society and culture

1. CHAPTER 10
SOCIAL GROUP,
STRATIFICATION AND
ORGANIZATION

2. .
Chemist and Physicists have arranged all
substances that appear on earth into a
small number of classes, called
“ELEMENTS”.
Biologists, similarly, have arranged plants
and animals and insects into a small
number of classes, called “SPECIES”.

3. “No Man Normally
lives alone”
-Aristotle

4. GROUPS

5. GROUPS
• 1. Statistical Group- are “formed”, not
by the members themselves but by
sociologists and staticians
• Examples: Those people who were born
on a Tuesday, those Filipinos who have
owned public utility vehicles, and those
number of dropouts from school.

6. .
2. Societal Groups
This category of group differs from statistical
groups in one very important characteristics –
“consciousness of kind”. It was introduced into
sociology by Franklin Henry Giddings.
Example of Societal Groups:
Females, the aged, the Muslims, plumbers,
golfers and the blind. Including all ethnic
groups, all regional groups, all occupational
groups

7. .
3. Social Groups
The word “social” implies social contact and
communication, social interaction and social
intercourse.
Social Groups are those in which people actually
associate with one another and have social relations
with one another.
Examples:
Friendship, acquaintance groups, classroom groups,
cliques, crowds, audiences, congregation, kinship
groups, passengers on the same ship, neighborhood
groups and play groups.

8. .
4. Associational Groups- This is
considered as the most important kind
of group in modern complex societies.
Examples:
Our college of University is an
association, the red cross, a committee,
football team. The army and the Navy
are associations and so on.

9. .
In the case of each of these FORMAL
PROPERTIES, we find a set of dual categories
which are:
a. Primary Groups- The concept of Primary Group
was introduced into American sociology by
Charles Horton Cooley. Cooley meant the
intimate, personal, “Face to Face” groups in
which we find our companions and comrades,
the members of our family, and our daily
associates.
b. Secondary Group- The concept of E.T. Hiller in
secondary groups are “categoric” and
“extrinsic”.

10. .
• b) In – Groups and Out Groups – This category
has no specific size and may indeed be highly
variable.
In – Groups- It may be small as family or as a
large as the world.
Out – Groups – is simply everybody who is not in
the family or not in the world
Note: The in – group, in short, is only OUR
GROUP. While in the out – group is EVERYBODY
ELSE.

11. .
C. Large Groups and Small Groups.
Some of the other formal properties of groups
are more familiar and require a less extended
discussion.
Examples:
A large army is superior to a small one, a large
country is more powerful than a small one, and
a large corporation has more control over a
market than a small one.

12. .
D. Majority Groups and Minority Groups
Majorities and Minorities, ofcourse, are always
components of other groups and the terms have no
meaning in themselves.
Examples:
The majorities may be very small (two out of a group of
three friends) and minorities very large (those who
supported the candidate in a presidential election)
although not in the same context. But even in the same
group a majority may be large or small.

13. .
E. Long- lived Groups and Short –
Lived Groups
The duration of a group, its span of
existence is also one of the more
important of its properties.
Examples:
Parliament of Iceland, the Masonic
Lodge, and the church Rome.

14. .
F. Voluntary Groups and Involuntary Groups
Involuntary Group- are our age group, sex
group, ethnic group, based as they are upon
biological properties.
Voluntary Group- No one is required by law to
read a certain newspaper or to listen to a given
radio program.

15. .
G. Open Groups and Closed Groups
Some groups are relatively open and
some are relatively closed.

16. ETHNICITY

17. ETHNICITY
• refers to social
categorization based on
differences in national origin,
language and religion

18. .
Social Structure: Stratification
David B. Brinkerhoff (1988) – defined social
stratifications as an institutionalized
pattern of inequality in which social
categories are ranked on the basis of their
access to scarce resources.
Everett K. Wilson (1971) – defined
stratification which means a hierarchical
ordering of social positions along the scale of
group’s values.

19. .
Several types of social classes
1.Upper – upper
2. Lower –upper
3. Upper middle
4. Lower middle
5. Upper –lower
6. Lower – lower

20. Criteria and types of
social classes

21. .
1. Wealth, property, Income- The criterion of financial
resources
2. Family or kinship- criterion of class states or class
position
3. Location of Residence- Criterion that occurs in all
groups.
4. Occupation- The criterion of work and highrank or
status in their occupational associations.
5. Education- the criterion of university status,
knowledge performance task and general education.
6. Religion- the criterion of class status but candid
investigation where there is a variety of sets discloses
that it may not be altogether ignored

22. .
Class and Race
Racial discrimination between white and
Negro it is the criterion of status and
opportunity
Class and Demographic Variables
Demographic variables- longevity, fertility,
morality- correlate with class.
Class and Lifestyles
People differ by the level of education
achieved and used this as an index of social
status- the person spend his money