Prepared by: - Esraa Hussein 14104622 - Ayman Mohamed 14105247 What is desalination? Why desalination? Types of desalination. Steps of desalination. Desalination in Saudi Arabia. Problems. Research and development.

2. *
*What is desalination?
*Why desalination?
*Types of desalination.
*Steps of desalination.
*Desalination in Saudi Arabia.
*Problems.
*Research and development.

3. *What is desalination?
*Desalination is the process of removing salt from seawater.

4. *What is desalination?
*Desalination was first
used by Greek sailors in
the 4th century BC to
evaporate seawater and
create drinking water.
Today there are two main
desalination technologies
– membrane (RO) and
thermal desalination.

5. *Why desalination?
*71% of the earth surface is covered
by water.

6. *Why desalination?
*98% of that
water is oceans.
*Only 2% is
available for
drinking.
*80 countries
from water
scarcity by the
mid-1990s

7. *Types of desalination
*Reverse Osmosis (RO):
desalination uses the
principle of osmosis to
remove salt and other
impurities, by
transferring water
through a series of
semi-permeable
membranes.

8. *Types of desalination
*Thermal: desalination
uses heat, often waste
heat from power plants or
refineries, to evaporate
and condense water to
purify it. In the most
advanced desalination
plants, such as those built
by IDE, water is
pretreated in order to
improve the efficiency of
the plants.

9. Steps of desalination

10. *Desalination in Saudi Arabia
*The single largest desalination project
is “Ras Al-Khair” in Saudi Arabia,
which produced 1,025,000 cubic
meters per day in 2014.

11. *The largest percent of desalinated water
used in any country is in Israel, which
produces 40% of its domestic water use
from seawater desalination.

13. *Water desalination consumes a huge amount of
energy that obtained by burning fuel or using
electric energy or nuclear energy , and thus
raise the Carbon dioxide or the complications
of nuclear leakage.
*Also of the environmental problems is the
remnants of the desalination process , which
increases when delivering into the sea the
amount of dissolved salts in it , and this has a
negative effect on the marine life.
*Increasing chemicals that used in desalination
process cause disease in the long term.
Problems

14. *Research and development
*In research centers around the world made a
research on the following topics:
*Find the current methods for the desalination
process alternatives: through finding new
membranes are better than the current in the
process of separating salts and choose the
appropriate chemical and operational factors.

15. *Research and development
*Find chemical additives for polymer
material alternatives: through the use of
genetic engineering to accelerate the water
purification and treatment process using
microorganisms
*Find alternatives to energy used for the
desalination process: through the use of
renewable energy such as solar or wind
power, or the waves of the sea card