3. Definitions
Hypertension in pregnancy:
Bl/P of 140/90 or more is abnormal.
If there is a rise of 30 mmHg or more in the systolic blood
pressure or 15 mmHg or more in the diastolic blood
pressure In 2 occasions 6 hours apart.
Mean arterial BP> 105 mmHg .
Systolic + 2 Diastolic
Mean arterial BP = -----------------------------
3
5. National High Blood Pressure Education
Program Classification ( NHEP) 2000
Gestational hypertension.
Preeclampsia (mild, severe).
Eclampsia.
Superimposed preeclampsia upon
chronic hypertension.
Chronic hypertension with
pregnancy.
6. Definitions
Gestational hypertension:
Hypertension for first time after 20 w, without
Proteinuria. BP returns to normal before 12 weeks
postpartum.
Chronic hypertension with pregnancy:
Hypertension antedates pregnancy and detected
before 20 w, & lasts more than 12 weeks postpartum.
7. Definitions
Preeclampsia:
The development of hypertension and Proteinuria
after 20 w
May occur earlier in vesicular mole or twins.
Eclampsia (in Greek= Flash of light):
The occurrence of convulsions (without any
neurological disease) in a woman with pre-eclampsia.
14. A): Signs: :
it is a disease of signs :
2 cardinal signs + or - Edema:
Hypertension:
usually precedes Proteinuria,
Proteinuria: detected by
Boiling test.
Quantitative assay.
15. + or - Edema
The lower extremities.
Abdominal wall, vulva or may be generalized
anasarca.
usually after hypertension.
16. Peripheral edema is not a
useful diagnostic criterion
1) it is common in normal pregnancy.
2) PE can occur without edema (dry type).
so its presence does not ensure a poor prognosis
and its absence not ensure a favorable outcome.
17. B) Symptoms (non specific):
Headache.
Blurring of vision.
Nausea and vomiting.
Epigastric pain (distension of the liver capsule)
Oliguria or anuria
18. Severity Of Pre-eclampsia
The severity of pre-eclampsia is assessed by:
The frequency and intensity of the
signs and symptoms.
The more the severity of PET, the
more likely is the need to
terminate pregnancy.
19. 4) Diagnosis Of Eclampsia:
Eclamptic fit stages ( 4 stages):
Premonitory stage (1/2 minute):
Eye rolled up.
Twitches of the face and hands.
Tonic stage (1/2 minute):
Generalized tonic spasm with episthotonus.
Cyanosis.
Tongue may be bitten between the clenched
teeth.
20. 4) Diagnosis Of Eclampsia:
Clonic stage (1-2 minutes):
Convulsions .
Tongue may be bitten.
face is congested and cyanosed.
conjunctival congestion.
blood stained froth from the mouth,
Stertorous breathing,
temperature may rise.
involuntary passage of urine or stool.
Gradually convulsions stop.
21. 4) Diagnosis Of Eclampsia:
Coma:
Variable duration due to respiratory and metabolic
acidosis.
Deep coma may occurs (cerebral hemorrhage).
Labor usually starts shortly after the fit.
22. Classifications of Eclampsia
Ante partum (65%) with the best
prognosis.
Intrapartum (20%).
Postpartum (15%) with the worst
prognosis as it indicates extensive
pathology and multisystem damage..
23. Classifications of Eclampsia
1)Mild
2) Severe (Eden's criteria):
Coma > 6 hours.
Temperature > 39 (pneumonia or pontine hge)
Systolic Bp > 200 (risk of cerebral hge)
Pulse > 120/min ( acute heart failure).
Anuria or Oliguria( renal failure).
Respiratory rate > 40/min( pneumonia)
More than 10 fits (status eclampticus).
24. Investigations
A. Laboratory:
Urine: 24 hour urine, Proteinuria.
Kidney functions: serum creatinine, urea, creatinine
clearance and uric acid.
Liver functions: bilirubin, Enzymes
Blood: CBC, HCt , Hemolysis and Platelet count
(Thrombocytopenia).
Coagulation Profile: Bleeding and clotting time
35. 2) Control of
Hypertension:
A)Parentral drugs:
1) Hydralazine:
It is a peripheral VD.
The best Antihypertensive drug used during Pre-
eclampsia and Eclampsia.
Dose: 5-10mg IV or IM as initial dose.
Repeated every 20-30 minutes until blood
pressure is controlled.
36. 2)Control of
Hypertension: 2) Labetalol (Trandate):
α and non selective β- adrenergic blocker resulting in
VD.
Dose: 10-20mg IV .
The dose can be doubled every 10 minutes if proper
response is not achieved.
3) Diaz oxide (Hyperstat):
Used in severe dangerous resistant hypertension as a
last resort.
Dose: 50-150mg IV bolus dose.
Repeated every 1-2 minutes until BP decreases.
37. 2)Control of
Hypertension: A )Oral drugs:
1) α-methyl DOPA (aldomet):
It is the most commonly used.
It is α-adrenergic agonist causing depletion of
catecholamine stores.
Dose: 500mg 3-4 times/day orally.
38. 2)Control of
Hypertension: 3) β- adrenergic blockers:
Atenolol (tenormin) 50-100mg 4 times daily.
Labetalol (Trandate) 10-20mg 3 times daily.
4) Prazocin (minipres):
It is postsynaptic α-adrenergic receptor blocker
resulting in VD and reflex tachycardia.
It is a weak Antihypertensive drug so used in
combination with other drugs.
5) Calcium Channel Blocker:
Nifedipine (adalat or Epilat) .
40. Treatment of Eclampsia
1) General and first aid measures( A &B &C &D
…………cont )
Ensure patent airway with tracheal and
bronchial suction.
Put the patients in Trendlenburg position (to
avoid aspiration of secretions) .
Insert a catheter.
Nasogastric tube may be inserted .
Nothing by mouth and fluid chart.
Full laboratory investigation.
41. Treatment of Eclampsia
2) Observation:
Pulse, temperature, BP
and RR.
Level of consciousness.
Duration of coma.
Fetal heart sounds.
Urine output and albuminuria .
Number of convulsions
42. 4) Control of
Convulsions:
A) Magnesium Sulfate (MgSO4):
It is the drug of choice.
Mechanism:
CNS depression.
Mild VD.
Mild diuresis.
Inhibits platelet aggregation.
Increase PGI2 synthesis.
43. Magnesium Sulfate (MgSO4):
It can be given IV (20%) or IM (50%) or SC (15%):
The therapeutic level is 4-7mEq/L.
The total dose of MgSO4 should not exceed 24 gms in 24
hours .
The dose of MgSO4 is monitored by:
Preserved patellar reflex.
Respiratory rate >16/min.
Urine output >100ml/4hours.
Serum Mg++ level.
Is stopped 24 hours after delivery.
N.B Antidote is ca gluconate
44. Magnesium Sulfate (MgSO4):
IV regimen:
initially 4-6 gm (20%) in 100ml solution .
Given over 15-20 minutes.
Then, 2 gm/hour by IV drip.
IM regimen:
10 gms of 50% solution are given deeply IM (5 gms
in each buttock).
Maintain with 5 gm/6 hours of 50% solution.
45. Side effects of MgSO4 (small safety
margin)
At a level of 8-10mEq/L patellar reflex is lost and starts
myometrial inhibition.
10-15mEq/L respiratory depression.
>15mEq/L cardiac depression.
Curare like action.
Synergistic effect with Ca++ channel blockers.
Uterine inertia.
Neonatal hypermagnesemia.
Decreased beat to beat variability in FHS.
Antidote : 10ml of 10 percent calcium gluconate
46. 4) Control of Convulsions:
B ) Phyntoin (Epanutin):
In severe pre-eclampsia
In imminent eclampsia .
The dose is 15mg/kg.
47. 4) Control of Convulsions:
C) Diazepam (Valium):
This regimen is mainly for eclamptic patients.
Initially 20-40mg IV slowly over 5 minutes.
then 10-20mg/6hours.
then the dose is adjusted at 10mg/hour to
maintain drowsiness.
48. Treatment of Eclampsia
7)Termination of Pregnancy
Indications:
Eclampsia.
Retinal hemorrhage:
Deteriorated cardiac, renal or liver functions.
Severe PET not controlled after 24 hours.
Mild PET reaching 38 weeks and not controlled.
Expectant treatment reaching maturity.
Deterioration of the fetal conditions.
Other obstetric indications as CPD, malpresentations, APH,
…
49. 7)Termination of Pregnancy
Methods:
As a rule vaginal delivery is safer and better than CS.
Artificial rupture of membranes .
CS.
50. Treatment of Eclampsia
8) Management during labor:
With the onset of labor give IV hypotensives and
sedation.
The patient must be at rest with oxygen source
and other equipments for treating fits.
Maternal observation.
Continuous electronic fetal monitoring.
51. Treatment of Eclampsia
9) Postpartum management
Improvement is monitored by:
Increased urine output.
Decreased edema.
Disappearance of Proteinuria within 1 week
Decreased hemotocrite value to normal level.
BP normalize within 2 weeks
No ergometrine postpartum.
MgSO4 stopped 24 hours postpartum.
52. Prognosis:
BP usually normalize after placental delivery .
Hypertension may persist.
Postpartum eclampsia carries the worst
prognosis.
Maternal mortality is about 2% in severe
preeclampsia and 10% in eclampsia.
Perinatal mortality rate is about 5% in mild
cases, 25% in severe cases and 30% in eclampsia.