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Indopersica English-Sindhi Part 1
- 1. sɪndʱiˑ ̪ ̪ سنڌي Sindhi indōpersica
- 3. The Sindhi letters and words described in this book are each accompanied by a pronunciation key in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). Please refer to these IPA keys for the exact pronunciation of a Sindhi letter or word. The IPA is a scientific notation used for accurately transcribing the sounds of most human languages. More about the IPA can be found at http://www.yorku.ca/earmstro/ipa/ and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipa . The similarities described in this book between the pronunciations of Sindhi letters and ‘corresponding’ English letters are only guidelines and should be considered as such.
- 4. Read Sindhi right to left k ڪ This letter has a sound similar to k in skip 4
- 5. Read Sindhi right to left ɡ گ This letter has a sound similar to g in go 5
- 6. Read Sindhi right to left These are the letters we’ve just seen ɡ k گ ڪ 6
- 7. Read Sindhi right to left p پ This letter has a sound similar to p in speak 7
- 8. Read Sindhi right to left b ب This letter has a sound similar to b in bat 8
- 9. Read Sindhi right to left These are the letters we’ve seen so far ɡ k گ ڪ b p ب پ 9
- 10. Read Sindhi right to left ʨ چ This letter has a sound similar to tch in catch 10
- 11. Read Sindhi right to left ʥ ج This letter has a sound similar to dge in badge 11
- 12. Read Sindhi right to left These are the letters we’ve seen so far ɡ k گ ڪ b p ب پ ʥ ʨ ج چ 12
- 13. Read Sindhi right to left ə َ This sign has a sound similar to a in America This sign is written above a letter 13
- 14. Read Sindhi right to left This is how the sign for ə is written ɡə kə گ ڪ bə pə ب پ ʥə ʨə ج چ 14
- 15. Read Sindhi right to left ɪ َ This sign has a sound similar to i in pin This sign is written below a letter 15
- 16. Read Sindhi right to left This is how the sign for ɪ is written ɡɪ kɪ گ ڪ bɪ pɪ ب پ ʥɪ ʨɪ ج چ 16
- 17. Read Sindhi right to left ʊ َ This sign has a sound similar to u in bull Thissign is written above a letter 17
- 18. Read Sindhi right to left This is how the sign for ʊ is written ɡʊ kʊ گ ڪ bʊ pʊ ب پ ʥʊ ʨʊ ج چ 18
- 19. Read Sindhi right to left Look at these sequences made from the letters and signs we’ve just seen ɡəɡɪɡʊ kəkɪkʊ ڪڪڪ گگگ bəbɪbʊ pəpɪpʊ پپپ ببب ʥəʥɪʥʊ ʨəʨɪʨʊ چچچ ججج 19
- 20. Read Sindhi right to left Did you notice how the letters ‘join’ one another? Here’s one of those letters, along with vowel signs – kʊ kɪ kə ڪ+ ڪ +ڪ = kəkɪkʊ ڪڪڪ 20
- 21. Read Sindhi right to left Here’s another one of those letters,with vowel signs – ɡʊ ɡɪ ɡə گ+ گ +گ = ɡəɡɪɡʊ گگگ 21
- 22. Read Sindhi right to left These letters join in similar ways – pəpɪpʊ pʊ pɪ pə پ + پ + پ = پپپ bəbɪbʊ bʊ bɪ bə ب + ب + ب = ببب 22
- 23. Read Sindhi right to left These letters, too, join in similar ways – ʨəʨɪʨʊ ʨʊ ʨɪ ʨə چ + چ + چ = چچچ ʥəʥɪʥʊ ʥʊ ʥɪ ʥə ج + ج + ج = ججج 23
- 24. Read Sindhi right to left Let’s try some more combinations of joining letters – kəʨɪ ʨɪ kə ڪ + چ = ڪچ ʥʊbə bə ʥʊ ج + ب = جب ɡɪpʊ pʊ ɡɪ گ + پ = گپ 24
- 25. Read Sindhi right to left j ي This letter has a sound similar to y in yo-yo 25
- 26. Read Sindhi right to left r ر This letter has a sound similar to r in Italian Roma This is a ‘rolled’ /r/, as in Spanish or Italian 26
- 27. Read Sindhi right to left l ل This letter has a sound similar to l in lad 27
- 28. Read Sindhi right to left ʋ و This letter has a sound similar to v in victory 28
- 29. Read Sindhi right to left These are the letters we’ve just seen r j ر ي ʋ l و ل 29
- 30. Read Sindhi right to left This is how the sign for ə is written on these letters rə jə ر ي ʋə lə و ل 30
- 31. Read Sindhi right to left This is how the sign for ɪ is written on these letters rɪ jɪ ر ي ʋɪ lɪ و ل 31
- 32. Read Sindhi right to left This is how the sign for ʊ is written on these letters rʊ jʊ ر ي ʋʊ lʊ و ل 32
- 33. Read Sindhi right to left Look at these sequences made from the letters and signs we’ve just seen rərɪrʊ jəjɪjʊ ررر ييي ʋəʋɪʋʊ ləlɪlʊ ووو للل 33
- 34. Read Sindhi right to left Did you notice? These letters don’t join the next one! ʋəʋɪʋʊ rərɪrʊ ووو ررر So, while most of the letters join the next one, all of them don’t 34
- 35. Read Sindhi right to left These are some actual Sindhi words Can you read them? – پل پر ڪل گل چپ چڪ و چ جج جبل ڪڪر چپ ڪلب پپر گجر 35
- 36. Read Sindhi right to left Here are their pronunciations and meanings – pʊlᶦ pərə ɡʊlʊ kʊlʊ پل پر گل ڪل bridge but flower total ʥəʥʊ ʋɪʨʊ ʨəkʊ ʨəpʊ جج و چ چڪ چپ judge during bite lip kəkərʊ ʥəbalʊ ʨʊpᶦ ڪڪر جبل چپ cloud mountain silence kləbə pɪpᶦrʊ ɡəʥərʊ ڪلب پپر گجر peepul tree club carrot (Ficus religiosa) Did you notice the superscript letter in the pronunciation key for these words? – pʊlᶦ ʨʊpᶦ pɪpᶦrʊ This means that the vowel ɪ is pronounced very lightly, almost not at all 36
- 37. Read Sindhi right to left s س This letter has a sound similar to s in sit 37
- 38. Read Sindhi right to left ɕ ش This letter has a sound similar to sh in ship 38
- 39. Read Sindhi right to left ɦ ه This letter has a sound similar to h in hat 39
- 40. Read Sindhi right to left These are the letters we’ve just seen ɕ s ش س ɦ ھ 40
- 41. Read Sindhi right to left This is how the signs for ə, i and ʊ are written on these letters ɦə ɕə sə س ش ه ɦɪ ɕɪ sɪ س ش ه ɦʊ ɕʊ sʊ س ش ه 41
- 42. Read Sindhi right to left Look at these sequences made from the letters and signs we’ve just seen ɕəɕɪɕʊ səsɪsʊ س سس ش ش ش ɦəɦɪɦʊ ھهه 42
- 43. Read Sindhi right to left These letters join in similar ways – səsɪsʊ sʊ sɪ sə س + س + س = سسس ɕəɕɪɕʊ ɕʊ ɕɪ ɕə س + ش + ش = ششش 43
- 44. Read Sindhi right to left ه causes the pronunciation of certain vowels before and after it to change slightly. Rule If the vowel immediately before َ هɦ is ə then əɛ which sounds like ai in fair In other words – əɦ becomes ɛɦ əɦə becomes ɛɦɛ əɦɪ becomes ɛɦɪ əɦʊ becomes ɛɦʊ Note that this rule does not apply if the vowel immediately after ه ɦ is a long vowel. We will come across long vowels later in this book. Some pronunciation examples will make this vowel-change rule a little clearer. 44
- 45. Read Sindhi right to left – ?Can you read these Sindhi words هل ڪه سب سر رس سج سس شڪ بس سه ره ھڪ وھ شڪر پهر سبب سچ پچ شهر شڪل بهتر 54
- 46. Read Sindhi right to left Here are their pronunciations and meanings – sɪrə sɪbʊ kɛɦʊ ɦəlʊ سر سب ڪه هل brick sew speak move, run ɕəkʊ səsʊ sɪʥʊ rəsʊ شڪ سس سج رس suspicion mother-in-law sun juice ɦɪkʊ rɛɦʊ sɛɦʊ bəsᶦ ھڪ ره سه بس a, one stay endure enough səbəbʊ pɛɦɛrʊ ɕʊkʊrʊ ʋɪɦʊ سبب پهر شڪر وھ reason wear gratitude poison bɛɦᶦt̪ ərᶦ ɕəkᶦlᶦ ɕɛɦɛrʊ səʨʊ pəʨʊ بهتر شڪل شهر سچ پچ better appearance, form city, town really, truly 46
- 47. Read Sindhi right to left z ز This letter has a sound similar to z in zebra 47
- 48. Read Sindhi right to left f ف This letter has a sound similar to f in fat 48
- 49. Read Sindhi right to left These are the letters we’ve just seen f z ف ز 49
- 50. Read Sindhi right to left This is how the signs for ə, i and ʊ are written on these letters fə zə ف ز fɪ zɪ ف ز fʊ zʊ ف ز 50
- 51. Read Sindhi right to left Look at these sequences made from the letters and signs we’ve just seen fəfɪfʊ zəzɪzʊ ززز ففف 51
- 52. Read Sindhi right to left These letters look similar, and behave similarly – rərɪrʊ rʊ rɪ rə ر + ر + ر = ررر zəzɪzʊ zʊ zɪ zə ز + ز + ز = ززز Neither of them joins the following letter, much like – ʋəʋɪʋʊ ʋʊ ʋɪ ʋə و + و + و = ووو 52
- 53. Read Sindhi right to left Here are some Sindhi words containing the letters we’ve just seen – ڪلف فرش سبز برف بزرگ زھر Could you read them? 53
- 54. Read Sindhi right to left Here are their pronunciations and meanings – kʊlfʊ fərɕʊ ڪلف فرش lock floor səbzʊ bərfʊ سبز برف green snow, ice bʊzʊrɡʊ zɛɦɛrʊ بزرگ زھر elder, senior poison 54
- 55. Read Sindhi right to left n ن This letter has a sound similar to n in new 55
- 56. Read Sindhi right to left m م This letter has a sound similar to m in mother 56
- 57. Read Sindhi right to left These are the letters we’ve just seen m n م ن 57
- 58. Read Sindhi right to left This is how the signsfor ə, i and ʊ are written on these letters mə nə م ن mɪ nɪ م ن mʊ nʊ م ن 58
- 59. Read Sindhi right to left Look at these sequences made from the letters and signs we’ve just seen məmɪmʊ nənɪnʊ ننن ممم 59
- 60. Read Sindhi right to left Notice how these letters do not look similar when not joined, but look similar when joined– jəjɪjʊ jʊ jɪ jə ي + ي + ي = ييي nənɪnʊ nʊ nɪ nə ن + ن + ن = ننن jənəjɪnɪjʊnʊrə Did you notice? When joined, the only difference in how they look is the number of dots – ينينينر pəbəpɪbɪpʊbʊrə پبپبپبر In fact, when joined, يj and نn look very similar to پp and بb – 60
- 61. Read Sindhi right to left – Some more Sindhi words ڪم ڪن پن چم ڪمل گرم نرم پشم جنم چرن رسم وزن ملڪ پنج نمبر جهنم 16
- 62. Read Sindhi right to left Here’s how they sound and what they mean – ʨʊmʊ pənʊ kənʊ kəmʊ ڪم ڪن پن چم kiss leaf ear work pəɕəmə nərəmʊ ɡərəmʊ kəməlʊ ڪمل گرم نرم پشم wool soft hot lotus ʋəznʊ rəsmʊ ʨərənʊ ʥənəmʊ جنم چرن رسم وزن weight custom foot birth jɛɦɛnʊmʊ nəmbərʊ pənʥə mʊlkʊ ملڪ پنج نمبر جهنم hell number five country 62
- 63. Read Sindhi right to left x خ This letter has a sound similar to ch in Scottish loch 63
- 64. Read Sindhi right to left ɣ غ This letter has a sound similar to r in French au revoir 64
- 65. Read Sindhi right to left These are the letters we’ve just seen ɣ x غ خ 65
- 66. Read Sindhi right to left This is how the signs for ə, i and ʊ are written on these letters ɣə xə غ خ ɣɪ xɪ غ خ ɣʊ xʊ غ خ 66
- 67. Read Sindhi right to left Look at these sequences made from the letters and signs we’ve just seen ɣəɣɪɣʊ xəxɪxʊ خخخ غغغ 67
- 68. Read Sindhi right to left Notice the similarity in how these letters look? ʥəʥɪʥʊ ʨəʨɪʨʊ xəxɪxʊ خخخ چچچ ججج The only difference in how they look is the number of dots 68
- 69. Read Sindhi right to left Can you read these Sindhi words? – غم خبر بغل غسل غزل خشڪ خرچ زخم 69
- 70. Read Sindhi right to left How many did you get right? ɣʊsʊlʊ bəɣəlʊ xəbərə ɣəmʊ غم خبر بغل غسل bath armpit news grief zəxmʊ xərʨʊ xʊɕkʊ ɣəzəlʊ غزل خشڪ خرچ زخم wound expenditure dry sonnet 70
- 71. Read Sindhi right to left t̪ ت This letter has a sound similar to t in Spanish toro To pronounce this letter, the tip of your tongue touches the back of your front teeth 71
- 72. Read Sindhi right to left d ̪ د This letter has a sound similar to d in Spanish diez To pronounce this letter, the tip of your tongue touches the back of your front teeth 72
- 73. Read Sindhi right to left These are the letters we’ve just seen d ̪ t̪ د ت 73
- 74. Read Sindhi right to left This is how the signs for ə, ɪ and ʊ are written on these letters də ̪ t̪ ə د ت dɪ ̪ t̪ ɪ د ت dʊ ̪ t̪ ʊ د ت 74
- 75. Read Sindhi right to left Look at these sequences made from the letters and signs we’ve just seen dədɪdʊ ̪ ̪ ̪ t̪ ət̪ ɪt̪ ʊ ددد تتت 75
- 76. Read Sindhi right to left Notice the similarity in how these letters look? bəbɪbʊ pəpɪpʊ t̪ ət̪ ɪt̪ ʊ ببب پپپ تتت The only difference in how they look is The number of dots The letters below look similar when joined, but different when not joined! nənɪnʊrə jəjɪjʊrə t̪ ət̪ ɪt̪ ʊrə نننر ييير تتتر nə jə t̪ ə ن ي ت 76
- 77. Read Sindhi right to left These letters behave similarly, in that they don’t join the next one – dədɪdʊ ̪ ̪ ̪ dʊ ̪ dɪ ̪ də ̪ د + د + د = ددد rərɪrʊ rʊ rɪ rə ر + ر + ر = ررر zəzɪzʊ zʊ zɪ zə ز + ز + ز = ززز ʋəʋɪʋʊ ʋʊ ʋɪ ʋə و + و + و = ووو 77
- 78. Read Sindhi right to left Here are some Sindhi words with the new letters we’ve just seen – چت دل در تر تپ ست مدد بدڪ پتل ختم سخت مسجد گردن دشمن دفتر مختلف 78
- 79. Read Sindhi right to left And here’s how you pronounce them, and what they mean – ʨɪt̪ ʊ dɪlᶦ dərʊ ̪ tɪrʊ چت دل در تر mind heart door sesame seed bədəkə ̪ mədədə ̪ ̪ sət̪ ə t̪ əpʊ تپ ست مدد بدڪ duck help seven fever məsʥɪdᶦ ̪ səxt̪ ʊ xət̪ əmʊ pɪt̪ əlʊ پتل ختم سخت مسجد mosque hard finished brass mʊxt̪ əlɪfʊ dəft̪ ərʊ ̪ dʊɕmənʊ ̪ ɡərdənʊ ̪ گردن دشمن دفتر مختلف different office enemy neck 79
- 80. Read Sindhi right to left ʈ ٽ This letter has a sound similar to t in ash tray To pronounce this letter, the tip of your tongue curls right back and touches the roof of your mouth 80
- 81. Read Sindhi right to left ɖ ڊ This letter has a sound similar to d in rushed To pronounce this letter, the tip of your tongue curls right back and touches the roof of your mouth 81
- 82. Read Sindhi right to left These are the letters we’ve just seen ɖ ʈ ڊ ٽ 82
- 83. Read Sindhi right to left This is how the signs for ə, ɪ and ʊ are written on these letters ɖə ʈə ڊ ٽ ɖɪ ʈɪ ڊ ٽ ɖʊ ʈʊ ڊ ٽ 83
- 84. Read Sindhi right to left Look at these sequences made from the letters and signs we’ve just seen ɖəɖɪɖʊ ʈəʈɪʈʊ ڊڊڊ ٽٽٽ 84
- 85. Read Sindhi right to left Can you see how similar these groups of letters are, in pronunciation and shape? dədɪdʊ ̪ ̪ ̪ t̪ ət̪ ɪt̪ ʊ ددد تتت ɖəɖɪɖʊ ʈəʈɪʈʊ ڊڊڊ ٽٽٽ They are similar in terms of behaviour, too ٽʈ behaves exactly like تt̪ and ڊɖ behaves exactly like دd̪ We’ve already seen the behaviour of تand دon pages 76 and 77 85
- 86. Read Sindhi right to left Can you read this sequence? پلبلنليلتلٽل You should have read – pəlbəlnəljəlt̪ əlʈəl 86
- 87. Read Sindhi right to left Here are some Sindhi words with the new letters we’ve just seen – سٽ ٽٽ پٽ ٽپ ڊپ سٽ 87
- 88. Read Sindhi right to left And here’s how you pronounce them, and what they mean – ɖəpʊ pʊʈʊ ʈʊʈʊ sʊʈʊ سٽ ٽٽ پٽ ڊپ fear son break thread mɪnəʈʊ məʈərʊ منٽ مٽر minute green peas That’s all for now. See you in the next part! 88
- 89. End of Part One Typeset in Segoe UI (English & IPA) and Lateef (Sindhi) For more information on the Sindhi script and its history – http://www.omniglot.com/writing/sindhi.htm References: Center for Research in Urdu Language Processing. Sindhi English Dictionary http://www.crulp.org/sed/ Machida, Kazuhiko. Intensive Language Courses – Sindhi, ILCAA, Tokyo http://www.aa.tufs.ac.jp/~kmach/html/aa_sindhi/vocabulary/vocab.htm Mewaram, Parmanand. A Sindhi-English Dictionary http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/mewaram/ Stack, George. A Dictionary – Sindhi and English http://goo.gl/fcHGD Wiktionary. हिन्दी-हिन्धी शब्दकोश http://hi.wiktionary.org/wiki/हिन्दी-हिन्धी_शब्दकोश v2012-12-13 ©2011 – 2012 Arvind Iyengar. All Rights Reserved.