Transport Modes and Regulations in Tourism Development

Transport in Tourism
©Ramakrishna Kongalla

Transportation
• Vital relationship between transport and tourism
development
• For tourism development adequate and efficient
transportation is needed
• Access to generating market
• “the means to reach the destination and also the
means of movement in the destination” (Burkart &
Medlik)
• For geographical distribution world travelers and
domestic travelers
• Get from home to tourist destination
• Links tourist generation area with tourist destination
2R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University

Dynamically changing needs and means
• Ancient times
– Horse
– Horse carriage
– Hand driven carriage
– Boat
• Modern times
– Motor cars
– Railways
– Buses
– Airways
– Private automobiles
• Many transport facilities
used to transfer soldiers
during wars now used for
general purposes and
tourism
• Technological
advancement
• Modern replaced the old

Land marks in Transport sector
• Great eastern ship in 19th century by Isambard Kingdom Brunel
• First Airplane was invented by wright brothers in 1903
• Grand trunk road was constructed in 1540-45 by Shershah suri
• First steamship invented in 1775 by JC pierrier
• Cook transported 570 passengers from leicester to
Loughborough in 1841
• In 1841 Henry wells started as a Shipper for tourists – Wells
Fargo
• Mass excursion started by Thomas Cook 1845 tourists travelled
to Liverpool by train
• Cook executed a tour to Europe in 1862
• In 1894, first turbiane ship called Turbinia was developed by
Charies Parsons
• Luxury sea liner Titanic sank on Apr16, 1912, 1600 died
• First ever single rotor Helicopter was made in 1939 by Igor
Sikorsky - Russia 4R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University

• First flight Imperial airways from Delhi to Cairo was made
on jan8, 1927
• First air station was constructed in Delhi in 1927
• First flying club at Delhi at 1928
• Full fledged airport at Delhi in 1939-45
• In 1910, first ever powered seaplane made by Henri Fabre
• World’s longest sea vehicle is Arctic Snow Train belongs to
US army
• First Trans-Alantic mail had bag of 192 letters in 1919
• First train from Mubai –thane in 1953, 32km
• 1984 Rakesh sharma on moon
• Ashok leyland designed , EXUBA, vehicle 1912 based in
2002
• 2002 nedumbassery, first private international airport in
India

Airlines
• History
– In December 1903, Wright Brothers - flew the first plane with a person
– In 1908 Wright Brothers - airborne for 1½ hours.
– In 1909 Wright Brothers - contract - US military, to build the first
military plane.
– In 1911 first flight across the United States, from Sheepshead Bay (New
York) to Long Beach (California), was made by Calbriath Rodgers.
– November 16, 1909 DELAG, was the world's first airline - government
assistance - operated airships Mfg by Zeppelin Corporation -
headquarters were in Frankfurt
– The 5 oldest airlines that still exist are Netherlands'KLM,
Colombia's Avianca, Australia's Qantas, Czech Republic's Czech
Airlines,Mexico's Mexicana.
– KLM first flew in May 1920.

Types of Airlines
• Trunk carriers
The large airlines with long distances routes were designed as trunk
carriers
• Regional carriers
It served large areas with in a certain part of the country
• Commuter airlines
Commuter airlines serve the many smaller communities that large
airlines can’t service economically, linking small airports with major
hubs
• Charter airlines
A charter flight operates under rules different from those governing
scheduled flights. Planes may be chartered from airlines that offer
scheduled service or from a company that operates charters only.

Regulations
• Warsaw convention
– Originally signed in 1929 in Warsaw
(hence the name), it was amended
in 1955 at The Hague and in 1975 in
Montreal
– Intergovernmental Agreement
– It defines the legal responsibility of
a carrier to its passengers
– Governs the airline’s liability for
• Death and injury to passengers
• Loss, damage or delay to
baggage and Cargo
– A limit is set for the liability
– The information is included in the
passenger’s ticket
– Additional protection can be
obtained by purchasing travel
insurance
– Liability not governed by the
convention is printed on ticket as ‘
Conditions of Contract’
• limits a carrier's liability to at
most:
– 250,000 Francs or 16,600
Special Drawing Rights (SDR)
for personal injury;
– 17 SDR per kilogram for
checked luggage and cargo,
– 5,000 Francs or 332 SDR for the
hand luggage of a traveller.
• Special Drawing Rights
– International financing
instrument created in 1970 by
the International Monetary
Fund (IMF) to coincide with the
disfavour of the US dollar as
the principal currency of the
world trade.
– At present, one SDR is the sum
of 0.6320 US Dollars, 0.4100
euro, 18.4 Japanese yen and
0.0903 pound sterling

• CHICAGO CONVENTION
– Chicago convention on
International Civil Aviation was
concluded at a meeting
between governments in 1944
– In 1947, the convention created
a permanent international
authority-ICAO
– Convention also draws a
distinction between scheduled
and no scheduled services
– Scheduled international air
services may be operated by
agreement between the two
countries concerned- bilateral
Agreement
– For non- scheduled services
each country may impose such
regulations and conditions as it
may consider desirable
– Convention governs relations
between state on both technical
and commercial matters which
include
• Flying over territories of
contracting states (Air
services, customs, rules of
the air)
• Nationality of aircraft,
facilitation (Customs,
accident investigation etc,)
• Documents (Recognition of
certificates and licenses)
• International standards and
practices including those for
the carriage of dangerous
goods
• Financial and technical
assistance

Bermuda convention
• GOVERNMENT OF THE USA , GOVERNMENT OF UK OF
GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND,
• conclude an Agreement for the purpose of promoting
direct air communications as soon as possible
between their respective territories
• With 14 articles of agreement

ICAO
The aims and objectives of the Organization are to develop the
principles and techniques of international air navigation and to foster the
planning and development of international air transport so as to:
• Insure the safe and orderly growth of international civil aviation
throughout the world;
• Encourage the arts of aircraft design and operation for peaceful
purposes;
• Encourage the development of airways, airports, and air navigation
facilities for international civil aviation;
• Meet the needs of the peoples of the world for safe, regular, efficient
and economical air transport;
• Prevent economic waste caused by unreasonable competition;
• Insure that the rights of contracting States are fully respected and
that every contracting State has a fair opportunity to operate
international airlines;
• Avoid discrimination between contracting States;
• Promote safety of flight in international air navigation;
• Promote generally the development of all aspects of international
civil aeronautics.

Bilateral Agreement
• The agreements specify the
rights that the designated
carrier may enjoy in the
other country
• Eg. A foreign carrier may be
permitted to import the
spare parts and supplies
free of duty, but under
customs bond for use in
maintaining and supplying
their aircraft
• It specifies the cities that
may be served by the
designated airlines
• Include Freedoms of Air
• Freedoms of Air
– The freedoms of the air are a
set of commercial aviation
rights granting a country's
airline(s) the privilege to
enter and land in another
country's airspace.
– Formulated as a result of
disagreements over the
extent of aviation
liberalisation in the
Convention on International
Civil Aviation of 1944,
(known as the Chicago
Convention).

• First freedom
– The first freedom is the right to fly over a foreign
country without landing
– It is also known as the technical freedom
– It grants the privilege to fly over the territory of a
treaty country without landing.
– Member states of the International Air Services
Transit Agreement grant this freedom (as well as
the second freedom) to other member states,
subject to the transiting aircraft using designated
air routes.
• Second freedom
– The second freedom allows technical stops
without the enplaning or deplaning of passengers
or cargo.
– It is the right to stop in one country solely for
refueling or other maintenance on the way to
another country.
• Third freedom
– The third freedom is the right to carry passengers
or cargo from one's own country to another
– The third freedom was the first commercial
freedom
• Fourth freedom
– The right to carry passengers or cargo from
another country to one's own
– Third and fourth freedom rights are almost always
granted simultaneously in bilateral agreements
between countries.
– The right of an airline from one country to land in
a different country and board passengers
travelling to the airline’s own country.
• Fifth freedom
– This freedom is also sometimes referred to as 'beyond
rights'.
– It is the right of an airline from one country to land in a
second country, to then pick up passengers and fly on to
a third country where the passengers then deplane.
– An example would be a flight by American Airlines from
the US to England that is going on to France. Traffic could
be picked up in England and taken to France.
• Sixth freedom
– The right to carry traffic from one state through the home
country to a third state.
– Example: traffic from England coming to the US on a US
airline and then going on to Canada on the same airline
• Seventh freedom
– The right to carry traffic from one state to another state
without going through the home country.
– Example would be traffic from England going to Canada
on a US airline flight that does not stop in the US on the
way
• Eighth freedom
– This is also called cabotage and almost no country
permits it.
• Airline cabotage is the carriage of air traffic that
originates and terminates within the boundaries of
a given country by an air carrier of another
country.
– The unofficial eighth freedom is the right to carry
passengers or cargo between two or more points in one
foreign country
• European Union, which has granted such rights between all of
its member states.
• Single Aviation Market (SAM) established between Australia and
New Zealand in 1996

Open sky policy
• Open skies refers to a
bilateral (and sometimes
multilateral) Air Transport
Agreement
• liberalizes the rules for
international aviation
markets and minimizes
government intervention
• The U.S. began pursuing
Open Skies agreements in
1979 and, by 1982, it had
signed twenty-three bilateral
air service agreements
worldwide, mainly with
smaller nations.
• That was followed in the
1990s by agreements with
some individual European
states.
• Open sky's provisions
– Free market competition:
– No restrictions on
international route rights;
number of designated
airlines; capacity;
frequencies; and types of
aircraft.
– Pricing determined by market
forces:
– Fair and equal opportunity to
compete:
– Cooperative marketing
arrangements
– Designated airlines may enter
into code-sharing or leasing
arrangements with airlines of
either country, or with those
of third countries, subject to
usual regulations. An
optional provision authorizes
code-sharing between
airlines and surface
transportation companies.

• IATA is a global trade organisation, with its head office at Montreal, Canada. It
provides standards and recommended practices for airline operations.
• Over 60 years, IATA has developed the commercial standards that built a global
industry.
• Today, IATA’s mission is to represent, lead and serve the airline industry.
• Its members comprise some 230 airlines - the world’s leading passenger and
cargo airlines among them - representing 93 percent of scheduled
international air traffic.
• Scope of IATA
• The scope of IATA encompasses all Air Transport activities.
• IATA only controls International flights. However because they must comply
with the IATA processes the involved parties tend to apply the same processes
to domestic flights.

For the benefit of all parties involved:
• For consumers, IATA simplifies the travel and shipping processes, while keeping costs down. Passengers can make one
telephone call to reserve a ticket, pay in one currency and then use the ticket on several airlines in several countries.
• IATA allows airlines to operate safely, securely, efficiently and economically under clearly defined rules.
• IATA serves as an intermediary between airlines and passenger as well as cargo agents via neutrally applied agency
service standards and centralised financial systems.
• A large network of industry suppliers and service providers gathered by IATA provides solid expertise to airlines in a
variety of industry solutions.
• For governments, IATA seeks to ensure they are well informed about the complexities of the aviation industry to
ensure better, long-term decisions.
• IATA's Industry Priorities for 2008
Safety
– Implement IATA Safety Audit for Ground Operations (ISAGO), conducting at least 60 station audits and 8
headquarters audits
– Develop plan to address future airline training and qualification requirements
• Environment
– Achieve a reduction of at least 6 million tones of CO2 from operations and infrastructure
– Implement a strategy to reach carbon neutral growth
– Develop standards and guidelines for an industry carbon offset programme and pilot it with at least 6 airlines in
four different regions
• Simplifying the Business
– Achieve 100% E-Ticketing penetration in IATA Billing and Settlement Plan (BSP)
– Ensure 130 airports offer Common Use Self-Service (CUSS) facilities by end 2008 and that 200 airlines are Bar
Coded Boarding Pass (BCBP)-enabled Implement e-freight pilots at 8 additional locations (14 total) by end 2008
• Financial
– Achieve savings/cost avoidance of $1.5 billion in industry taxes, charges and fuel fees, including at least $800
million in real cost reduction
– Launch four new initiatives to reduce airline costs and improve service.

Functions and Duties of IATA
• The main objective of the
organisation is to assist airline
companies to achieve lawful
competition and uniformity in
prices.
• IATA has two functions:
1. Trade Association
(technical, legal, financial, traffic
services and most agency
matters);
2. Tariff Coordination
(passenger fares and cargo rates,
agents' commissions).
• IATA assigns 3-letter IATA Airport
Codes and 2-letter IATA Airline
Designators, which are commonly
used worldwide.
• ICAO also assigns airport and airline codes.
For Rail&Fly systems IATA also assigns IATA
train station codes.
• For fare calculations IATA has divided the
world in three regions –TC1, TC2, TC3.
• IATA teamed with Sita for an electronic
ticketing solution
• IATA is pivotal in the worldwide accreditation
of travel agents although for practical
purposes this, and giving permission to sell
airline tickets from the participating carriers,
is achieved through national member
organisations.
• They also regulate the shipping of dangerous
goods and publish the IATA Dangerous Goods
Regulations manual, a globally accepted field
source reference for airlines shipping
hazardous materials.

India
• History
– K. M. Mathen, was the first Indian Pilot to fly a Boeing 747 in 1970. he is "First
Indian Jumbo Pilot". India's first lady Pilot was Sarla Thakral, first solo flight at the
age of 21 in the year 1936.
– In 1912 - first flight - Karachi to Delhi started by Indian State Air Services and
Imperial Airways UK collaboration, just an extension of the London-Karachi flight
– Tata Airline by JRD Tata in 1932, the first Indian to get an A-License. In 1946, Tata
Airlines - into Air India. At the dawn of independence, India had 9 air transport
companies providing both cargo and passenger services.
– In 1953, nationalized all - formed Indian Airline Corporation for domestic and Air
India International for international
– Till 1991, private airlines -'air taxi scheme', they could operate chartered and non-
scheduled to uplift of Indian tourism.
– In 1994, air corporation act - private airline companies obtained permission.
– In 2003, Air Deccan - budget flying lowering to 17% foll0wed by Spice Jet, Go
Airways and Kingfisher Air, All-business class airline, Paramount Airlines.
– These budget airlines - major Indian Aviation Industry market share, newer trends.

• Airlines in India
– Aviation Industry & airlines are managed by Ministry of Civil Aviation, Government
of India.
– All are supposed to obtain license from the ministry.
– 10 Airlines =FIA (Federation of Indian Airlines) to deal Aviation Industry challenges
in domestic segment and newer trends.
• Airports in India
– standards in operational, terminal and cargo services, the International AAI +
National AAI=Airports Authority of India (AAI). responsible for infrastructure,
aviation industry market tasks.
– Airports in India are managed AAI
• But the entry of private Airlines and their various schemes have reduced
airfare drastically. The recent tax relaxation on air fuel and such sops will
further make air travel within the reach of a greater section of the Indian
Populace.
• The domestic scene is now dotted with private airlines as the government
has now very wisely ended the monopoly of Indian Airlines.
• Today, though India has many airlines - domestic as well as international -
like SpiceJet, IndiGo, Kingfisher, Deccan, Sahara, Jet Airways and many
more. And not until 1994, Air India and Indian Airlines were the only
popularly known airlines of India.

• About DGCA
– Directorate General of Civil Aviation is an attached
office of the Ministry of Civil Aviation.
– The DGCA is the regulatory body in the field of Civil
Aviation primarily dealing with safety issues.
– It is responsible for regulation of air transport
services to/from/within India and for enforcement of
civil air regulations, air safety and airworthiness
standards.
– It also co-ordinates all regulatory functions with
International Civil Aviation Organisation.
– The headquarters are located in New Delhi with
regional offices in the various parts of India.
– There are 14 (fourteen) Regional Airworthiness
Offices located at Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata,
Bangalore, Hyderabad, Trivandrum, Bhopal,
Lucknow, Patna, Bhubaneshwar, Kanpur, Guwahati
and Patiala.
– Apart from the Regional Airworthiness Offices, there
are 5 (five) Regional Air Safety offices located at
Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata and Hyderabad, the
Regional Research and Development Office located
at Bangalore and the Gliding Centre at Pune.
– The regulations are in the forms of the Aircraft Act,
1934, the Aircraft Rules, the Civil Aviation
Requirements, the Aeronautical Information
Circulars.
• Aircraft Certification & Registration
• DGCA under Rule 49 of the Aircraft Rules, 1937, is
empowered to issue Type certificate of aircraft and
its engines/ propellers manufactured in India and
also revalidate the Type Certificate issued to an
aircraft by foreign airworthiness authority.
• DGCA is responsible for registration of all civil
aircraft in India. Rule 30 of the Aircraft Rules,
1937 empowers the DGCA to register aircraft and
to grant certificate of registration in India.
• The procedure for registration and de-registration
of an aircraft is given in Civil Aviation Requirements
• Wide range of Authorities of DGCA
• Certificate of Airworthiness
• Special Flight Permits
• Safety Oversight
• Examination for Pilots and Engineers
• Flight Crew Licenses
• Aircraft Maintenance Engineers
• Training Schools
• Recognition of Foreign Licenses

DGCA Duties & Functions
1. Registration of civil aircraft;
2. Formulation of standards of airworthiness
for civil aircraft registered in India and grant
of certificates of airworthiness to such
aircraft;
3. Licensing of pilots, aircraft maintenance
engineers and flight engineers, and
conducting examinations and checks for
that purpose;
4. Licensing of air traffic controllers;
5. Maintaining a check on the proficiency of
flight crew, and also of other operational
personnel such as flight dispatchers and
cabin crew;
9. Coordination of ICAO matters with all
agencies and sending replies to State
Letters, and taking all necessary action
arising out of the Universal Safety
Oversight Audit Programme (USOAP) of
ICAO;
10. Supervision of the institutes/clubs/schools
engaged in flying training including
simulator training, or any other training
related with aviation, with a view to
ensuring a high quality of training;
9. Granting approval to aircraft maintenance,
repair and manufacturing organizations
and their continued oversight;
10. To act as a nodal agency for implementing
Annex 9 provisions in India and for
coordinating matters relating to facilitation
at Indian airports including holding
meetings of the National Facilitation
Committee;
13. Coordination at national level for flexi-use of
air space by civil and military air traffic
agencies and interaction with ICAO for
provision of more air routes for civil use
through Indian air space;
14. Keeping a check on aircraft noise and engine
emissions in accordance with ICAO Annex 16
and collaborating with the environmental
authorities in this matter, if required;
15. Promoting indigenous design and
manufacture of aircraft and aircraft
components by acting as a catalytic agent;
16. Approving training programmes of operators
for carriage of dangerous goods, issuing
authorizations for carriage of dangerous
goods, etc. 21R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University

Airports Authority of India
• The Airports Authority of India (AAI) was formed on
1st April 1995 by merging the International Airports
Authority of India and the National Airports Authority
with a view to accelerate the integrated development,
expansion and modernization of the operational,
terminal and cargo facilities at the airports in the
country conforming to international standards.
• AAI manages 126 airports, which include 11
international airports, 89 domestic airports and 26
civil enclaves at Defence airfields.
• AAI also provides Air Traffic Management Services
over entire Indian Air Space and adjoining oceanic
areas with ground installations at all airports and 25
other locations to ensure safety of aircraft operations.
• AAI's endeavour in enhanced focus on 'customer's
expectations' has evinced enthusiastic response to
independent agency organised customer satisfaction
surveys at 30 busy airports.
• AAI's proposal to lease out, on global tender basis, the
four most profitable jewels in its crown viz. Delhi,
Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai airports primarily aims
to upgrade these to emulate the world standards.
• AAI's successful implementation of Automatic
Dependence Surveillance system, using indigenous
technology, at Calcutta and Chennai Air Traffic Control
Centres, gave India the distinction of being the first
country to use this advanced technology in the South
East Asian region enabling effective Air Traffic Control
over oceanic areas using satellite mode of
communication.
• Consultancy Services by AAI
• Airport Feasibility
• Airport Commercial Viability /Airport Audit Services
• Airport Master Planning
• Designing & Construction of:
– Air Passenger Terminals/Air Cargo Terminals
– Airport Pavements
– Design of Aircraft Hangars and Supporting
Infrastructure
– Airport Electrical Installations/Approach and Night
Landing Facilities
– Remodeling, Modernisation of Airports
• Planning, Installation, Operation & Maintenance of:
– Radars, Navigational Aids, Visual & Non-Visual Landing
Aids and Communication facilities.
• Air Space & Air Traffic Management, Air Route Re-Structuring
• Airport Management
• Flight Calibration of Airport Ground Facilities
• Commissioning & routine flight check of RADAR System, etc.
• Computerisation
– Cargo Handling
– Passenger Information System
– Airport Terminal Information System
– Air Traffic Management and Airlines Billing
• Training
– Air Traffic Controllers
– Airport Air Side Management (Ground Flight Safety)
– Radar & Nav. Aids & Communication Equipment
– Engineers
– Airport Terminal Management
– Airport Fire Services

AIR CORPORATIONS (TRANSFER OF UNDERTAKINGS AND, REPEAL) ACT, 1994
• An act to provide for the transfer and vesting of the
undertakings of
Indian Airlines and Air India respectively to and in the companies
formed and registered as Indian Airlines Limited and Air India
Limited
• repeal the Air Corporations Act, 1953.BE it enacted by
Parliament in the 45 Year of the Republic

INDIAN CARRIERS
• Air India
– is India’s national carrier,
and after merging with
Indian Airlines, is the only
government owned airline
in India offering domestic
flights in India.
– Air India was initially
founded in 1932 as Tata
Airlines.
– Air India’s primary hubs in
India are Chhatrapati Shivaji
International Airport in
Mumbai and Indira Gandhi
Delhi.
• Jet Airways
– is based in Mumbai, and
offers over 370 daily flights
across 44 domestic
destinations. Jet Airways also
operates numerous
international flights to
destinations like the United
Kingdom, United States,
Canada, Thailand, and Nepal.
– Jet Airways became the first
Indian carrier to offer
internet check-in facilities for
its passengers.
– Jet Airways offers youth
discount (25%) for those
under 29 years of age, and
Senior Citizen discounts for
those 65 years and older. To
get the discount rates for
domestic flights in India, the
airline requires you to fax
over credit card as well as
pass port ID details.

• Kingfisher Airlines Limited
– is based in Bangalore, and was
established in May 2005. It
operates over 200 domestic
Indian flights a day across 37
destinations in India. Its primary
hub is in Bangalore
International Airport.
– Although Kingfisher only
operates flights in India, the
airline has plans to expand into
the international market by
adding the Unted States as a
possible destination.
– Check-in baggage rules for
domestic India flights:
Kingfisher Class - 20 kg,
Kingfigher First - 35 kg.
• JetLite,
– formerly known as Air Sahara, is
one of the older privately-
owned airlines in India.
– It was founded in September,
1991, is has bases in Indira
Gandhi International Airport in
New Delhi, Begumpet Airport in
Hyderabad, Chatrapati Shivaji
Mumbai, Chennai International
Airport in Chennai, and Netaji
Subhash Chandra Bose
International Airport in Kolkata.
– JetLite covers domestic flights
all over India, as well as travel
between Delhi and Chicago
through a code share with
American Airlines. Check-in
baggage for domestic flights in
India (per person): 20 kg.

• Deccan,
– formerly known as Air Deccan,
is India’s first low cost airline
carrier. It was founded
in August 2003, " with the
vision to empower every Indian
to fly by providing the lowest
airfares and connectivity to
unconnected towns and cities".
Deccan is based in Bangalore,
with another hub in Chennai.
– Deccan does not differentiate in
fares between NRI, tourists, and
locals for Indian domestic
flights. Check-in baggage rules
for domestic India flights (per
person): 15 kg (Rs 70/kg for
excess check-in luggage)
• GoAir
– is another low-cost carrier, and
is a relative new-comer for
Indian domestic flights, having
been established in June 2004.
It is based in Mumbai.
– GoAir does not differentiate in
fares between NRI, tourists,
and residents, and flies
between Ahmedabad,
Mumbai, Coimbatore ad Goa.
– GoAir offers 10,000 Free
Tickets Per Month. Check-in
baggage rules for domestic
India flights: 15 kg (Rs 70/kg for
excess check-in luggage)

• Indigo Air
– began its flight operations
for domestic Indian flights in
August 2006, and currently
links Agartala, Ahmedabad,
Bangalore, Bhubaneswar,
Chennai, Goa, Guwahati,
Hyderabad, Imphal, Jaipur,
Kochi, Kolkata, Mumbai,
Nagpur, New Delhi, Pune,
Udaipur, and Vadodara. This
low cost Indian flight
carrier’s main hub is in
Delhi.
– Indigo Air does not
differentiate between NRI,
tourist, and local fares for
domestic Indian flight
tickets.
• Paramount Airlines’
– primary focus is on the
business traveler, and flies
between Tamil Nadu, Kerala,
Andhra Pradesh, and
Karnataka. Some of its
Indian domestic flight
destinations include
Bangalore, Chennai, Kochi
(Cochin), Hyderabad and
Madurai.
– It is based in Madurai India,
with its primary hub located
in Chennai International
Airport. The airline started
operating in October 2005.
Click here for a schedule of
Paramount Airways flights.

• SpiceJet
– was voted the best low-cost
carrier in Central Asia by
SkyTrax in 2007. It is based in
New Delhi, with its main hub
in Mumbai and an additional
hub in Ahmedabad. SpiceJet
also offers service to
Bangalore, Chennai, Goa,
Hyderabad, Kolkata, and
Varanasi.
– SpiceJet offers online
booking services, and has no
differentiation in fares
between NRI, tourists, and
locals. Check-in baggage
rules for domestic flights in
India: 20kg.
• Jagson Airline,
– established in November
1991, is India’s first private
airline. It is based primarily
in Delhi. Jagson Airlines
currently operates Delhi-
Kullu and Delhi-Shimla
routes, as well as Shirdi-
Mumbai and Shirdi-Pune
flights. Jagson airlines has
offices in Mumbai, Shirdi,
Manali, Kullu, Shimla, with
good connects for the Delhi-
Rajasthan sector
– Jagson airlines does offer
internet booking facilities
for domestic Indian flight
tickets through their online
booking site.

• Indus Air
– no longer exists as a
carrier, having gone out
of business few months
after its launch. It was
originally based in
Ghaziabad, with its main
hub in Indira Gandhi
Delhi. The airline started
its domestic Indian flight
operations in December
2006.
– Indus Air was a regional
carrier, and operated
flights between Amritsar,
Chandigarh, Delhi, and
Mumbai.
International Airlines in India
There are a number of India
international airlines. The main international
airlines of India are given below:
• Air India:
– The government of India owns air India.
This national flag carrier airline of India
has its main base in Mumbai. The other
hubs of Air India are New Delhi and
Chennai. It also provides cargo services
worldwide. It is one of the two state-
owned airlines in the country, the other
one is Indian Airlines.
• Indian Airlines:
Indian Airlines is the second state owned
airline. It is primarily a domestic airline. But,
it operates internationally also. It is based in
New Delhi.
• Jet Airways:
Jet Airways is another privately owned
airline operating in the international sector
also. This airline also got international flying
rights some time back only.

MARKETING STRATEGIES OF AIR INDIA
• Political Factors :
- Excise Duty and Sales Tax on Aviation Turbine Fuel
- Modernization of Airports
- The government does not allow any domestic airline operator to operate
international flights unless they have served minimum of 5 years in the domestic
market. This acts as deterrent for the other operators to enter the industry. AI also has
to deal with Safety Regulatory Authorities (DGCA,FAA etc.).
• Technological Factors :
- Growth of Electronic Ticketing Systems
- Satellite based Navigation Systems for aircrafts
- Time and speed of delivery being of special importance in the aviation industry, AI
has rolled out the ORACLE supply chain solution, a module of ORACLE ERP application.
• Demographic Factors :
* India has a wide demographic reach and hence at times it becomes difficult for AI to
operate on this hug scale. Also the expectations of customers across regions is very
varied.
• Marketing strategies like low cost carriers, Indian food services etc….

ROAD TRANSPORT IN INDIA
• National Highways connecting all
the major cities and state capitals
• economic backbone of the country
• India has a total of 66,590 km
(41,377 mi) of National Highways,
of which 200 km (124 mi) are
classified as expressways
• National Highways Development
Project (NHDP)
• plan to convert some stretches of
these roads to six lanes
• As per the National Highways
Authority of India, about 65% of
freight and 80% passenger traffic is
carried by the roads
• National Highways carry about
40% of total road traffic, though
only about 2% of the road
network is covered by these
roads
• Average growth of the number of
vehicles has been around 10.16%
per annum over recent years
• All national highways
are metalled, but very few are
constructed of concrete, the most
notable being the Mumbai-Pune
Expressway
• Golden Quadrilateral and North-
South and East-West Corridors
which link the largest cities
• around 40% of villages in India
lacked access to all-weather
roads and remained isolated
during the monsoon season

• To improve rural
connectivity, Pradhan Mantri Gram
Sadak Yojana (Prime Minister's
Rural Road Program), a project
funded by the Central
Government with the help of World
Bank, was launched in 2000 to build
all-weather roads to connect all
habitations with a population of
500 or above (250 or above for hilly
areas
• As per 2009 estimates, the total
road length in India is 3,320,410 km
(2,063,210 mi); making the Indian
road network the third largest road
network in the world.
• At 0.66 km of highway per square
kilometre of land the density of
India’s highway network is higher
than that of the United States (0.65)
and far higher than that of China's
(0.16) or Brazil's (0.20)
Expressways
• 650 km
National Highways
• 66,590 km
State Highways
• 131,899 km
Major District Roads
• 467,763 km
Rural and Other Roads
• 2,650,000 km
Total Length
• 3,300,000 km
• Buses are an important means of
public transport
• predominantly owned and
operated by public agencies
• State Road Transport Corporations
introduced during 1960-70s
connecting villages and towns
across the country

TRAVEL AGENTS & TOUR OPERATORS OF INDIA
• International travel
agencies and tour
operators
– Thomas Cook
– Cox&Kings
– American Express
– Kuoni
– Orbitz
• National travel agents and
tour operators
– Sita
– Chetak
– Southern Travels
– Kesineni Travels
– Rao Travels etc
• Online travel agencies
– Expedia,
– Voyages-sncf.com,
– Travelocity,
– Orbitz,
– CheapTickets,
– Priceline,
– CheapOair,
– Hotwire.com.
– Expedia
– WorldHotel-Link
– Kayak.com
– TripAdvisor
– SideStep

RAILWAY SYSTEM OF INDIA
• first introduced in 1853
• transporting over 18 million
passengers and more than 2 million
tonnes of freight daily across one of
the largest and busiest rail networks
in the world
• 1951 the systems were nationalised
as one unit
• Indian Railways is divided into
sixteen zones, which are further
sub-divided into sixty seven
divisions, each having a divisional
headquarters
• covering 6,909 stations over a total
route length of around 63,465 km
• world's largest commercial or utility
employer, with more than
1.4 million employees
• owns over 200,000 (freight)
wagons, 50,000 coaches and 8,000
locomotives
• owns locomotive and coach produc
tion facilities
• operates both long distance and
suburban rail systems on a multi-
gauge network
of broad, metre and narrow gauges
, and is in the process of converting
all the metre gauge (14,406 km
(8,951 mi)) into broad gauge in a
project called Project Unigauge
• The Rajdhani trains introduced in
1969 provides connectivity
between the national capital, Delhi
and capitals of the states
• Shatabdi Express provides
connectivity between centres of
tourism, pilgrimage or business
• The Shatabdi Express trains run
over short to medium distances
while the Rajdhani Expresses run
over longer distances

• Bhopal Shatabdi express, however,
runs at a peak speed of 161 km/h
(100 mph), which makes it the
fastest train in India
• Duronto provides non-stop point to
point rail services, Garib Rath aims
to provide comfortable rail travel at
an economical rate
• luxury trains which cater to various
tourist circuits
– Palace on Wheels serves the Rajasthan
circuit
– The Golden Chariot serves the
Karnataka and Goa
– Deccan Odyssey - Konkan route
– Fairy Queen - New Delhi to Alwar
– Maharajas' Express - Delhi-Taj
– Royal Orient Train -
Gujarat and Rajasthan
– Royal Rajasthan on Wheels
• Two UNESCO World Heritage Sites
— the Chatrapati Shivaji Terminus
and the Mountain railways of India
– Darjeeling Himalayan Railway,
a narrow gauge railway in West
Bengal.
– Nilgiri Mountain Railway, a metre
gauge railway in the Nilgiri
Hills in Tamil Nadu
– The Kalka-Shimla Railway, a narrow
gauge railway in
the Shivalik mountains in Himachal
Pradesh.
– The Maharaja Railways (Gwalior
Light Railway), a narrow gauge line of
just 0.6m width
from Gwalior to Sheopur of 198 km.
in length is world's longestnarrow
gauge railway line is in the UNESCO
world heritage tentative list.
– The Neral-Matheran Railway, a
narrow gauge railway
connecting Matheran is also a
historic line.

• Kashmir Railway is the
second highest in the world
• In 1999, the Konkan Railway
Corporation introduced
the Roll On Roll Off (RORO)
service, between Kolad in
Maharashtra and Verna in
Goa extended up
to Surathkal in Karnataka
• The RORO service, the first
of its kind in India,
transported
on flatbed trailers. highly
popular,carrying about
1,10,000 trucks and bringing
in about 74 crore worth of
earnings
• Two trains operate
to Pakistan
– Samjhauta Express between
Delhi and Lahore
– Thar Express between
Jodhpur and Karachi.
• Bangladesh is connected
by a bi-weekly train,
the Maitree Express.

MAJOR RAILWAY SYSTEMS OF THE WORLD
British Railways (BR)
• from 1965 traded as British Rail
• formed from
the nationalisation of the "Big
Four" British railway
companies
• 1997, British Rail was
privatised
• with the trunk routes of
the West Coast Main Line, East
Coast Main Line, Great
Western Main
Line and Midland Main Line
Eurorail
• informally known as Eurail
• Netherlands-based company,
registered in Luxembourg
• sells passes and tickets for
European railroads
• Eurail pass covers 21
countries, as of 2009:
– Austria, Belgium, Croatia, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Finland, Fran
ce, Germany, Greece, Hungary, It
aly, Luxembourg, Netherlands,
Norway, Portugal, Republic of
Ireland, Romania, Slovenia, Spai
n, Sweden, Switzerland,
and Turkey

Amtrak
• National Railroad Passenger
Corporation, doing business
as Amtrak
• government-owned corporation
• provide intercity passenger
train service in the United States
• "Amtrak" is combination of
"America" and "track“
• headquartered at Union Station in
Washington
• employs nearly 19,000 people
• 21,000 miles (34,000 km)
• connecting 500 destinations in 46
states and three Canadian provinces
• 15 busiest routes in the Amtrak
system
• Covers – west coast , midwest,
northeast, east/southeast
INDRAIL PASS
• special railway pass available to
foreign nationals created along the
lines of the Eurail Pass for unlimited
travel without reservation of
a ticket on the Indian
Railways network.
• special time period from half a day to
90 days.
• It is only available to:
– Foreign Tourists
– Indian Nationals residing abroad
travelling on valid passport
– Indian spouse of a foreign tourist
– A guide accompanying foreign tourists
• Its validity period starts from the
date of the first train journey and
ends on the midnight of the last
journey.
• Payment may only be made in US
dollars or pounds
sterling or euro currencies.

LUXURY TRAINS OF INDIA
Deccan Odyssey
• to boost tourism on the Konkan route of the Indian
Railways.
• starts in Mumbai and travels
to Ratnagiri, Sindhudurg, Goa, Belgaum, Kolhapur, Pu
ne, Nashik, Aurangabad,Ajanta-Ellora
• It is a venture of the Maharashtra Government
• complete 5-star hotel on wheels, with two
restaurants and a bar, a sauna, business centre
• The duration of the tour is 7 nights, starting every
Wednesday from Mumbai
Fairy Queen,
• built in 1855, is the world's oldest steam
locomotive in regular operation today, plying
between New Delhi to Alwar .
• The locomotive was certified by the Guinness Book
of Records to be the oldest operational locomotive
after the Rajasthan government invoked it in 2004 to
lug a deluxe train in order to boost tourism in the
area. The Fairy Queen is run on the lines of the Palace
on Wheels
• constructed in Leeds, England in 1855 AND SERVED
TILL 1909
• In 1943, the locomotive was shifted to the
Railway Zonal Training School at Chandausi,
where it served as a curiosity object for many
of the students based there.
• In 1972, the Indian government bequeathed
heritage status to the engine, rendering it a
national treasure.
• The locomotive was spruced up and given a
special spot in the newly built National Rail
Museum, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi.
• In 1997, return to commercial service on July
18. The two-day excursion sees the train
plying from New Delhi to Alwar to the Sariska
Tiger Reserve.
• The train pulled by this locomotive can
accommodate 38 passengers and the ticket is
priced at Rs. 7,500 for adults and Rs. 3,750 for
children.
• It was built in 1855 by Kitson, Thompson, &
Hewitson, (Leeds, UK). Previously it was
locomotive No. 22 on the East Indian Railway,
and used on the Howrah-Raniganj line and
then in Bihar

Golden Chariot
• Karnataka and Goa. It is named after the Stone
Chariot
• The 19 coaches on the train are coloured purple
and gold, and sport the logo of a mythological
animal with the head of an elephant and a body
of a lion.
• operates weekly and had its maiden commercial
run on March 10, 2008.
• with accommodations, spa treatments and
dining.
• Karnataka State Tourism Development
Corporation
• 7-day/8-night tour
of Bangalore, Kabini, Mysore, Hassan, Hospet, Ba
dami and Goa
• COVERS Nagarhole National Park, Mysore
Palace, Srirangapatna forts, Hoysaleswara
Temple, Gomateshwara and the Badami Cave
Temples
• 44 cabins in 11 coaches that are named after
dynasties
Kadamba, Hoysala,Rashtrakuta, Ganga, Chalukya,
Bahamani, Adil
Shahi, Sangama, Satavahana, Yadukula and Vijaya
nagar.
• HAS two restaurants, a lounge bar, and
conference, gym and spa facilities
• only train in India to have onboard Wi-Fi
• accommodate 88 passengers
• Maharajas' Express
• from early 2010.
• It is a joint venture between irctc and Cox and
Kings India Ltd
• The all-inclusive costs begin at $800 (£535 or INR
40000)per person per day, and can climb to $2,500
(£1,670 or INR 125000)per person per day.
• four itineraries, all of which either begin or end
in Delhi and include a visit to the Taj Mahal
• Each morning, the train arrives at a different
station for off-rail excursions, including visits to
monuments, heritage sites, shopping, palaces,
forts, and hotels.
• The trains include a 23-guest carriage train,
designed to recreate the personal state carriages
used by the Maharajas of India. Facilities include
two ornate restaurants with decorative arched
ceilings, an observation lounge and souvenir shop,
and 43 cabins and suites starting at roughly 110
square feet in size
• most expensive luxury train in India
• 24 carriages, 14 guest carriages – 88 passengers
– Royal India (8 Days / 7 Nights): Delhi - Agra -
Ranthambore - Jaipur - Bikaner - Jodhpur - Udaipur -
Vadodara - Mumbai
– Classical India (7 Days / 6 Nights): Delhi - Agra -
Gwalior - Khajuraho - Bandhavgarh - Varanasi -
Lucknow - Delhi

Palace on Wheels
promote tourism in Rajasthan
• relaunched in August 2009 with a
new decor, itinerary and cuisine
• started on January 26, India's
Republic Day, in 1982
• 14 coaches, a bar,
• two restaurants, The
Mahārāja and The Mahārāni
• Each coach has four cabins with
twin beds
• wall-to-wall carpeting, air-
conditioning, DTH satellite
television, channel
music, intercom, attached toilets,
running hot and cold water, with
personal attendants.
• Covers Jaipur, Jaisalmer, Jodhpur, S
awai
Madhopur, Chittaurgarh, Udaipur, B
haratpur, and Agra.
Royal Orient Train
• between Gujarat and Rajasthan
• taste of royal luxury while
"showcasing the best of Indian
culture and heritage“
• 13 coaches, five-star hotel comforts
• offer Rajasthani, Gujarati, Indian,
Chinese and continental cuisine
• bar on board, intercom, channel
music, TV, DVD system and a
massage-cum-beauty parlor
• offers a 7-day/8-night package -
Chittorgarh,Jaipur, Udaipur, Ahme
dabad, Mehsana, Junagarh, Veraval,
Sasangi, Ahmedpur, Mandvi, Palita
na and Sarkhej
• Covering - Qutub Minar, Red
Fort and Jama Masjid in Delhi,
Chittorgarh Fort and Rani Padmini's
Palace in Chittorgarh, Sabarmati
Ashram, lake palace, Gir sanctuary,
Hawamahal & Jantar mantar

Royal Rajasthan on Wheels
• modelled on the Palace on Wheels, and follows a similar route
through Rajasthan.
• 7-day/8-night tour through Rajasthan
• starts from New Delhi's Safdarjung railway station
• attractions covered are the Hawa Mahal (Palace of Winds), Moti
Mahal, Sheesh Mahal, Ranthambhor National Park, Chittaurgarh Fort, Jag
Niwas (Lake Palace), Keoladeo Ghana National Park, Agra Fort and finally
the Taj Mahal

Reservation procedures
AIRLINE RESERVATION
• Computer Reservation systems, later
called Global Distribution Systems
(GDS), were created by Airlines to allow
Travel Agents to make online bookings.
• Started in 1960; accepted in 1970
• Huge transactional systems that process
around 5000 requests per second from
40000 to 50000 terminals.
• Allow making booking on airlines that
accept to pay a booking fee.
• Are more and more independent of
their founding companies.
• Used to store, retrieve - information,
contact, transactions etc., designed by
airlines
• Can accept reservations and bookings
from more than 60,000 tour operators
and travel agents.
STAGE I- Manual to automatic reservation
• Way back in 1950-1974
• Then came SABER (Semi Automated
Business Environmental Research)- The
fore father of modern GDS- developed
for American Airlines
STAGE II- The True CRS
• Between 1974- 1984
• Installation of terminals in Travel
agency and Tour Operation companies.
STAGE III- From CRS to GDS
• 1984 it came into existence
• Got spread to hospitality industry too

• Features
– Global perspective
– Automatic rate and inventory control
– Full reservation functionality
– Group block features
– Sales flow control
– Multi air craft’s rate availability
– Efficient searching
– Reports and Logs
• Main Roles and Functions
– Provision of up-to-date, accurate
information
– Fully integrated reservation system
allowing confirmation
– Allowing changes and amendments
– Issuing tickets and related documents
– Provision of travel info, routings and
the like
AMADEUS
– Created by Air France, KLM,
Siberian Air, Lufthansa.,
– Used by online travel agencies- e-
bookers, expedia etc.,
– Over 400 individual airlines and
– Over 800 travel agencies
GALILEO
– Owned by Air Lingus, Air Canada,
British Airways, Swiss Air, United
Air
SABRE
– Owned by Nippon Airlines,
American Airlines, Cathay Pacific
Airlines
WORLD SPAM
– Owned by Delta, North west and
Trans West Airlines

• BUS RESERVATIONS
– State owned websites
– Affliated service providers
– Travel agents and
commission basis
• RAILWAY RESERVATIONS
– CRS
– Travel agents on
commission basis
– Common sale

WATER TRANSPORT IN INDIA
• extensive network of inland
waterways in the form
of rivers, canals, backwaters and cre
eks
• navigable length is 14,500 Km, out of
which about 5,200 km of river and
485 km of canals
• Freight transport by waterways is
highly underutilised in India
compared to other large countries
• cargo moved by inland waterways is
just 0.15% of the total inland traffic
compared to the corresponding
figures of 20% for Germany and 32%
for Bangladesh
• Inland Waterways Authority of India
(IWAI) is the statutory authority
• National Waterway 1 - Allahabad -
Haldia stretch of the Ganges -
Bhagirathi - Hooghly river system with
a total length of 1,620 km in 1986
• National Waterway 2 - Saidiya -
Dhubri stretch of the Brahmaputra
river system with a total length of 891
km in 1988.
• National Waterway 3 - Kollam -
Kottapuram stretch of the West Coast
Canal along with Champakara and
Udyogmandal canals, with a total length
of 205 km in 1993.
• National Waterway 4 - Bhadrachalam -
Rajahmundry and Wazirabad -
Vijaywada stretch of the Krishna -
Godavari river system along with
the Kakinada -Puducherry canal
network, with a total length of 1,095 km
in 2007
• National Waterway 5 - Mangalgadi -
Paradeep and Talcher -
Dhamara stretch of the Mahanadi -
Brahmani river system along with the
East Coast Canal, with a total length of
623 km in 2007

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