1. LORCAN DEMPSEY
OCLC
KEYNOTE PRESENTATION AT
EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON DIGITAL
LIBRARIES 2004
UNIVERSITY OF BATH
SEPTEMBER 12 – 17 2004
Libraries, digital libraries and digital library research
Gujranwala Medical College Gujranwala
2.
3. ‘There was once a man who aspired to be the author of the
general theory of holes.
When asked “What kind of hole – holes dug by children in the
sand for amusement, holes dug by gardeners to plant lettuce
seedlings, tank traps, holes made by roadmakers?” he would
reply indignantly that he wished for a general theory that
would explain all of these.
This man’s achievement has
passed totally unnoticed except by me.’
HOLES
4. DIGITAL LIBRARIES AND HOLES …
• ‘Digital library’ has no precise or agreed referent
• Different communities of practice
• Different incentives
• Serve
• Build
• Research
• Compare ‘archive’
• Archival institution
• Archival materials
• OAI
• A promise of preservation?
9. LIBRARIES
‘So why have I written
this? I can’t show it if it’s
going to contradict or
undermine my case.
There are a number of
reasons. First and
foremost, I am a
librarian. I live for
records and documents.’
10. A LIBRARY AS INSTITUTION
Because the purpose and result of absorbing information
is always finally to produce further information, i.e., to
continue the conversation,
the function of the library must be understood as one
that assists members of the community both in taking
particular positions and in recognizing and assessing the
positions taken by others.
Ross Atkinson. Contingency and contradiction: The place(s) of the
library at the dawn of the new millennium
Journal of the American Society for Information Science and
Technology, Volume 52, Issue 1, Pages 3-11. Published Online:
2001.
Ross Atkinson. Contingency and contradiction: The place(s) of the
library at the dawn of the new millennium
Journal of the American Society for Information Science and
Technology, Volume 52, Issue 1, Pages 3-11. Published Online:
2001.
11. A LIBRARY AS INSTITUTION
We often hear it said that libraries (and librarians) select,
organize, retrieve, and transmit information or knowledge. That
is true.
But those are the activities, not the mission, of the library.
… the important question is: "To what purpose?" We do not do
those things by and for themselves.
We do them in order to address an important and continuing
need of the society we seek to serve. In short, we do it to
support learning.
Robert Martin. Libraries and Learners in the Twenty-first Century.
http://www.imls.gov/scripts/text.cgi?/whatsnew/current/sp040503.htm
Robert Martin. Libraries and Learners in the Twenty-first Century.
http://www.imls.gov/scripts/text.cgi?/whatsnew/current/sp040503.htm
12. LIBRARIES AND DIGITAL LIBRARIES
• Support research and learning.
• Discover position of others and form one’s own position.
• In order to uphold their mission and values…
• … they must renovate their practices.
13. “SEARCH ENGINE MINDSHARE”
JOHN REGAZZI
• Scientists:
• Google
• Yahoo
• PubMed
• Librarians:
• Science Direct
• ISI Web of Science
• MedLine
Source: John Regazzi,
The Battle for Mindshare: A battle beyond access and retrieval
http://www.nfais.org/publications/mc_lecture_2004.htm
“In a survey for this lecture,
librarians and scientists were
asked to name the top scientific
and medical search resources
that they use or are aware of.
The difference is startling.”
14. PATTERN RECOGNITION – LIBRARIES NOW
• The ‘Amazoogle’ effect
• Value
• User behavior opaque
• Uncertainty about digital
directions
‘The future is
here. It's just
not evenly
distributed yet’
William Gibson
15. The difficulty in creating a digital management strategy stems
in part from the bewildering convergence of technological
developments.
Developing a digital management strategy is further
complicated by the fact that there are no recognized patterns or
models for managing digital assets.
Some managers seek to develop fully distributed institutional
repositories but still must choose between open-source
solutions or commercial providers. Others prefer to place their
material in one of a limited number of dedicated storage
institutions. While best practices may exist for given technical
processes, library managers do not have a single paradigm to
use as the basis for developing operational plans and policies to
capture, store, index, preserve, and redistribute the intellectual
output in digital formats.
Managing Digital Assets, CLIR primer
program, 2005
Managing Digital Assets, CLIR primer
program, 2005
16. IMPACT OF DIGITAL LIBRARY RESEARCH?
• User studies
• How much do we know about changing patterns of research, learning and
engagement?
• Federation and metasearch
• FDI, IndexData, Cheshire, iPort, …
• OAI/OpenURL
• NISO metasearch – issues still to be addressed
• Repositories/digital library systems
• Multiple communities
• Dspace, Fedora, CONTENTdm, DLXS, ..
• Metadata
• Growing acronymic density
• Collections, rights, policies, services, …
• Complex objects, relations
• Identifiers/citation
• Preservation
Local
successes …
… but we
have many
open
questions.
17. COLLECTIONS GRID
high low
lowhigh
Stewardship
Uniqueness
Books
Journals
•Newspapers
•Gov. docs
•CD, DVD
•Maps
•Scores
Special
collections
Archives
•Rare books
•Local history materials
•Archives & Manuscripts
•Theses & dissertations
Freely-accessible
web resources
Research and learning
materials
•ePrints/tech reports
•Learning objects
•Courseware
•E-portfolios
•Research data
Untransferred records
21. SCOPE, SCALE, DIVERSITY
• Systemic issues
• No single system is the sole focus of a user’s attention
• How do systems and services work across the four quadrants of the collections grid
• How do they fit into wider enterprise systems
• Structure of costs does not reflect users’ value perception
• Reallocation of resources difficult
• Little substitution – ‘and’ not ‘or’
22. A NEW WORLD
• Co-evolution with research and learning behaviors which are themselves changing
• Unsure about appropriate “economy of presence”
• Place, network hub, channel, …
• Web services, portlets, channels, …
• Ambience, diffusion, ubiquity, recombinance, …
• E.g. Trajectory of search
• Search system
• Search system, machine interface, metasearch
• Provide data, externalize search
• Google, OAI
23. WEBULATION …
• Monolithic applications resistant to
• Webulation
• Service oriented architectures
• Massive legacy investment in knowledge structure unconnected to the web
• How to release its value in a network environment
• Content does not easily flow into user space for manipulation, packaging, aggregation
24. VENDOR ENVIRONMENT
• Many libraries have outsourced development effort
• Library vendors do not have large R&D budgets
• Poor out-of-the-box support for ‘below-the-line’ materials in digital form
• Interesting tension between commodity (standards) and added value
• OSS environment very unsophisticated
• Limited support for logistics/supply chain/integration services
25. LIMITED APPLICATION PLATFORMS
• Consider
• Google
• Amazon
• E-bay
• MapQuest
• Massively central applications platforms
working in loosely coupled webby world
• Software as a service
• APIs
• GMAIL
• Paypal
• search
• Library world
• Fragmented systems and
development effort
• Does not benefit from scale
• Unsustainable local development
agendas
• Organizational rearticulation difficult.
• Application platforms?
• CDL
• JISC
• DEF
• OCLC/RLG
26. ARCHITECTURE? THEORY?
• Do we need a big picture?
• Allows the articulation of technical and business discussion?
• An unnecessary constraint?
27. WITHOUT IT WE ARE SUSCEPTIBLE TO ….
• Marchitecture
• Techeology
• Portal envy
• Gratuitous acronym requests in RFPs
• Beauty contests
• Dspace, Fedora, ….
28. A HISTORY OF CONSUMPTION MEANS THAT
WE ARE UNPREPARED FOR CONTRIBUTION
• Standards
• Open source software
• Common services
• Limited structures to capture contribution and support.
29. AND FINALLY ..
• Libraries need to think about libraries not digital libraries
• And they need help from wherever they can get it!
Editor's Notes
Digital libraries – a wide range of services are digital-library-like. The involve selection, curation and disclosure of digital materials for particular audiences. Depending on your definition some of these are in, some out. Wherever you draw the line there is significant activity.
‘Business’ – many organizations do digital-library-like activities to support their business needs. For example, think what will happen with historical collections of media materials in the ‘media’ business; collections of business documents (insurance, cheques) and so on in financial services companies; e-learning repositories; developing research collections.
Digital library research reaches into many disciplines. Although there is a somewhat diffuse community of ‘digital library researchers’ in computer science, library and information science, and related issues, those who are building digital libraries are potentially interested in a wider research hinterland.
This means that ‘digital library’ relates to a very diffuse set of interests.
I will focus on libraries!
Not clear how extensive the survey was or what the population was.
Amazoogle – from a policy and funding point of view libraries are increasingly working in an environment shaped by expectations created by Google and Amazon.
The library has to create the value case in such an environment.
User behaviors are changing in a network environment. Research and learning behaviors are co-evolving with general network activity. People create and consume information in new ways.
There are no patterns for digital directions.
This may slightly overstate the case, but it is clear that we are some way from being able to routinely create viable digital information environments.
It is difficult to measure the impact of digital library research. It is clear that there have been local successes and one can point to certain outcomes which benefited from programmatic research funding.
The ROI on user studies seems low. Many are tied to particular systems or services.
Some commercial metasearch products have been assisted by being part of the EU technical research and development investment. OCLC Pica’s iPort grew out of the EU project Decomate. Fretwell Downing participated in EU and JISC funded activities which contributed to their current suite. IndexData did nice work in several EU projects also.
Cheshire assisted by NSF funding.
OpenURL and OAI – Herbert Van de Sompel.
Increasingly the library needs to provide services into the user environment – it needs to be visible in course management systems, in university portals, and so on. Not everybody will come to the library or to the library portal.
“economy of presence” – a phrase of Bill Mitchell’s. Users have heterogeneous requirements. What is an effective network presence.
‘below-the-line’ – i.e. below the line in the collections grid. These tend to be unique materials – special collections and research and learning materials (e-prints, data sets, courseware, …)
JISC has its Information Architecture and now the E-Learning Framework. These help us have conversations, create shared understanding, help us partition problems, and so on. The library community seems resistant to such shared architectures, which may be a good or a bad thing depending on your point of view.
Marchitecture – an architecture produced by a vendor for marketing purposes. May not be the best guide to the applications space. (do a search on google for more)
Techeology – a mixture of technology and ideology. Discussion where ideological beliefs cloud technical discussion. I find this a useful word to describe quite a bit of the conversation one comes across.
Portal envy – we must have a portal, everybody else does
Beauty contests – discussion starts with which of the commonly known repository frameworks one wants rather than with requirements etc
Continued health of standards and OSS depends on intellectual and other contributions and sustaining frameworks. Mackenzie Smith spoke about difficulties with OSS at this conference.
Neil McLean spoke about common services and the need for such infrastructural services. Again we are not sure how to secure and sustain these.