1. Roof

3. A pitched roof column wall columns walls A mono -pitched roof structure A lean-to roof structure

4. column wall column wall flashing openings SUNSHADING

7. rivetted Placement of roof clay tiles as seen from below

8. Roof components

9. SECTION OF ROOF STRUCTURE PITCHED ROOF TIMBER OR STEEL RAFTER Waterproofing layer and insulation Timber batten Finishes: Clay tiles or Cement tiles Metal decking Ceiling

10. STRUKTUR KAYU & KELULI Waterproofing layer Timber batten Insulation layer Finishes: Clay tiles or Cement tiles Metal decking Ceiling

13. ROOF FINISHES ATTAP CLAY ROOF TILES PATTERNED STEEL DECKING 1 PATTERNED CLAY ROOF TILES PATTERNED STEEL DECKING 2 ASBESTOS

19. a) Water stands on the roof in puddles, causing slight deflections of the roof deck between supporting beams or joists b)If heavy rain continues, the puddles grow and joint. Accumulating weight of the water begins to cause substantial deflections. Deflection encourage water from a border area of the roof run into the puddle c) As structural deflection increase, the depth of the puddles increases more and more rapidly, until the overloaded structure collapses a b c

20. FLAT ROOF CONCRETE, TIMBER OR STEEL STRUCTURE Waterproof layer and insulation Cement screed Finishes

22. Below the deck

23. Between the deck

24. Above the membrane

25. ELEMENTS OF FLAT ROOF parapet Concrete gutter Steel decking parapet Lines indented for expansion caused by heat and easy to flatten the roof in a uniform manner to prevent any pool of water after rain. concrete

26. Water pool formed due to poor workmanship

27. PROBLEMS OF LEAKING ON FLAT ROOF

33. 3. Space frame A space frame or space structure is a truss -like, lightweight rigid structure constructed from interlocking struts in a geometric pattern . Space frames usually utilize a multidirectional span, and are often used to accomplish long spans with few supports. They derive their strength from the inherent rigidity of the triangular frame; flexing loads (bending moments ) are transmitted as tension and compression loads along the length of each strut.

34. Dome

35. Dome

36. 4. ROOF SHELL

38. 5. FOLDED PLATE ROOF

39. 6. MEMBRANE

40. 6. MEMBRANE

42. New concepts of roof

45. Final products

47. Structural components of PSSDB System

54. Erection of roof panels

55. Erection of roof panels

56. Completed classroom modules

57. Side elevation

58. Back elevation