOMAN rOAds Were GeNerALLY CONstrUCted iN FOUr LAYers WitH tHe tOPMOst LAYer CONsistiNG OF A PAVeMeNt OF FLAt ,HArd stONes, CONCrete Or PebbLes tHAt Were set iN MOrtAr. •tHe rOMANs ,iN tHeir PriMe, bUiLt tHOUsANds OF MiLes OF rOAds WHiCH stretCHed FrOM rOMe tO britAiN ANd FrOM CArtHAGe tO PArtHiA. •tHese rOAds Were CONstrUCted "tO LAst A CeNtUrY" ANd MOst LAsted FOr tWO MiLLeNNiUM ANd Are stiLL beiNG Used tOdAY.
  • 19. •tHe strUCtUre is AbOUt 30 Meters (98 Ft) iN HeiGHt, 38 iNCLUdiNG its LArGe PedestAL. •tHe sHAFt is MAde FrOM A series OF 18 COLOssAL CArrArA MArbLe drUMs, eACH WeiGHiNG AbOUt 40 tONs, WitH A diAMeter OF AbOUt 4 Metres (13 Ft). •tHe 200 Meter (656 Ft) Frieze WiNds ArOUNd tHe sHAFt 23 tiMes. •trAjAN's COLUMN is A MONUMeNt iN rOMe rAised bY Order OF eMPerOr trAjAN. •it is LOCAted iN trAjAN's FOrUM, bUiLt NeAr tHe qUiriNAL HiLL, NOrtH OF tHe rOMAN FOrUM
  • 20. PALAtiNe HiLL :- tHe PALAtiNe HiLL (LAtiN PALAtiUM) is tHe CeNterMOst OF tHe seVeN HiLLs OF rOMe ANd is ONe OF tHe MOst ANCieNt PArts OF tHe CitY OF rOMe iN itALY..
  • 21. tHe ArCH ANd tHe dOMe
  • 22. ArCH:- •tHe rOMANs First AdOPted tHe ArCH FrOM tHe Greeks, ANd iMPLeMeNted it iN tHeir OWN bUiLdiNG. •AN ArCH is A VerY strONG sHAPe As NO siNGLe sPOt HOLds ALL tHe WeiGHt ANd is stiLL Used iN ArCHiteCtUre tOdAY. •tHe rOMAN Use OF tHe ArCH ANd tHeir iMPrOVeMeNts iN tHe Use OF CONCrete ANd briCks FACiLitAted tHe bUiLdiNG •tHe sAMe ideA PrOdUCed NUMerOUs bridGes. •exAMPLe: bridGe OAt MAridA..
  • 23. •tHe rOMAN Use OF tHe ArCH tOGetHer WitH tHeir iMPrOVeMeNts iN tHe Use OF CONCrete. •CONstrUCtiON OF VAULted CeiLiNGs ALsO eNAbLed HUGe (COVered) PUbLiC sPACes sUCH As tHe PUbLiC bAtHs ANd bAsiLiCAs. • tHerOMANs ALsO bAsed MUCH OF tHeir ArCHiteCtUre ON tHe dOMe, sUCH As HAdriAN's PANtHeON iN tHe CitY OF rOMe… •rOMAN ArCHiteCtUre WAs sOMetiMes deterMiNed bAsed UPON tHe reqUireMeNts OF rOMAN reLiGiON. •FOr exAMPLe tHe PANtHeON WAs AN AMAziNG eNGiNeeriNG FeAt CreAted FOr reLiGiOUs PUrPOses
  • 24. tHe PANtHeON :- •tHe PANtHeON is A bUiLdiNG iN rOMe WHiCH WAs OriGiNALLY bUiLt As A teMPLe tO tHe seVeN deities OF tHe seVeN PLANets iN tHe rOMAN stAte reLiGiON. •it WAs A CHristiAN CHUrCH siNCe tHe 7tH CeNtUrY. •it is tHe best-PreserVed OF ALL rOMAN bUiLdiNGs ANd tHe OLdest iMPOrtANt bUiLdiNG iN tHe WOrLd WitH its OriGiNAL rOOF iNtACt. •it HAs beeN iN CONtiNUOUs Use tHrOUGHOUt its HistOrY…
  • 25. PLAN
  • 28. ArCH OF sePtiMiUs seVerUs ArCH OF sePtiMUs seVerUs,204 Ad
  • 29. •tHe WHite MArbLe ArCH OF sePtiMiUs seVerUs At tHe NOrtHeAst eNd OF tHe rOMAN FOrUM is A triUMPHAL ArCH ereCted iN 204 Ad •tHe tHree ArCHWAYs rest ON Piers, iN FrONt OF WHiCH Are detACHed COMPOsite COLUMNs ON PedestALs. •tHe ArCH WAs rAised ON A trAVertiNe bAse OriGiNALLY APPrOACHed bY stePs FrOM tHe FOrUM's ANCieNt LeVeL…
  • 38. •tHe bAsiLiCA AeMiLiA WAs ereCted iN 179 bC bY tHe CeNsOrs MArCUs AeMiLiUs LePidUs (AFter WHOM tHe bAsiLiCA is NAMed) •MArCUs FULViUs NObiLiOr, COMPLeteLY rebUiLt OVer tWO deCAdes ANd dediCAted iN 34 bC, restOred AFter A Fire bY AUGUstUs iN 14 bC, ANd tHeN AGAiN iN Ad 22 ON its tWO- HUNdredtH ANNiVersArY, tHe bAsiLiCA AeMiLiA WAs CONsidered bY PLiNY tO be ONe OF tHe MOst beAUtiFUL bUiLdiNGs iN rOMe. • it WAs A PLACe FOr bUsiNess
  • 39. bAsiLiCA jULiA:- •tHe bAsiLiCA jULiA, NAMed AFter jULiUs CAesAr, WHO dediCAted it iN 46 bC bY AUGUstUs, bUt bUrNed sHOrtLY AFterWArd ANd WAs NOt redediCAted FOr ANOtHer tWeNtY YeArs, iN 12 Ad. •it WAs rebUiLt AGAiN bY diOCLetiAN AFter tHe Fire OF 283 Ad. •tHe bAsiLiCA WAs A LArGe, OrNAte, PUbLiC bUiLdiNG Used FOr MeetiNGs ANd OtHer OFFiCiAL bUsiNess • ANd PrOVided sPACe FOr GOVerNMeNt OFFiCes ANd bANkiNG.
  • 41. •tHe bAsiLiCA OF MAxeNtiUs (bAsiLiCA MAxeNtii) WAs tHe LAst OF tHe GreAt CiViLiAN bAsiLiCAs ON tHe rOMAN FOrUM. •tHe rUiNs OF tHe bAsiLiCA is LOCAted betWeeN tHe teMPLe OF AMOr ANd rOMA . •
  • 43. teMPLe OF CAstOr ANd POLLUx:-
  • 47. teMPLe OF VeNUs ANd rOMA:-
  • 49. •tHe COLOsseUM Or COLiseUM, OriGiNALLY kNOWN As tHe FLAViAN AMPHitHeAtre, is AN AMPHitHeAtre iN rOMe, CAPAbLe OF seAtiNG 50,000 sPeCtAtOrs, WHiCH WAs ONCe Used FOr GLAdiAtOriAL COMbAt. •tHe COLOsseUM HOsted LArGe-sCALe sPeCtACULAr GAMes tHAt iNCLUded •FiGHts betWeeN ANiMALs (VeNAtiONes), •tHe kiLLiNG OF PrisONers bY ANiMALs (see: zOOPHiLiA: rOMAN GAMes ANd CirCUs) ANd •OtHer exeCUtiONs (NOxii), NAVAL bAttLes (NAUMACHiAe, ViA FLOOdiNG tHe AreNA) UP UNtiL Ad 81, ANd COMbAts betWeeN GLAdiAtOrs (MUNerA).
  • 53. •tHe rOMAN FOrUM WAs tHe CeNtrAL AreA ArOUNd WHiCH ANCieNt rOMe deVeLOPed. •Here tHe COMMUNAL HeArtH WAs LOCAted. •OriGiNALLY it HAd beeN MArsHY GrOUNd, WHiCH WAs drAiNed bY tHe tArqUiNs WitH tHe CLOACA MAxiMA.
  • 55. CirCUs MAxiMUs:- tHe CirCUs MAxiMUs (LAtiN FOr LArGest CirCLe) is AN ANCieNt AreNA ANd MAss eNtertAiNMeNt VeNUe LOCAted iN rOMe.
  • 57. HiPPOdrOMe:- •tHe HiPPOdrOMe WAs AN ANCieNt rOMAN desiGN tO HOLd HOrse ANd CHAriOt rACiNG. •it COrresPONded tO tHe rOMAN CirCUs Were ONLY FOUr CHAriOts rAN At A tiMe.
  • 58. HistOriCAL bACkGrOUNd:- •etrUsCANs – FALL OF LAst kiNG tArqUiNUs sUPerbUs – rOMAN rePUbLiC WAs FOrMed •rOMAN kiNGs Were eLeCted – MOst FAMOUs jULiUs CeAser – He brOUGHt MOst PrOsPeritY tO rOMe •NerO,VesPAsiAN,titUs,dOMitiAN,trAjAN ,HAdriAN,CArCALLA – GreAt PrOMOters OF ArCHiteCtUre….