The document summarizes the development of the face, nose, palate, nasal cavities, and pituitary gland from the 4th week of development. It describes how the face develops from 5 mesenchymal prominences that surround the primitive mouth. It then discusses the development of specific structures such as the lips, salivary glands, nose, palate, and nasal cavities from these prominences. The pituitary gland is noted to develop from the ectoderm of the roof of the stomodeum and floor of the diencephalon. Some congenital anomalies are also briefly mentioned.

1. Development of
Face
Nose
Prof. Mohamed Autifi

2. Development of the face




The face develops from 5 mesenchymal
prominences (swellings or processes) that
appear in the 4th week.
One Frontonasal prominence (formed by
proliferation of mesenchyme and ectoderm
ventral to the forebrain).
Two maxillary swellings (from 1st pharyngeal
arch).
Two mandibular swellings (from 1st pharyngeal
arch).
Prof. Mohamed Autifi

3. Development of the face

These 5 prominences surround the stomodeum
(primitive mouth) , cranially , laterally and caudally.
Prof. Mohamed Autifi

4. Mouth:
Primitive oral cavity: develops from:
a)An ectodermal depression between frontonasal
prominence and the first pharyngeal arch: the
stomodeum. Its floor is closed by the buccopharyngeal
membrane.
b)An endormal part: is the cranial end of the pharynx.
The buccal membrane degenerates during the 4 th week,
i.e. the 2 parts continue together.
Prof. Mohamed Autifi

5. Lips & gingivae:
They develop as a linear ectodermal thickenings
around the stomodeum  labiogingival laminae.
They grow into mesenchyme, then degenerate
forming labiogingival grooves separating lips
from gingivae.
A small area of laminae persists in median plane
forming frenulum of the lip.
Prof. Mohamed Autifi

6. Salivary glands:
Appear as epithelial buds from oral cavity.
Parotid gland: The first to appear, early in 6th week, from oral
ectoderm, near angle of stomodeum. It forms a tube, extends into
cheek’s mesoderm.
Its Proximal part forming the parotid duct;
Its distal end breaks to form the glandular alveoli.
Capsule & connective septae develop from surrounding mesoderm.
 The duct opening is carried to open inside the cheek.
Submandibular gland: Appear late in 6th week, from an endodermal
bud in floor of stomodeum (alveolo- lingual groove).
Develops in same way as parotid gland.
Sublingual gland: appear in 8th week, from multiple endodermal buds
in the alveolo-lingual groove.
Prof. Mohamed Autifi

7. I. Frontonasal process



Bilateral ectodermal thickenings above the lateral angle of
stomodeum form the nasal placodes.
By the 5th weak, the nasal placodes are invaginated to form
the nasal pits, thus the nasal placodes are divided into
medial and lateral nasal folds (promeninces).
The two medial nasal folds fuse to form median nasal fold.
Prof. Mohamed Autifi

8. Prof. Mohamed Autifi

9. Fate of the frontonasal process
The lateral nasal folds form
the alae of the nose.
 The nasal pits get deeper and
they form the primitive nasal
cavities.
 The medain nasal fold forms:
1. Forehaed
2. Middle of the nose and nasal
septum
3. Filtrum of the upper lip
4. Premaxilla

Prof. Mohamed Autifi

10. II. Maxillary processes


The maxillary process develops as mesodermal
proliferation from the 1st pharyngeal arch.
It grows ventrally and medially, compressing the
medial nasal folds towards the middle line and
converting them into one median nasal fold.
Prof. Mohamed Autifi

11. II. Maxillary processes


The maxillary processes are separated from the
lateral nasal folds by the nasolacrimal groove.
The lower part of the groove will form the
nasolacrimal duct while its upper part will form the
lacrimal sac.
Prof. Mohamed Autifi

12. II. Maxillary processes
A
palatine shelf arises from the medial
aspects of each maxillary process.
 Both
shelves are approximated towards
each other and fuse together and with
the premaxilla forming the hard and
soft palate. Thus the nasal cavity
becomes separated from the oral cavity.
Prof. Mohamed Autifi

13. Fate of maxillary processes
1. Cheeks
2. Upper lip except the filtrum
3. Palate except the premaxilla
Prof. Mohamed Autifi
Frnotnasal
process

14. III. The mandibular processes
 Develop
from the mesenchyme of the 1st
pharyngeal arch.
 Fate
:
1. Lower jaw
2. Lower lip
3. Floor of the mouth
Prof. Mohamed Autifi

15. Prof. Mohamed Autifi

16. Development
Of
Nasal cavities
Prof. Mohamed Autifi

17. In the 6th week, the nasal pits deepen ➪ nasal sacs,
grow dorsally, separated from oral cavity by
oronasal membrane, which soon ruptures.
Both cavities continue together via primitive
choanae, dorsal to 1ry palate. Later, choanae lies bet
nasal cavity & pharynx.
Lateral wall develops 3 shelf-like projections:
Superior, middle & inferior conchae
Prof. Mohamed Autifi

18. Development of Nasal cavity
28 day
Prof. Mohamed Autifi

19. Development of Nasal cavity
5 wk
6 wk
Prof. Mohamed Autifi

20. Development of Nasal cavity
7 wk
12 wk
Prof. Mohamed Autifi

21. In the roof of each cavity, the ectoderm shows
thickened patch, olfactory epithelium, forming
receptor cells, they are ciliated bipolar neurons.
Their axons form the olfactory nerves.
Paranasal air sinuses:
-They develop after birth, except maxillary
sinus which appears late in foetal life.
-They develop as diverticula of lateral nasal walls,
extend into their bones.
-They reach mature size during puberty.
Prof. Mohamed Autifi

22. Development
Of
Palate
Prof. Mohamed Autifi

23. Medial growth of the two maxillary processes
leading to fusion of the two medial nasal folds
in midline ➪ intermaxillary segment ➪
philtrum of upper lip, 4 incisors & 1ry palate
(premaxilla).
Prof. Mohamed Autifi

24. Early in 6th week, Two medial outgrowths
from maxillary processes called, palatine
shelves, fuse along palatine raphe forming
Secondary palate. It fuses with the 1ry
palate at the incisive foramen ➪ definitive
palate.
Anterior part of definitive palate ➪ hard
palate, while post part ➪ soft palate
Prof. Mohamed Autifi

25. Nasal septum
develops from fronto-nasal prominence & medial
nasal folds; fuses with definitive palate.
Prof. Mohamed Autifi

26. Congenital anomalies
1. Anomalies of the mouth :
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Microstomia : small mouth opening
Macrostomia : large mouth opening
Agnathia : absence lower jaw
Microstomia and single nostril
Micrognathia : small lower jaw
Anodontia : absence of the teeth
2. Anomalies of the nose :
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
Stenosis of nostrils
Deviation of the nasal septum
Prof. Mohamed Autifi
Macrostomia

27. 3. Anomalies of the
face and palate :
1.Fusion dermoid: Cystic
swelling developed along
line of fusion of face
2. Oblique facial cleft:
Due to failure of fusion
between maxillary &
frontonasal processes
(at nasolacrimal groove).
May include cleft upper
lip.
Prof. Mohamed Autifi

28. 3. Cleft upper lip (harelip): Unilateral or
bilateral. The former is most common anomaly
of head & neck (1:1000). Due to failure of
fusion of maxillary process with medial nasal
fold.
4. Cleft lower lip: Usually central
5. Cleft uvula
Median cleft of the lower lip
Prof. Mohamed A. Autifi

29. 6. Cleft palate: (1:2500 births)
a) Anteriorly: Anterior to incisive Foramen, includes lateral
cleft lip, cleft upper jaw & cleft between 1ry & 2ry palates,
unilateral (C), bilateral (D)
b) Posteriorly: Behind incisive F, includes cleft of 2ry palate
& cleft uvula (E)
c) Antero-posteriorly: Combination, oblique/median (F)
Prof. Mohamed Autifi

30. Cleft lip
Prof. Mohamed Autifi

31. Unilateral cleft lip
and palate
Prof. Mohamed Autifi

32. Prof. Mohamed A. Autifi

33. Bilateral cleft lip
and palate
Prof. Mohamed Autifi

34. Unilateral cleft lip
and palate
Bilateral cleft lip
and palate
Prof. Mohamed Autifi

35. Prof. Mohamed Autifi

36. Development
of
Pituitary gland

37. Development of the pituitary gland
The pituitary gland is derived from 2
ectodermal sources:
 Anterior Lobe : develops from the
ectoderm of the roof of stomodeum
( Rathke’s pouch ).
 Posterior Lobe: develops from the floor
of the diencephalon ( Infundibulum ).

Prof. Mohamed Autifi

38. Development of pituitary gland
Prof. Mohamed Autifi

39. Development of pituitary gland
Prof. Mohamed Autifi

40. Development of pituitary gland
Prof. Mohamed Autifi

41. Development of pituitary gland
Prof. Mohamed Autifi

42. Congenital anomalies of pituitary
gland
 Craniopharyngioma
Tumour formed from persistance of a
small portion of Rathk’s pouch in the
roof of the pharynx.
Prof. Mohamed Autifi

43. Thanks and best of luck
Prof. Mohamed Autifi