1. System analysis and training
psychology

2. System analysis and training
psychology
• System analysis and training psychology:
Approaches to instructional design
• Technological foundations of education
• Instructional procedure of teaching and learning
(given by Robert Glaser) (includes maxims of
teaching, techniques, methods, skills of teaching,
= teaching procedure, feedback and
reinforcement system
• Instructional design of education system: system
of education which provides technological basis
to instructional procedures

3. Functions of instruction designs
according to Robert Glaser
• Emphasizes on structure of task: content to
structure
• Learner’s responses are analyzed in response
to objectives and levels of teaching
• Appropriate teaching strategies techniques
and techniques is are selecting for presenting
content, motivation is used
• Measuring instrument is constructed for
evaluating the performance

4. Definition of instruction design
• Unwin: “instructional design is concerned with
an application of teaching skills and
techniques for the requirements of education
and training this includes facilitation of
learning by manipulation of media, methods
and control of environment so far as this
reflects on learning.

5. • Instruction design:
• Training psychology: input focuses on task
analysis
• Cybernetic psychology: process: feedback and
reinforcement
• System analysis: output : developmental
system

6. Training psychology
• Concerns with the problems of teaching learning and training
• Come up through investigation on complex problem of
training
• Origin form military training
• Objective is to improve the activities in which learner
performs functions
• Task contents are organized in such a way that desired
objectives may be achieved
• Principles:
• Human tasks can be arranged in terms of elements: task
elements can be performed by employing different tactics
• Task elements function as mediator for last task: function of
an element are helpful in the transfer of learning and training.

7. • Training psychology is based on 3 principles
– Elements are identified and analyzed for the performance of the last
task
– It is assured that every task element can be performed effectively
– Elements are organized in such a sequence which may generate
appropriate learning outcomes

8. • Application of training psychology in education
• To analyze the teaching task and developing competency
• To identify the goals of training programs and specific
learning objectives
• To plan and prepare educational programs for actual
teaching
•
• Principles provide scientific basis for designing
individualized or remedial instructions and development of
curriculum. The curriculum and instructional material can
be made specific and relevant to the objectives to the
competence and skills to be developed in the learner.

9. II Cybernetic psychology
• Second approach to educational technology was
developed in second world war
• It is a discipline which is related to the research of
communication and control
• Suggests concerns with the component elements
of a system and they may function together to
produce the most effective integrated system and
they may function together to produce the most
effective integrated system

10. • Meaning of cybernetics:
• Greek word = steerman
• Wiener= science of control and communication in the
animal and machine
• Cybernetics is the science of communication and
control. In any system control is basic and key element
control here means connectiveness and regulation and
a system is dynamic.
• Cybernetic theory: it is a branch of training psychology.
Conceptualizes humans in engineering terms
considering him like a machine which uses sense of
sensory feedback to control and modify its behaviour.
• Theory views individual as a feedback system which
generates activities in order to detect and control
specific stimulus characteristics of the environment.

11. • It analyses intrinsic mechanisms by which control is
established and maintained of sensory feedback
mechanisms
• Focus of theory is on dynamic feedback and self
regulation
• All systems have 3 processes input, process, output
• Input: process by which material or information enters
the system
• Process: acts on material or information to modify it in
a way
• Output: some techniques for discharging the result of
process from the system.
• The output from the system which returned as input to
control the future output is called feedback.

12. • System can be of 2 types:
• Open loop: output is feedback affecting future output
• Closed loop: referred as cybernetic system
• Instruction as cybernetic system: the learners and
some record of students response
• Instruction can be considered as cybernetic system
• Instruction sys has 3 major elements
• Cybernetic instruction system would also include
knowledge of results to the learners and some record
of students response

13. • Input: Library materials, subject content, learner characters
and objectives
• Students response as feedback for input
• Procedure controls the presentation and modifies the
presentation of display and knowledge of results on the
basis of students responses correspondence to the
objectives.
• First is the content or material to be presented which is
inclusive of any written material or audio visual material
programed instruction diagram charts etc.
• Most important input to instructional system are the
objective by which the system is designed to accomplish
• A third input for a cybernetic instructional system is the
formation concerning with the individual characters of the
students
• Fourth input is in the form of feedback to learners in form
of his responses.

14. • Output for instructional sys: display of
learners lecture, explanation, visual or written
• Output 2: knowledge of results
• Output 3: Record of each students response
•

15. Application of cybernetics in
education:
• Principle of cybernetics is applied to classroom instruction as well
as individual instruction
• Enables teacher to understand fundamental mechanism that
controls learning
• Provides basis for self-education. Feedback control is used for
develop programed instruction material.
• Principle is used for providing remedial instruction or individualized
instructional material.
• Teacher education program can be improved by employing the
mechanism of feedback devices for modification of teacher
behaviour.
• The innovative practices such micro teaching simulated social skill
training, and interactional analysis are based on theory of feedback
• Input, process and output helps teacher to better understand and
analyze teaching in scientific manner
• Teaching activities can be made highly structured and well
organized.