Classification of Plants and Animals By SYED AASIM HAQ

1. CLASSIFICATION OF
PLANTS AND ANIMALS
By:
SYED AASIM HAQ
M.Sc. ZOOLOGY
ALIGARH MUSLIM
UNIVERSITY

2. 3 Domain system of classification of living things

3. CLASSIFICATION OF
PLANTS

4. Eichler system of classification

5.  Algae are chlorophyll-bearing, simple, thalloid, autotrophic and largely
aquatic (both fresh water and marine) organisms.
 They occur in a variety of other habitats: moist stones, soils and wood.
 Some of them also occur in association with fungi (lichen) and animals (e.g.,
on sloth bear).
 The size ranges from the microscopic unicellular forms like
Chlamydomonas, to colonial forms like Volvox and to the filamentous forms
like Ulothrix and Spirogyra.
 A few of the marine forms such as kelps, form massive plant bodies.
 Reproduce by vegetative(fragmentation), asexual and sexual methods.
ALGAE

6. Chlamydomonas
Chara
Laminaria
Volvox

7. The algae are divided into three main classes: Chlorophyceae,
Phaeophyceae and Rhodophyceae.

8.  Bryophytes are also called amphibians of the plant kingdom
 They usually occur in damp, humid and shaded localities.
 They play an important role in plant succession on bare rocks/soil.
 Bryophytes include the various mosses and liverworts
 The plant body of bryophytes is more differentiated than that of algae. It is
thallus-like and prostrate or erect, and attached to the substratum by
unicellular or multicellular rhizoids
 In bryophytes the dominant phase in the life cycle is the gametophytic plant
body.
BRYOPHYTES

9. Funaria hygrometrica
Marchantia

10.  First terrestrial plants to possess vascular tissues – xylem and phloem.
 Pteridophytes are found in cool, damp, shady places though some may
flourish well in sandy-soil conditions.
 In pteridophytes, the main plant body is a sporophyte which is differentiated
into true root, stem and leaves
 The sporophytes bear sporangia that are subtended by leaf-like
appendages called sporophylls.
 In some cases sporophylls may form distinct compact structures called
strobili or cones (Selaginella, Equisetum).
 The pteridophytes are further classified into four classes: Psilopsida
(Psilotum); Lycopsida (Selaginella, Lycopodium), Sphenopsida (Equisetum)
and Pteropsida (Dryopteris, Pteris, Adiantum).
PTERIDOPHYTES

11. Pteris fauriei
Equisetum arvense

12.  The gymnosperms (gymnos : naked, sperma : seeds) are plants in which
the ovules are not enclosed by any ovary wall and remain exposed, both
before and after fertilisation.
 The seeds that develop post-fertilisation, are not covered, i.e., are naked.
 Gymnosperms include medium-sized trees or tall trees and shrubs.
 The roots are generally tap roots.
 The stems are unbranched (Cycas) or branched (Pinus, Cedrus).
 Gymnosperms are heterosporous.
GYMNOSPERMS

13. Cycas
Pinus

14.  The pollen grains and ovules are developed in specialized structures called
flowers.
 Dominant sporophytic phase.
 The seeds are enclosed by fruits.
 They range in size from tiny, almost microscopic Wolfia to tall trees of
Eucalyptus (over 100 meters).
 Double fertilization .
 They provide us with food, fodder, fuel, medicines and several other
commercially important products.
ANGIOSPERMS

15. Helianthus annuus
Tagitus annus

16. • They are divided into two classes : the dicotyledons
and the monocotyledons.

17. CLASSIFICATION OF
ANIMALS

18.  Commonly called as Sponges
 Marine & asymmetrical
 Primitive multicellular with cellular level organization
 Water transport/canal system present .Many small opening called Ostia
present on body wall thro which water enters leading into a central body
cavity – Spongocoel that leads out through a single large opening called
osculum
 Food enters the body along with water the Ostia. Choanocytes /collar cells
live the spongocoal & canal in the body wall that trap the food & digest it
within the intracellular digestion
 Body has a skeleton made up of spicules / sponging fibers.
 Hermaphrodite
 Reproduce internal and development is indirect having laved stage that is
different from adult
PHYLUM - PORIFERA

19. Sycon (Scypha)
Euspongia (Bath sponge)

20.  Aquatic, mostly marine.
 Sessile or free – swimming.
 Radially symmetrical animals.
 The word ‘cnidarian’ derived from the word ‘cnidoblasts’/ cnidocytes present
on tentacles for capturing prey & defense . It has stinging capsules or
nematocytes
 A central gastro-vascular cavity called coelenterons present that opens to
outside through a single opening – hypostome.
 Digestion is partly extracellular & partly intracellular.
 Some of them have skeletons made of CaCo3 eg – Coral
 Exibit two basic body forms called Polyp & Medusa
 Polyp is a sessile & cylindrical from like Hydra , Adamsia etc.
 Medusa is like an umbrella, free swimming Aurelia ( Jelly fish)
 Those having both stages show alternation generation is Metagenesis Polyp
produce medusa by asexually & medusa sexually produce ploy eg : Obelia
PHYLUM - COELENTRATA

21. Physalia (Portuguese man-of-war)
Adamsia (Sea anemone)

22.  Commonly called sea walnuts.
 Exclusively marine .
 Radially symmetrical.
 Diploblastic with tissue level organization .
 Body bear & external rows of ciliated plates that help in locomotion.
 Digestion – both extra & intracellular .
 Bioluminescence is seen in them.
 Sexes are not separate.
 Reproduction by sexual means.
 Fertilization is external with indirect development.
PHYLUM - CTENOPHORA

23. Pleurobranchia

24.  They have dorso-ventrally flattened body, hence are called flatworms.
 Endoparasites found in animals including human beings.
 Bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic and acoelomate animals with organ level of
organization.
 Hooks and suckers are present in the parasitic forms.
 Some of them absorb nutrients from the host directly through their body
surface.
 Flame cells help in osmoregulation and excretion
 Sexes are not separate.
 Fertilization is internal and development is through many larval stages
 Some members like Planaria possess high regeneration capacity
 Examples: Taenia (Tapeworm), Fasciola (Liver fluke).
PHYLUM -PLATYHELMINTHES

25. Tenia (tapeworm)
Fasciola (liver fluke)

26.  Body of the aschelminthes is circular in cross-section, hence, the name
roundworms.
 Free living, aquatic and terrestrial or parasitic in plants and animals.
 They have organ-system level of body organization.
 Bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic and pseudocoelomate animals.
 Alimentary canal is complete with a well developed muscular pharynx
 Excretory tube removes body wastes from the body cavity through the
excretory pore.
 Sexes are separated (dioecious)
 Often females are longer than males.
 Fertilization is internal and development may be direct (the young ones
resemble the adult) or indirect.
PHYLUM -ASCHELMINTHES

27. Ascaris (Round Worm)
Ancylostoma (Hookworm)

28.  Metamerically segmented animal –segments looking like ring-so called
Annelids.
 True coelomate present – partitioned segmentary by peritoneal membranous
septa .
 Triploblastic.
 Bilateral symmetry .
 Organ –system.
 Body covered with cuticle secreted by ectoderm.
 They possess longitudinal and circular muscles.
 Setae – locomotion organ in lower side. In some setae present on lateral
appendages called Parapodia.
 Alimentary canal has mouth & anus at opposite with muscular pharynx,
oesophagus , stomach & intestine.
PHYLUM -ANNELIDS

29. Pheretima (Earthworm)
Hirudinaria (Blood sucking leech)

30.  This is the largest phylum of Animalia which includes insects.
 The body of arthropods is covered by chitinous exoskeleton.
 The body consists of head, thorax and abdomen.
 Respiratory organs are gills, book gills, book lungs or tracheal system.
 Sensory organs like antennae, eyes (compound and simple), statocysts or
balance organs are present
 Excretion takes place through malpighian tubules
 Examples:- Apis (Honey bee)
Bombyx (Silkworm)
Laccifer (Lac insect)
Vectors – Anopheles, Culex and Aedes
PHYLUM -ARTHOPODA

31. Apis (Honey bee)
Prawn

32.  This is the second largest animal phylum
 Triploblastic
 Coelomate
 Bilaterally symmetrical
 Terrestrial / aquatic
 Body surrounded by calcareous shell (expect slugs & octopus)
Internal shell – sepia
 Body – unsegmented – 3 part – head & ventral muscular foot & a
dorsal Viseral hump. Skin over visceral humo form a mantle that
shell
 Respiratory & excretory organs – gills present below mantle
 Oviparous
 Larva – trochoplate / vellger
PHYLUM -MOLLUSCA

33. Pinctada (Pearl oyster)
Pila (Apple snail)

34.  Ectoderm bear spines
 Marine
 Triploblastic
 Coelamata
 Adults are radially symmetrical – Body part in 5 axes ( pentamerous radial
symmetry)
 Larvae- Bilaterally symmetrical
 Exoskeleto – calcareous having plate – like structure called ossicles
 Mouth on lower side & anus an upper side
 Water vascular system present
 Sexes separate with 5 pair of sex organ, one pair in each arm
 Fertilizations is usually external
PHYLUM -ECHINODERMATA

35. Asterias (Star fish)
Cucumaria (Sea cucumber)

36.  Earlier considered as a sub-phylum under phylum Chordata
 Small group of worm-like marine animals
 Organ -system level of organization
 Body (a) Bilaterally symmetrical
 (b) Triploblastic
 (c) Coelomate
 (d) Cylindrical
 (e) Divided into 3- proboscis; collar & drunk
 Circulatory system is of open type
 Respiration takes place through gills
 Excretory organ is proboscis gland
 Sexes are separate
 Fertilization is external.
 Development is indirect.
 Example :- Balanoglossus and Saccoglossus
PHYLUM -HEMICHORDATA

37. Balanoglossus
Saccoglossus

38.  Animals possessing notochord either thought life or during early embryonic life.
The notochord is stiff & flexible rod lying ventral to nerve
 Triploblastic
 Coelomate
 Bilaterally symmetrical
 Post anal tail
 Closed circulatory system
 Dorsal hollow nerve cord
 Paired pharyngeal gill slit
PHYLUM -CHORDATA

39. S.No. CHORDATES NON-CHORDATES
1 Central nervous system is dorsal,
hollow and single.
Central nervous system is ventral,
solid and double.
2 Notochord present. Notochord absent.
3 Pharynx perforated by gill slits. Gill slits are absent.
4 Heart is ventral. Heart is dorsal (if present).
5 A post-anal part (tail) is present. Post-anal tail is absent.

40.  Phylum Chordata is divided into three subphyla:
1. Urochordata or Tunicata,
2. Cephalochordata
3. Vertebrata.
 Subphyla Urochordata and Cephalochordata are often
referred to as protochordates and are exclusively marine.
 In Urochordata, notochord is present only in larval tail,
while in Cephalochordata, it extends from head to tail
region and is persistent throughout their life.
 The notochord is replaced by a cartilaginous or bony
vertebral column in the adult in the members of
subphylum Vertebrata.

41. Ascidia
Branchiostoma (Amphioxus)

43.  Parasite on fishes
 Elongated body have 6-14 pair of gill slits for respiration
 Sucking & circular mouth
 No functional pineal eye
 Cranium & vertebral column – cartilaginous
 Marine
 Their body is devoid of scales and paired fins.
 Migrate into river for spawning
 Ammocoete larva hatches out from eggs through metamorphosis that
migrate into oceans
 Eg – Lamprey [ Petromyzon ] & hagfish [ Myxine]
CLASS - CYCTOSTOMATA

44. Petromyzon (Lamprey)
Myxine (Hagfish)

45.  Marine fishes
 Cartilaginous Endoskeleton
 5 pairs of gills slits without gill
cover
 No swim bladder
 Mouth ventral
 Fertilization usually internal
 Some like ray fish have electric
organ
 Examples: Scoliodon (Dog fish),
Pristis (Saw fish), Carcharodon
(Great white shark), Trygon
(Sting ray).
 Fresh / marine
 Bony endoskeleton
 4 pair of gills covered by
operculum on each side
 Swim bladder present
 Mouth mostly terminal
 Fertilization usually external
 No such electric organ present
 Examples: Marine – Exocoetus
(Flying fish), Hippocampus
(Sea horse); Freshwater –
Labeo (Rohu), Catla (Katla),
Clarias (Magur)
• Class – Chondrichthyes • Class – Osteichthyes

46. Pristis (Sawfish)
Catla catla

47.  2 phases in life cycle – adult & larvae
 Larva is aquatic & adult is terrestrial
 Require water for breeding & fertilization is external
 Cool blooded
 2 pairs of limbs
 Body divided into head & trunk ; no neck present
 Moist skin without scales
 Respiration is by gills, lungs and through skin
 Heart – 3 chambered , 2 auricles & 1ventecial
 A tympanum replaces the ear
 Alimentary canal, urinary and reproductive tracts open into a common
chamber called cloaca which opens to the exterior
CLASS -AMPHIBIA

48. Salamandra salamandra
(fire salamander)
Hyla (Tree frog)

49.  Crawling animals
 Body covered by dry , cornfied skin that contain epidermal scales/ scuter
 Post and tail present
 No external ear openings
 2 pair of limbs with 5 digits in each
 Cold blooded
 They are 3 – chambered but 4-chambered in crocodiles
 Carnivorous
 Snakes & lizard shed their scales as shin cast
 Internal fertilization
CLASS -REPTILIA

50. Naja naja (Indian cobra)
Chelonia mydas (Green sea turtle)

51.  Body covered with feather
 Most of them can fly except flightless birds (Ostrich)
 Possess beak without teeth
 The fore limbs are modified into wings
 The hind limbs are modified for walking, swimming or clasping the tree
branches
 Bones – hollow with air cavities (pneumatic)
 Warm blooded
 4 – chambered heart
 Respiration by lungs
 Alimentary canal has crop & gizzard
 Oil gland at the base of tail
CLASS -AVES

52. Pavo cristatus (Indian peafowl)
Passer domesticus (House Sparrow)

53.  Found in a variety of habitats
 Milk producing mammary glands
 Skin has hair
 External ears/pinnae are present
 Teeth are present
 Respiration is by lungs
 Warm blooded
 4 – chambered heart
 Diaphragm divided body cavity in upper – chest and lower –chest
CLASS -MAMMALIA

54. Macropus (Kangaroo)
Pan (Chimpanzee)

56.  Life Sciences, Fundamentals and Practice by Pranav
Kumar and Usha Mina
 ncert.nic.in/NCERTS/l/kebo104.pdf
 ncert.nic.in/NCERTS/l/kebo103.pdf
 ncert.nic.in/NCERTS/l/kebo102.pdf
 Wikepedia
 www.senecahs.org/pages/uploaded_files/Plant%20Class
ification.pdf
REFRENCE