economically important

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2. Economic trait (production trait) :- Traits which are
related with income or cost of production.
Economic traits of poultry :-
•Age at sexual maturity
•Egg weight
•Egg production
•Growth rate
•Feed conversion efficiency
•Percent fertility
•Percent hatchability
•Dressing percentage
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3. •Shell thickness
•Yoke index
•Mortality
•Livability
•Egg quality
•Body weight at maturity
•Body weight at market age
•Hatch weight
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4. •Sexual maturity is the age or stage when an organism
can reproduce.
•It also termed as puberty and adulthood.
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Species Age at sexual maturity
Japanese quail 6- weeks
Guinea fowl
28-32 Weeks
Turkey
28-30 Weeks
Duck 20-24 weeks
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5. •Egg weight mainly depends on the body wt. of the birds.
•Birds at later stage of production are comparatively older ,
heavier and lay larger sized eggs.
The quality of feed, management factor, age , strain etc. ,
which influence body weight also have an influence on egg
weight.
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Species Egg weight
Japanese quail 10 gm
Guinea fowl 40-45 gm
Turkey 65 -70gm
Duck 70-75 gm

6. •Egg production depends upon : -
•Strain of bird.
•Age and body wt. at start of lay.
•Feed quality ( protein , energy , vitamins , minerals ,
and trace mineral content and toxin free feed .
Climate .
Managemental factors like space allowances .
System of feeding.
Water quality.
Vaccination and other disease control measures
influences egg numbers.
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Species Egg production( per annum)
Japanese quail 280
Guinea fowl 55 -100
Turkey 80-100
Duck 180

8. FCR , is a ratio or rate measuring of the efficiency with
which the bodies of livestock convert feed into desired
output.
FCR = Total amount of feed consumed
Total body wt. gain
Feed efficiency depends upon:-
•Strain of the bird.
•Average egg number.
•Egg weight.
•Quality of feed (energy , protein , and contents of other
vital nutrients , presence of toxins )
•Management practices.
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Species FCR
Japanese quail 1.75-1.80
Guinea fowl
Turkey 2.7 – 2.8
Duck 2.3-2.7
•Fertility :- is refers to capacity to reproduce.
•Fertilization of eggs by union of sperm with ovum.
• % Fertility = No. of fertile eggs × 100
Total no. eggs

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•Age of the parent stock: There is an increase in fertility in a
breeder flock between the ages of 25 to 40 weeks after which
fertility gradually diminishes
•Breed: Lighter breeds is more fertile than heavier breeds.
•Genetic factors: Many genes influence fertility
•Environmental factors: Excessive high and low temperature
reduces fertility due to poor mating frequency because of the
inactiveness of the birds.
•Disease conditions: Many diseases like disease, Mycoplasmosis,
Salmonella etc., affect fertility.
•Sex ratio: Both higher and lower males to female ratio will reduce
fertility.
•The semen volume, sperm concentration and number of
successful mating also alter

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fertility. Inseminating the birds during the after noon can
lower fertility.
Nutritional factors: Some deficiencies like vitamin A, E ,
Biotin, Pantothenic acid and B2 and minerals like
calcium, phosphorous, sodium, Magnesium, Manganese,
Zinc and Iodine lower fertility.
Photo period: A photo period of 16 hrs per day will give
optimum fertility. By either lowering the length of period
to 12 hrs or increasing it to 18 hours lowers the fertility.
Male nutrition: Male breeders should be fed with lower
protein levels of 12-14% for optimum fertility.

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•The percentage of chicks hatched out of total number of
eggs set.
•Measured in two forms –
1) Hatchability on total number of eggs set.
2) Hatchability on number of fertile eggs.
• Highest hatching percent was obtained between 35.5
and 36.5 ˚ c

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•The dressing % is the percent of the live animal that
ends up as carcass.
•Generally the carcass weight is taken immediately after
skinning & evisceration and is commonly known as the
hot hanging weight.
Factors affecting dressing % are –
Dressing % = (carcass weight / live weight ) × 100
Factors affecting dressing % -
A. Muscles to bone ratio . More than dressing % more.
B. Degree of body fatness. Body fat increase dressing %
increase.
C. Cleanliness.

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JAPANESE
QUAIL
EGG
GUINEA
FOWL
EGG

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DUCK
EGG
TURKEY
EGG

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•Fertile eggs with thick & strong shells are known to
have a better chance of hatching rather than weak thin
shell eggs.
•We can measure the thickness by floating eggs in the
salt solution of various concentrations.
•Specific gravity of an egg is highly correlated with the
thickness of the egg shell.
•Eggshells are composed of 97% calcium so the should
provided in the sufficient amount in the diet.

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• Yolk index , index of freshness of an egg ; ratio
between height & diameter of yolk under definied
conditions.
Measuring yolk index : -
1. Break the egg to separate the egg yolk.
2. Place the yolk on a support.
3. Measure the diameter (d1) of the yolk.
4. Turn the instrument to 90˚and measure the
diameter (d2)of the yolk.
5. Measure the height of yolk.
6. Measure the height of support.

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Step 7 = calculation
Yolk index = (H−h) × 2
D1 + D2
WHERE :-
H :- height of yolk
h :- height of support
D1 :- diameter of yolk
D2 :- diameter of yolk ( at 90˚of D1 )

31. •The expression used to describe the number of
survivors in a flock.
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•The ratio of deaths in an area to the population of
that area expressed per 1000 per year.

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Species Body weight at birth
Japanese quail 8 – 10 gm
Guinea fowl 25 gm
turkey 50 gm
Duck 47-48
Species Age at starting egg
production
Japanese quail 7-8 week
Guinea fowl 28-30 weeks
Turkey 30 week
Duck 120 days

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Species Body wt. at market age
Japanese quail male 125-150 , female 175-200 gm
Guinea fowl 1.25 – 1.50 kg
Turkey male 5-5.5 female 6 – 7.5 kg
Duck 1.5 – 2 kg
species Market age
Japanese quail 6 weeks
Guinea fowl 12-15 weeks
Turkey 15-18 weeks
Duck 20 weeks