1. The document provides an overview of Roman art and architecture from the Roman Republic through the Late Roman Empire. It examines innovations in materials and structures that contributed to Roman expansion. 2. Key periods discussed include the Early Empire, the Pax Romana under Augustus, the High Empire under emperors like Trajan and Hadrian, and the Late Empire following Constantine. Architectural works like the Colosseum and Pantheon are analyzed. 3. Roman painting, sculpture, and portraits are explored in relation to evolving styles and their political and social meanings over time. The document examines how Roman art incorporated and was influenced by the cultures it conquered.

1. 1 Gardner’s Art Through the Ages:The Western Perspective Chapter 7 From Seven Hills to Three Continents: The Art of Ancient Rome

2. 2 The Roman World

4. Explore Pompeii for its information about Roman art and architecture.

5. Examine the types, methods, and subject matter of Roman wall painting.

6. Understand what Roman portraiture says about Roman society.

7. Understand the political nature of Roman art and architecture, especially as it communicates ideas of power for the emperor and empire.

9. Discuss Roman architectural contributions, particularly concrete and the rounded arch.

11. 7 Figure 7-2 Temple of “Fortuna Virilis” (Temple of Portunus), Rome, Italy, ca. 75 BCE.

12. 8 Figure 7-3 Temple of Vesta (?), Tivoli, Italy, early first century BCE.

13. 9 Figure 7-5 Funerary relief with portraits of the Gessii, from Rome(?), Italy, ca. 30 BCE. Marble, approx. 2’ 1 1/2” high. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.

14. 10 Figure 7-6 Relief with funerary procession, from Amiternum, Italy, second half of first century BCE. Limestone, approx. 2’ 2” high. Museo Nazionale d’Abruzzo, L’Aquila.

18. Understand the role of the Colosseum and amphitheater in Roman life.

19. Understand the concepts, methods and materials of Roman house construction and why it is significant.

20. Examine the types, methods, and subject matter of Roman wall painting.

23. 16 Figure 7-12 Brawl in the Pompeii amphitheater, wall painting from House I,3,23, Pompeii, Italy, ca. 60–79 CE. Approx. 5’ 7” x 6’ 1”. Museo Nazionale, Naples.

24. 17 Figure 7-13 Atrium of the House of the Vettii, Pompeii, Italy, second century BCE, rebuilt 62–79 CE.

26. 20 Figure 7-15 Dionysiac mystery frieze, Second Style wall paintings in Room 5 of the Villa of the Mysteries, Pompeii, Italy, ca. 60–50 BCE. Frieze approx. 5’ 4” high.

27. 21 Figure 7-16 Second Style wall paintings (general view and detail of tholos) from Cubiculum M of the Villa of Publius Fannius Synistor, Boscoreale, Italy, ca. 50–40 BCE. Approx. 8’ 9” high. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

28. 22 Figure 7-17 Gardenscape, Second Style wall painting, from the Villa of Livia, Primaporta, Italy, ca. 30–20 BCE. Approx. 6’ 7” high. Museo Nazionale Romano-Palazzo Massimo alle Terme, Rome.

29. 23 Figure 7-18 Detail of a Third Style wall painting, from Cubiculum 15 of the Villa of Agrippa Postumus, Boscotrecase, Italy, ca. 10 BCE. Approx. 7’ 8” high. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

30. 24 Figure 7-20 Fourth Style wall paintings in Room 78 of the Domus Aurea (Golden House) of Nero, Rome, Italy, 64–68 CE.

31. 25 Figure 7-21 Fourth Style wall paintings in the Ixion Room (Triclinium P) of the House of the Vettii, Pompeii, Italy, ca. 70–79 CE.

32. 26 Figure 7-22 Neptune and Amphitrite, wall mosaic in the summer triclinium of the House of Neptune and Amphitrite, Herculaneum, Italy, ca. 62–79 CE.

33. 27 Figure 7-23 Portrait of a husband and wife, wall painting from House VII,2,6, Pompeii, Italy, ca. 70–79 CE. Approx. 1’ 11” x 1’ 8 1/2”. Museo Nazionale, Naples.

34. 28 Figure 7-24 Still life with peaches, detail of a Fourth Style wall painting, from Herculaneum, Italy, ca. 62–79 CE. Approx. 1’ 2” x 1’ 1 1/2”. Museo Nazionale, Naples.

36. 31 Figure 7-27 Ara Pacis Augustae (Altar of Augustan Peace), Rome, Italy, 13–9 BCE. (View from the southwest).

37. 32 Figure 7-28 Female personification (Tellus?), panel from the east facade of the Ara Pacis Augustae, Rome, Italy, 13–9 BCE. Marble, approx. 5’ 3” high.

38. 33 Figure 7-29 Procession of the imperial family, detail of the south frieze of the Ara Pacis Augustae, Rome, Italy, 13–9 BCE. Marble, approx. 5’ 3” high.

39. 34 Figure 7-30 Maison Carrée, Nîmes, France, ca. 1–10 CE.

40. 35 Figure 7-31 Pont-du-Gard, Nîmes, France, ca. 16 BCE.

41. 36 Figure 7-34a Colosseum (Flavian Amphitheater), Rome, Italy, ca. 70–80 CE.

42. 37 Figure 7-34b Detail, outer wall

43. 38 Figure 7-35 Portrait of Vespasian, ca. 75–79 CE. Marble, approx. 1’ 4” high. Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen.

44. 39 Figure 7-36 Portrait bust of a Flavian woman, from Rome, Italy, ca. 90 CE. Marble, approx. 2’ 1” high. Museo Capitolino, Rome.

45. 40 Figure 7-37 Arch of Titus, Rome, Italy, after 81 CE.

46. 41 Figure 7-38 Spoils of Jerusalem, relief panel from the Arch of Titus, Rome, Italy, after 81 CE. Marble, approx. 7’ 10” high.

47. 42 Figure 7-39 Triumph of Titus, relief panel from the Arch of Titus, Rome, Italy, after 81 CE. Marble, approx. 7’ 10” high.

48. 43 1 3 2 4 3 5 6 Figure 7-41 Apollodorus of Damascus, model of Forum of Trajan, Rome, Italy, dedicated 112 CE. Reconstruction by James E. Packer and John Burge. 1) Temple of Trajan, 2) Column of Trajan, 3) Libraries, 4) Basilica Ulpia, 5) Forum, 6) Equestrian statue of Trajan.

50. Examine the architectural development of the Roman forum, the markets, the triumphal arches and, in particular, the Pantheon.

51. Examine Roman portrait, memorial and funerary sculpture as it developed in the high Empire in Rome and in the colonies.

54. 47 Figure 7-43 APOLLODORUS OF DAMASCUS, aerial view of Markets of Trajan, Rome, Italy, ca. 100–112 CE.

55. 48 Figure 7-44 APOLLODORUS OF DAMASCUS, interior of the great hall, Markets of Trajan, Rome, Italy, ca. 100–112 CE.

56. 49 Figure 7-45 Arch of Trajan, Benevento, Italy, ca. 114–118 CE.

57. 50 Figure 7-46 Funerary relief of a circus official, from Ostia, Italy, ca. 110–130 CE. Marble, approx. 1’ 8” high. Vatican Museums, Rome.

60. 53 Figure 7-48 Aerial view of the Pantheon, Rome, Italy, 118–125 CE.

61. 54 Figure 7-49 Longitudinal and lateral sections of the Pantheon, Rome, Italy, 118–125 CE.

62. 55 Figure 7-50 Interior of the Pantheon, Rome, Italy, 118–125 CE.

63. 56 Figure 7-51 Canopus and Serapeum, Hadrian’s Villa, Tivoli, Italy, ca. 130–138 CE.

64. 57 Figure 7-53 Model of an insula, Ostia, Italy, second century CE. Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome.

65. 58 Figure 7-54 Ceiling and wall paintings in Room IV of the Insula of the Painted Vaults, Ostia, Italy, early third century CE.

66. 59 Figure 7-55 Neptune and creatures of the sea, floor mosaic in the Baths of Neptune, Ostia, Italy, ca. 140 CE.

67. 60 Figure 7-56 Funerary reliefs of a vegetable vendor (left) and a midwife (right), from Ostia, Italy, second half of second century CE. Painted terracotta, approx. 1’ 5” and 11” high, respectively. Museo Ostiense, Ostia.

68. 61 Figure 7-57 Apotheosis of Antoninus Pius and Faustina, pedestal of the Column of Antoninus Pius, Rome, Italy, ca. 161 CE. Marble, approx. 8’ 1 1/2” high. Vatican Museums, Rome.

69. 62 Figure 7-58 Decursio, pedestal of the Column of Antoninus Pius, Rome, Italy, ca. 161 CE. Marble, approx. 8’ 1 1/2” high. Vatican Museums, Rome.

72. 65 Figure 7-61 Sarcophagus with the myth of Orestes, ca. 140–150 CE. Marble, 2’ 7 1/2” high. Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland.

73. 66 Figure 7-63 Mummy portrait of a man, from Faiyum, Egypt, ca. 160–170 CE. Encaustic on wood, approx. 1’ 2” high. Albright-Knox Art Gallery, Buffalo.

75. Relate aspects of Roman culture and their influence in today's life.

76. Understand how power, order and lost individuality are expressed in the art of the Late Empire.

77. Examine the changes brought about in the art and architecture in the time of Constantine.

79. 69 Figure 7-66 Chariot procession of Septimius Severus, relief from the Arch of Septimius Severus, Lepcis Magna, Libya, 203 CE. Marble, approx. 5’ 6” high. Castle Museum, Tripoli.

80. 70 Figure 7-70 Heroic portrait of Trebonianus Gallus, from Rome, Italy, 251–253 CE. Bronze, approx. 7’ 11” high. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

81. 71 Figure 7-71 Battle of Romans and barbarians (Ludovisi Battle Sarcophagus), from Rome, Italy, ca. 250–260 CE. Marble, approx. 5’ high. Museo Nazionale Romano-Palazzo Altemps, Rome.

82. 72 Figure 7-72 Sarcophagus of a philosopher, ca. 270–280 CE. Marble, approx. 4’ 11” high. Vatican Museums, Rome.

83. 73 Figure 7-74 Portraits of the four tetrarchs, from Constantinople, ca. 305 CE. Porphyry, approx. 4’ 3” high. Saint Mark’s, Venice.

84. 74 Figure 7-76 Arch of Constantine, Rome, Italy, 312–315 CE (south side).

85. 75 Figure 7-77 Distribution of largess, detail of the north frieze of the Arch of Constantine, Rome, Italy, 312–315 CE. Marble, approx. 3’ 4” high.

89. 78 Figure 7-79 Reconstruction drawing of the Basilica Nova (Basilica of Constantine), Rome, Italy, ca. 306–312 CE.

90. 79 Figure 7-81 Aula Palatina, Trier, Germany, early fourth century CE (interior).

92. In what ways does Roman art and architecture incorporate the arts of conquered peoples from England to Egypt?

93. What does the presence of veristic portrait art of the Romans say about Roman culture?

94. Why does the art under Constantine begin to move away from the verism of the High Empire?