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Mendelian Genetics,[object Object],Chapter 11,[object Object]
Gregor Mendel – “Father of Genetics”, first Geneticist, one of the most important scientists in history,[object Object],Austrian Monk (1822-1884,[object Object],Worked with ordinary garden peas,[object Object],Used science and math skills learned from University.,[object Object]
Genetics – the scientific study of heredity,[object Object]
Mendel’s Peas – background information,[object Object],[object Object]
The ovary (♀, female) produces eggs
Sperm + Eggs: FERTILIZATION
The peas Mendel started with were TRUE-BREEDING.Gametes,[object Object]
More Peas,[object Object],True-breeding: parents always have offspring identical to themselves when allowed to self-pollinate. (Is self-pollination sexual or asexual reproduction?),[object Object],For example: Plants with white flowers produce only offspring with white flowers.,[object Object]
Important terms,[object Object],Trait = specific observable characteristic,[object Object],Mendel produced hybrids,[object Object],Hybrid,[object Object],The offspring produced by parents with differing forms of a trait.,[object Object],Some genetics notation,[object Object],Parent generation = P,[object Object],F1 = first generation of offspring from a cross, (F2= second generation, etc.),[object Object],Contrast with true-breeding,[object Object]
Mendel’s crosses…results,[object Object],Seed Shape,[object Object],Flower Position,[object Object],Seed Coat,[object Object],Color,[object Object],Seed Color,[object Object],Pod Color,[object Object],Plant Height,[object Object],Pod,[object Object],Shape,[object Object],Round,[object Object],Yellow,[object Object],Gray,[object Object],Smooth,[object Object],Green,[object Object],Axial,[object Object],Tall,[object Object],Wrinkled,[object Object],Green,[object Object],White,[object Object],Constricted,[object Object],Yellow,[object Object],Terminal,[object Object],Short,[object Object],Round,[object Object],Yellow,[object Object],Gray,[object Object],Smooth,[object Object],Green,[object Object],Axial,[object Object],Tall,[object Object]
Mendel’s crosses…results,[object Object],Seed Shape,[object Object],Flower Position,[object Object],Seed Coat,[object Object],Color,[object Object],Seed Color,[object Object],Pod Color,[object Object],Plant Height,[object Object],Pod,[object Object],Shape,[object Object],Round,[object Object],Yellow,[object Object],Gray,[object Object],Smooth,[object Object],Green,[object Object],Axial,[object Object],Tall,[object Object],Wrinkled,[object Object],Green,[object Object],White,[object Object],Constricted,[object Object],Yellow,[object Object],Terminal,[object Object],Short,[object Object],Round,[object Object],Yellow,[object Object],Gray,[object Object],Smooth,[object Object],Green,[object Object],Axial,[object Object],Tall,[object Object]
Genes,[object Object],Mendel eventually concluded that traits are passed from one generation to the next.,[object Object],Today, we know that…,[object Object],Traits are determined by GENES,[object Object],Chemical factors that determine a trait.  ,[object Object],Consist of DNA sequences,[object Object],Alleles - Different forms of a gene,[object Object],Ex. Eye color is a trait, you could have  2 blue eye color alleles, you could have 2 brown eye color alleles, you could have one of each.,[object Object],You get one allele from each parent for each trait.,[object Object],Mendel did not know anything about genes, DNA, chromosomes, meiosis, etc.,[object Object]
Dominant and Recessive Genes,[object Object],Principle of Dominance: Some alleles are dominant and others are recessive.,[object Object],Dominant: An allele that is expressed (visible) whether it is the only version of the gene present or when in combination with a recessive allele.,[object Object],Recessive: An allele ONLY expressed when dominant allele is NOT present,[object Object]
Symbols to represent Dominant Genes,[object Object],If the symbol “T” represents the dominant allele (or form of the gene), then…,[object Object],it doesn’t matter whether both of the alleles an individual has are dominant (TT) or…,[object Object],there is just one copy of the dominant allele (Tt).,[object Object],Either way, the individual looks the same (it has the dominant trait).,[object Object]
Symbols to represent Recessive Genes,[object Object],If the symbol “t” represents the recessive allele (or form of the gene), then…,[object Object],both of the alleles an individual has must be recessive (tt) to have the recessive trait.,[object Object],The presence of one dominant allele (T) hides the recessive allele (t) when there is one of each (Tt).,[object Object]
Important vocabulary,[object Object],Homozygous ,[object Object],two identical alleles for a trait.  (ex. SS or ss),[object Object],TRUE-BREEDING for a trait,[object Object],Heterozygous,[object Object],two DIFFERENT alleles for a trait (ex. Ss),[object Object],HYBRID for a trait,[object Object],Phenotype,[object Object],physical characteristics, appearance,[object Object],Genotype,[object Object],genetic make up, the information in DNA,[object Object]
End part one,[object Object]
Mendelian Genetics,[object Object],Chapter 11,[object Object]
Segregation,[object Object],SEGREGATION,[object Object],Separation of alleles during gamete formation (meiosis),[object Object],Gamete,[object Object],Sex cells ,[object Object],carry a single copy of each gene (ex. The allele for short OR the allele for tall, not both),[object Object]
Genetics and Probability	,[object Object],Probability,[object Object],likelihood that a particular event will occur.,[object Object],For example: What is the probability of rain tomorrow? ,[object Object],How likely is it that a flipped penny will land heads-up?  Tails-up?,[object Object],Probability is used to predict the outcomes of genetic crosses.,[object Object]
Steps to a setting up a Punnett Square ,[object Object],Identify parental genotypes for the cross (ex. TT, tt, Tt),[object Object],Draw the Punnett Square--a grid with each set of parental alleles on its own side.,[object Object],Separate the alleles (why?),[object Object],Match alleles from rows and columns to make offspring genotypes.,[object Object],Identify the kinds (and their numbers) of offspring you have.,[object Object],Gametes (sperm or eggs) are haploid (one set of chromosomes),[object Object]
Steps to a setting up a Punnett Square: An Example,[object Object],Both parents are heterozygous for plant height, with tall being dominant to short.,[object Object],Describe their offspring.,[object Object]
Probability,[object Object],Look at the cross we just did.  ,[object Object],How many offspring have two alleles for tallness (TT)?,[object Object],Two for shortness (tt)?,[object Object],Both (Tt)?,[object Object]
Probabilities,[object Object],¼ or 25% have two alleles for tallness.,[object Object],¼ or 25% have two alleles for shortness.,[object Object],½ or 50% have one allele for tallness and one for shortness.,[object Object],We write this in terms of a ratio 1TT: 2Tt: 1tt,[object Object],This ratio of allele combination types is called the genotypic ratio.,[object Object]
Probabilities,[object Object],How many plants will be tall and how many will be short?,[object Object],We also write this in terms of a ratio (3 tall: 1 short).,[object Object],This ratio of physical types is called the phenotypic ratio.,[object Object]
3 tall (75%), 1 short (25%)expressed as a ratio, 3:1,[object Object],Why?,[object Object],1 homozygous for tallness (TT) and the,[object Object],2 heterozygous plants (Tt),[object Object],You lump these together because you cannot tell any of these offspring apart for this trait—TT offspring look exactly like Tt offspring.,[object Object],1 homozygous recessive (tt),[object Object]
This is exactly what Gregor Mendel did in his pea experiments.,[object Object]
A brief explanation…,[object Object],All of the reproduction we will be discussing regarding Mendel’s garden peas will be sexual reproduction (a new organism formed by the joining together of a male and a female gamete).,[object Object],However, pay close attention to who the parents are — sometimes there is a cross between two different parents (usually with contrasting forms of some trait, like flower color or height).  Other times, the peas are allowed to do what comes naturally to peas—self-pollination (the same plant fertilizes itself).   ,[object Object]
Sexual Reproduction in Plants,[object Object],Male (♂) sexual organs,[object Object],Female (♀) sexual organs,[object Object]
Cross-pollination – either by wind, insect or geneticist,[object Object],Pollen (containing male gametes),[object Object]
Self-pollination,[object Object],Convenient, but boring,[object Object]
Mendel’s Monohybrid cross,[object Object],Mendel’s first crosses,[object Object],The parent generation (P) is a combination of two different pure-breeding types,[object Object],The first generation (F1) produced only TALL plants,[object Object],The second generation (F2 ) produced tall and short plants,[object Object],Tall allele/Tall allele,[object Object],TT,[object Object],short allele/short allele,[object Object],tt,[object Object]
Predictions,[object Object],Mendel found that the approximately three dominant to one recessive ratios showed up consistently.,[object Object],Probabilities predict average outcomes for a LARGE number of events, not exact outcomes.  ,[object Object],Flip a coin twice,[object Object],Heads once, tails once,[object Object],Heads twice,[object Object],Tails twice,[object Object],Flip a coin many times, likely to get very close to a  50:50 ratio,[object Object]
Predicting Genetics,[object Object],Genetics is similar,[object Object],Larger numbers result in closer to expected values.,[object Object],This explains why humans don’t always have the same number of male children and female children despite the fact that the odds of any one child’s gender is 50% female, 50% male.,[object Object]

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Ch 11 intro mendelian genetics sp11

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