2. 1. Explain why accounts are used to record
and summarize the effects of transactions
on financial statements.
2. Describe the characteristics of an
account.
3. List the rules of debit and credit and the
normal balances of accounts.
4. Analyze and summarize the financial
statement effects of transactions.
Objectives
After studying this
chapter, you should
be able to:
3. 5. Prepare a trial balance and explain how
it can be used to discover errors.
6. Discover errors in recording
transactions and correct them.
7. Use horizontal analysis to compare
financial statements from different
periods.
Objectives
6. A list of the
accounts in a ledger
is called a chart of
accounts.
7. Major Account Classifications
Assets are
resources owned
by the business.
Liabilities are debts
owed to outsiders
(creditors).
Cash
Supplies
Building
Accounts
receivable
Accounts
payable
Notes payable
Wages payable
8. Major Account Classifications
Liabilities are debts
owed to outsiders
(creditors).
Cash
Supplies
Building
Accounts
receivable
Accounts
payable
Notes payable
Wages payable
Assets are
resources owned
by the business.
Liabilities are often identified
on the balance sheet by titles
that include payable.
9. Owner’s
equity is the
owner’s right to
the assets of the
business.
Revenues are
increases in
owner’s equity as
a result of selling
services or
products.Chris Clark,
Capital
Chris Clark,
Drawing
Fees Earned
Fares Earned
Commission
Revenue
Expenses are the
using up of assets
or consuming of
services to
generate revenue.
Rent Expense
Salary Expense
Utilities
Expense
Major Account Classifications
10. To assist you in learning,
an account can be drawn
to resemble the letter T.
20. Post.
Ref.
JOURNAL
Date Description Debit Credit
Page 1
1
2
3
4
Nov. 1
2005
Cash 25 000 00
Chris Clark, Capital 25 000 00
Invested cash in NetSolutions.
(A) On November 1, Chris Clark
deposits $25,000 in a bank account in
the name of NetSolutions.
21. (A) On November 1, Chris Clark
deposits $25,000 in a bank account in
the name of NetSolutions.
Effects of this entry in the Ledger
Cash
Nov. 1 25,000 Nov. 1 25,000
Chris Clark, Capital
22. 4
5
6
7
8
9
10
5 Land 20 000 00
Cash 20 000 00
Purchased land for building
site.
(B) On November 5,
NetSolutions bought land
for $20,000, paying cash.
23. Effects of this entry in the Ledger
Cash
Nov. 1 25,000 Nov. 5 20,000
Land
Nov. 5 20,000
(B) On November 5,
NetSolutions bought land
for $20,000, paying cash.
24. 10
11
12
13
14
15
16
10 Supplies 1 350 00
Accounts Payable 1 350 00
Purchased supplies on account.
(C) On November 10, NetSolutions
purchased supplies on account
for $1,350.
25. (C) On November 10, NetSolutions
purchased supplies on account
for $1,350.
Effects of this entry in the Ledger
Supplies
Nov. 10 1,350
Accounts Payable
Nov. 10 1,350
26. 30 Accounts Payable 950 00
Cash 950 00
Paid creditors on account.
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
(F) On November 30, NetSolutions
paid creditors on account, $950.
27. Cash
Nov. 1 25,000 Nov. 525,000
18 7,500 30 3,650
Effects of this entry in the Ledger
Accounts Payable
Nov. 10 1,350Nov. 30 950
30 950
(F) On November 30, NetSolutions
paid creditors on account, $950.
29. Credit for
increases
(+)
Credit for
increases
(+)
Credit for
decreases
(-)
Debit for
increases
(+)
Debit for
decreases
(-)
Debit for
decreases
(-)
ASSETS
Asset Accounts
LIABILITIES
Liability Accounts
Owner’s Equity Accounts
OWNER’S EQUITY
Balance Sheet Accounts
30. (D) On November 18, NetSolutions
received fees of $7,500 from
customers for services provided .
18 Cash 7 500 00
Fees Earned 7 500 00
Received fees from customers.
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
31. Effects of this entry in the Ledger
Cash
Nov. 1 25,000 Nov. 5 25,000
Fees Earned
Nov. 18 7,500
18 7,500
(D) On November 18, NetSolutions
received fees of $7,500 from
customers for services provided .
33. Effects of this entry in the Ledger
Cash
Nov. 1 25,000 Nov. 525,000
Wages Expense
Nov. 30 2,125
18 7,500
Rent Expense
Nov. 30 800
Utilities Expense
Nov. 30 450
Miscellaneous Expense
Nov. 30 275
30 3,650
(E) Throughout the month, NetSolutions
incurred the following expenses:
wages, $2,125; rent, $800; utilities,
$450; and miscellaneous, $275 .
34. In every entry the sum of
the debits always equal
the sum of the credits.
35. (G) On November 30, a count revealed
that $800 of the supplies inventory
had been used.
30 Supplies Expense 800 00
Supplies 800 00
Supplies used during
November.
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
36. Effects of this entry in the Ledger
Supplies
Nov. 10 1,350
Supplies Expense
Nov. 30 800Nov. 30 800
(G) On November 30, a count revealed
that $800 of the supplies inventory
had been used.
37. Double-Entry Accounting
“ Double-entry accounting is based on a simple
concept: each party in a business transaction
will receive something and give something in
return. In bookkeeping terms, what is received
is a debit and what is given is a credit. The T
account is a representation of a scale or
balance.”
Luca Pacioli
Developer of
Double-Entry
Accounting
Scale or Balance
Receive
DEBIT
Give
CREDIT
T account
Left Side
Receive
DEBIT
Right Side
Give
CREDIT
41. Post.
Ref.
JOURNAL
Date Description Debit Credit
Page 2
1
2
3
4
Nov. 30
2005
Chris Clark, Drawing 2 000 00
Cash 2 000 00
Chris Clark withdrew cash for
personal use.
(H) On November 30, Chris Clark
withdrew $2,000 in cash from
NetSolutions for personal use.
42. 30 950
30 2,000
Cash
Nov. 1 25,000 Nov. 525,000
18 7,500 30 3,650
Effects of this entry in the Ledger
Chris Clark, Drawing
Nov. 10 1,350Nov. 30 2,000
(H) On November 30, Chris Clark
withdrew $2,000 in cash from
NetSolutions for personal use.
43. Increase
(Normal Balances) Decreases
Balance sheet accounts:
Asset Debit Credit
Liability Credit Debit
Owner’s Equity:
Capital Credit Debit
Drawing Debit Credit
Income statement accounts:
Revenue Credit Debit
Expense Debit Credit
Normal Balances of Accounts
44. Flow of Business Transactions
1 Transaction
authorized 2 Transaction
takes place 3 Document
prepared
4
Entry recorded
in journal 5
Entry posted to
ledger
45. 1. Determine whether an asset, a liability,
owner’s equity, revenue, or expense account
is affected by the transaction.
2. For each account affected by the transaction,
determine whether the account increases or
decreases.
3. Determine whether each increase or decrease
should be recorded as a debit or a credit.
System to Analyze Transactions
57. Dec. 13 NetSolutions paid a receptionist and
part-time assistant $950 for two
weeks’ wages.
Post.
Ref.
JOURNAL
Date Description Debit Credit
Page 3
1
2
3
4
Dec. 13
2005
Wages Expense 51 950 00
Cash 11 950 00
Paid two week’s wages.
58. Dec. 16 NetSolutions received $3,100 from
fees earned for the first half of
December.
5
6
7
8
16 Cash 11 3 100 00
Fees Earned 41 3 100 00
Received fees from customers.
59. Dec. 16 Fees earned on account totaled
$1,750 for the first half of
December.
9
10
11
12
16 Accounts Receivable 12 1 750 00
Fees Earned 41 1 750 00
Received fees from customers.
60. Dec. 20 NetSolutions paid $900 to Executive
Supply Co. on the $1,800 debt owed
from the December 4 transaction.
13
14
15
16
20 Accounts Payable 21 900 00
Cash 11 900 00
Paid part of amount owed to
Executive Supply Co.
61. Dec. 21 NetSolutions received $650 from
customers in payment of their
accounts.
18
19
20
21
21 Cash 11 650 00
Accounts Receivable 12 650 00
Received cash from customer
on account.
63. Dec. 27 NetSolutions paid the receptionist
and part-time assistant $1,200 for
two weeks’ wages.
27
28
29
30
27 Wages Expense 51 1 200 00
Cash 11 1 200 00
Paid two weeks’ wages.
64. Dec. 31 NetSolutions paid its $310 telephone
bill for the month.
31
32
33
34
31 Utilities Expense 54 310 00
Cash 11 310 00
Paid telephone bill.
65. Dec. 31 NetSolutions paid its $225 electric
bill for the month.
Post.
Ref.
JOURNAL
Date Description Debit Credit
Page 4
1
2
3
4
Dec. 31
2005
Utilities Expense 54 225 00
Cash 11 225 00
Paid utility bill.
66. Dec. 31 NetSolutions received $2,870 from
fees earned for the second half of
December.
5
6
7
8
31 Cash 11 2 870 00
Fees Earned 41 2 870 00
Received fees from customers.
67. Dec. 31 NetSolutions earned $1,120 on
account for the second half of
December.
9
10
11
12
31 Accounts Receivable 12 1 120 00
Fees Earned 41 1 120 00
Recorded fees earned on
account.
68. Dec. 31 Chris Clark withdrew $2,000 for
personal use.
14
15
16
17
31 Chris Clark, Drawing 32 2 000 00
Cash 11 2 000 00
Chris Clark withdrew cash
for personal use.
75. 1. Failure to record a transaction or to post a
transaction.
2. Recording the same erroneous amount
for both the debit and the credit parts of a
transaction.
3. Recording the same transaction more
than once.
4. Posting a part of a transaction correctly
as a debit or credit but to the wrong
account.
Errors that will not cause the
trial balance to be unequal:
76. Error Correction Procedure
1. Journal entry is incorrect Draw a line through the error
but not posted. and insert correct title or
amount.
Error Correction Procedure
Correction
of Errors
77. Error Correction Procedure
1. Journal entry is incorrect Draw a line through the error
but not posted. and insert correct title or
amount.
Error Correction Procedure
2. Journal entry is correct Draw a line through the
but posted incorrectly. posted error and post
correctly.
Correction
of Errors
78. Error Correction ProcedureError Correction Procedure
3. Journal entry is incorrect Journalize and post a
and posted correcting entry.
Correction
of Errors
79. What would be the necessary
correcting entry?
Journal – As recorded and posted
Correcting Errors – An Example
On May 5, a purchase of office equipment on
account was incorrectly journalized and posted
as shown.
Date Description Debit Credit
May 5 Supplies 12,500
Accounts Payable 12,500
80. Journal – As recorded and posted
Correcting Errors – An Example
On May 5, a purchase of office equipment on
account was incorrectly journalized and posted
as shown.
Date Description Debit Credit
May 5 Supplies 12,500
Accounts Payable 12,500
Date Description Debit Credit
May 5 Office Equipment 12,500
81. Date Description Debit Credit
May 5 Office Equipment 12,500
Supplies 12,500
Journal – As recorded and posted
Correcting Errors – An Example
On May 5, a purchase of office equipment on
account was incorrectly journalized and posted
as shown.
Date Description Debit Credit
May 5 Supplies 12,500
Accounts Payable 12,500