1. Female reproductive
system PRESENTED BY
APARNA.C.LAKSHMY

4.  Female reproductive system comprises primary sex
organs and accessory sex organs.
 Primary sex organs
pair of ovaries( produce ova and female sex
hormones)
 Accessory sex organs
A system of genital ducts- fallopian tubes,uterus,cervix,
and vagina
External genitalia - labia majora, labia minora and clitoris

5. functional anatomy of accessory sex
organs.
 Uterus
 Uterus is a hollow ,thick walled muscular organ situated
between the urinary bladder and rectum.
 It is divided into two parts –body and cervix.
 The upper 2/3rd of uterus forms the body of uterus and
cylindrical lower part,which protrudes into the upper part of
vagina forms the cervix.cervix is 2.5cm long


6.  3 layers of uterus
 Serosal layer(perimetrium) - outermost
 Myometrium - middle one
 Endometrium - innermost

7. cervix
 Cervix is the lower constricted part of uterus.
 It is divided into two portions
1.Upper supravaginal portion
The supravaginal portion communicates with body of uterus
through internal os of cervix.
2.Lower vaginal portion
The vaginal portion of cervix projects into the anterior wall of
the vagina and it communicates with vagina through external os
of cervix.

8. vagina
Vagina is a short tubular organ.
it is lined by mucus membrane
which is formed by stratified
epithelial cells.

9. Structure of ovary
 A pair of ovaries is located in the pelvic cavity
one on each side of the uterus near the
fimbriated end of fallopian tubes.
 Each ovary,weighs about 5-10 g,is ovoid in shape
and is attached to the uterus by ligaments.
 It consists of an outer cortex and inner medulla.

12.  Outer most layer of ovary is formed of germinal
epithelium.
 Inner to germinal epithelium is a dense connective
tissue layer called tunica albuginea.
 Ovarian follicles in different stages of maturation are
present in the stroma of cortex.

13. Functions of ovaries are:
Secretion of female sex hormones
Oogenesis
Menstrual cycle.

15. Oogenesis(production of ova)
 In the fetus,oogonia (oogonium-singular) present in the
ovarian cortex multiply rapidly to form primary oocyte.
 By 7th month of intrauterine life, multiplication of oogonia
stops.
 At the time of birth, the primary oocyte undergoes first
meiotic division and stops at prophase stage up to puberty

18.  At puberty,the number of oocytes is only 3-4 lakhs.
 Just before ovulation,first meiotic division is
completed and the primary oocyte divides to form
secondary oocyte and first polar body.
 The secondary oocyte contains only 23 chromosomes.
 The first polar body usually degenerates.

19.  The secondary oocyte undergoes second meiotic division
and stops at the stage of metaphase.
 Second meiotic division gets completed only when the
sperm fertilizes the ovum.if fertilization doesnot occur,the
oocytes cell will release out of the body through
menstruation .
 During fertilization second meiotic division is completed to
form an ovum and second polar body.

20.  If the first polar body persists, it divides to
form 2 polar bodies
 Thus one primary oocyte finally gives rise to
one haploid ovum and three haploid polar
bodies.
 At the time of ovulation only one ovum is
released normally.

21. Secretion of female sex hormones
 ovary secretes the female sex hormones
estrogen and progesterone.
 Ovary also secretes few more hormones namely
inhibin ,relaxin and small quantities of
androgens.

22. Estrogen
 Estrogen is a steroid hormone secreted in large quantity
by theca interna cells of ovarian follicles and in small
quantity by corpus luteum of the ovaries.
 Estrogen is present in 3 forms;
 β estradiol
 estrone
 estriol

25. functions
 The major functions of the estrogen is to
promote cellular proliferation and tissue growth
in the sexual organs and in other tissues related
to reproduction.

26. Effects on ovarian follicles
 Promotes the growth of ovarian follicles by
increasing the proliferation of the follicular cells.
 It also increases the secretory activity of theca
cells

28.  Effects on uterus
 Enlargement of uterus
 Increase in the blood supply to endometrium
 Deposition of glycogen and fats in endometrium
 Proliferation and dilatation of blood vessels of
endometrium
 Proliferation and dilatation of the endometrial
glands.

29.  Increase in the spontaneous activity of the
uterine muscles and sensitivity to oxytocin.
 Increase in the contractility of the uterine muscles
due to increase in actomysoin concentration.

30. Effect on fallopian tubes
 Act on the mucosal lining of the fallopian tubes and
increases the number and size of the epithelial cells.
 Increases the activity of the cilia ,so that the
movement of the ovum in the fallopian tube is
facilitated.
 Enhances the proliferation of glandular tissues in
fallopian tubes.

31. Effect on vagina
 Changes the vaginal epithelium from cuboidal into
stratified type.
 Increases the layers of the vaginal epithelium by
proliferation.
 Reduces the pH of vagina making it more acidic

32. EFFECT ON SECONDARY SEXUAL
CHARACTERS
 Hair distribution:hair develops in the pubic region and axilla
 Skin : estrogen renders softness and smoothness ,vascularity of
the skin.
 Body shape ; the shoulders become narrow ,hip broadens,the
fat deposition increases in the breast and buttocks.
 Pelvis :broadening of pelvis with increased transverse
diameter,the round or oval –shaped pelvic outlet,the round or
oval – shape of pelvis

33.  Voice - high pitched voice.

34. Effect on breast
 Development of stromal tissues of breast.
 Growth of an extensive ductile system
 Deposition of fat in the ductile system

35. Effect on bones
 Estrogen increases osteoblastic activity.

36. Effect on metabolism
 On protein metabolism.: induces anabolism of
proteins.
 On fat metabolism : causes deposition of fat in
the subcutaneous tissues,breasts,buttocks and
thighs.

37. Effect on electrolyte balance.
 Causes sodium and water retention by the
renal tubules.

39. Progesterone
 Progesterone is a steroid hormone secreted by
corpus luteum and placenta.
 Main function
 Final preparation of the uterus for pregnancy and
breast for lactation

40. Functions of progesterone
 Effect on fallopian tubes
 Promotes secretory activities of mucosal lining
of the fallopian tubes
 Effect on the uterus
 Increases the thickness of the endometrium by
increasing the number and size of the cells
 Increases the size of uterine glands .

42.  Increases secretory activities of epithelial cells
of uterine glands.
 Increases the deposition of lipid and glycogen
in the stromal cells of endometrium.
 Increases the blood supply to endometrium
 Decreases the frequency of uterine contractions
during pregnancy

43.  Effect on cervix
 Increases thickness of cervical mucosa and thereby
inhibits transport of sperm into uterus
 Effect on mammary glands
 Promotes the development of the lobules and
alveoli of the mammary glands
 Makes the breast secretory in nature.

45.  Effect on hypothalamus
 Inhibits the release of LH from hypothalamus through
feedback effect.
 Thermogenic effect
 Increases the body temperature after ovulation.
 Effect on respiration
 During luteal phase of menstrual cycle and during
pregnancy,progesterone increases the ventilation via
respiratory center

46.  Effect on electrolyte balance
 Increases reabsorption of sodium and water
the renal tubules.

47. Regulation of secretion of progestrone
LH
PROGESTERONE