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Logic FORMAL FALLACIES
Fallacy:
“Any error or mistake in reasoning is called
Fallacy”.
The pattern of mistakes that appear in deductive
argument of a certain specifiable form, it is a
mistake in form of argument it is called Formal
Fallacies.
Formal Fallacy:
Four Terms
Undistributed Middle
Illicit Major & Illicit Minor
Exclusive Premises
Drawing an Affirmative Conclusion
from a negative premise.
Existential Fallacy
Formal
Fallacy
Four Terms:
“Avalid form of categorical syllogism must contain
exactly the three terms, each of which is used in
the same sense throughout the argument”.
Example:
All are
is a
Therefore, 6th September is fruit.
Undistributed middle:
“In a valid standard form of categorical
syllogism, the middle term(M) must be
distributed in at least one premise”.
Example:
All Russians were .
All anarchists were .
Therefore, all anarchists were Russians.
Illicit process of Major & Minor
term:
“A valid standard form of categorical
syllogism, if either term is distributed in
conclusion then it must be distributed in the
premise”.Illicit Major:
All dogs are
No cats are dogs
Therefore, No cats are .
Illicit Minor:
All mobiles are electronic device
All mobiles are
Therefore, all are electronic device.
Exclusive Premise:
“No standard form categorical syllogism
having two negative premise is valid”.
Example:
Therefore, some magicians are not
astrologers.
Drawing an affirmative conclusions from a
negative premise:
“If either premise of a valid standard form
categorical syllogism is negative, the
conclusion must be negative”.
Example:
Some artists are poets
Therefore, some artists are
managers.
Existential Fallacy:
“No valid standard form categorical
syllogism with a particular conclusion
can have universal premise”.
Example:
All household pets are domestic animals
No unicorn are domestic animals
.
Logic FORMAL FALLACIES

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Logic FORMAL FALLACIES

  • 2. Fallacy: “Any error or mistake in reasoning is called Fallacy”. The pattern of mistakes that appear in deductive argument of a certain specifiable form, it is a mistake in form of argument it is called Formal Fallacies. Formal Fallacy:
  • 3. Four Terms Undistributed Middle Illicit Major & Illicit Minor Exclusive Premises Drawing an Affirmative Conclusion from a negative premise. Existential Fallacy Formal Fallacy
  • 4. Four Terms: “Avalid form of categorical syllogism must contain exactly the three terms, each of which is used in the same sense throughout the argument”. Example: All are is a Therefore, 6th September is fruit.
  • 5. Undistributed middle: “In a valid standard form of categorical syllogism, the middle term(M) must be distributed in at least one premise”. Example: All Russians were . All anarchists were . Therefore, all anarchists were Russians.
  • 6. Illicit process of Major & Minor term: “A valid standard form of categorical syllogism, if either term is distributed in conclusion then it must be distributed in the premise”.Illicit Major: All dogs are No cats are dogs Therefore, No cats are . Illicit Minor: All mobiles are electronic device All mobiles are Therefore, all are electronic device.
  • 7. Exclusive Premise: “No standard form categorical syllogism having two negative premise is valid”. Example: Therefore, some magicians are not astrologers.
  • 8. Drawing an affirmative conclusions from a negative premise: “If either premise of a valid standard form categorical syllogism is negative, the conclusion must be negative”. Example: Some artists are poets Therefore, some artists are managers.
  • 9. Existential Fallacy: “No valid standard form categorical syllogism with a particular conclusion can have universal premise”. Example: All household pets are domestic animals No unicorn are domestic animals .