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Why do people help
Why do people help
•Why do we help?
•Is helping "baked" in our
   genes?
•Why do we sometimes run a
   great risk to help others?
•Is helping only favorable for
   the people that we help, or is
   it also beneficial to
   ourselves?
Why do people help
•Sociobiology: Instinct
and Genes.
•Social Exchange: The
cost of Helping.
•Empathy and Altruism:
The Pure Motive for
Helping.
Why do people help
•Individual Difference:
    The Altruistic Personality

•Gender Differences in
      Prosocial Behavior

•The Effect of Mood on Helping:
Feel Good , Do Good
Why do people help
•Rural Versus Urban
          Environment

•The Number of Bystanders:
     The Bystander Effect

•Characteristics of the Victim
Two Fundamental Assumptions
1. Many social behavior have genetic
   roots, so that people who have certain
   genes are more likely to perform these
   behavior.
2. That evolutionary pressures have
   favored some of these social behaviors
   over others , so that they are fixed part
   of our genetic heritage.
Notion of Kin Selection:



 The idea that behaviors that help a
genetic relative are favored by natural
               selection
Norm of Reciprocity :


The assumption that others will treat
     us the way we treat them

(e.g. if we help someone, he / she will
             help in return)
                                  back
The theory that social relationships are
 best understood by people’s desire to
 maximize their benefits and minimize
              their cost
Rewarding in three Ways:


1.Concept of reciprocity
2.Relieves the personal distress of
  bystander
3.To obtain recognition and positive
  feedback at low cost
                                    back
Empathy


The ability to put oneself in the shoes of
 another person – to experience events
   and emotion the way that person
            experiences them.
Empathy – Altruism Hypothesis


 The theory holding that when we feel
empathy for a person, we will attempt to
 help him or her, regardless of what we
              have to gain
• Altruistic is sometimes motivated by
  self – interest
• Self rewards should come into play
  only when people do not feel much
  empathy
• Motivated by egoistic desire to relive
  their sadness, not by a completely
  altruistic concern.
YOU WILL HELP ONLY IF IT
                      IS YOUR SELF-INTEREST
               NO     (REWARD OUTWEIGHT
                              COST)
  DO FEEL
EMPHATY FOR
THIS PERSON?
                       YOU WILL HELP
                       REGARDLESS OF
               YES     WETHER IT IS IN
                     YOUR SELF-INTEREST
                         TO DO SO
Three Basic Motives Underlying
          Prosocial Behavior
1.The idea of helping is an instinctive
  reaction to protect and promote the
  welfare of those genetically similar and
  that we have to evolved genetically to
  follow the norm of reciprocity.
2. the notion that the rewards of helping
  outweigh the costs, making it in the
  people ‘s self interest to help (social
  exchange theory).
3. The concept that under some
    conditions, powerful feelings of
    empathy &     compassion for the
    victim prompt selfless giving
    (empathy – altruism      hypothesis).

                                     back
Believing we are helping
  someone in order to get a
reward diminishes our view of
ourselves as altruistic, selfless
            people
Children learn prosocial
     behavior by imitating
others, as in this family, where
the children help their parents
     carry in the groceries
Altruistic Personality

•Those aspects of a person’s
makeup which are said to make
him or her likely to help others in
wide variety of situation

                            back
IN WESTERN CULTURE:

MALE SEX ROLE:
        Chivalrous & Heroic
As A Result:
    We expect men to help
more in situations that call for
brief Chivalrous & Heroic acts
IN WESTERN CULTURE
FEMALE SEX ROLE:
    Nurturing & Caring(valuing
close, long-term relationship)
As a Result:
    We expect women to
involve in less dangerous but
more committed acts.      back
The mood the people happen to
 be in at the time can strongly
 affect their behavior – in this
 case, whether or not they will
            offer help
Why do people help
1. Good moods make us look
   on the bright side of life.
2. “Feel good, Do good”
   occurs because it is an
   excellent way of prolonging
   our good mood.
3. Good moods increases self-
   attention.
Why do people help
1. Reducing Guilt Feeling:
        The idea that good
   deeds, cancel bad deeds.
2. Relive their Own Sadness &
   Distress:
        Help someone else
   with the goal of helping
   self
3. Repair Moods in Some
   Other Way:
       When we feel blue, we
   are also likely to help in
   some totally unrelated
   way.
Potential Problem of Negative –
          State Relief:
•It only focuses on the short
– term benefits
     “I will help only if there
are immediate benefits from
me”
NEGATIVE – STATE RELIEF HYPOTHESIS:

  The idea that people help in
  order to alleviate their own
     sadness and distress.

                        back
Why do people help
WHO HELPS MORE?:
      RURAL AREA:             URBAN AREA:
• People who grow up    • People who grows in
  in small town learn     large cities might
  to be more              learn, you can’t trust
  neighborly.             strangers.
• Neighborliness        • That it is to mind
  makes them more         your own business.
  trusting and
  altruistic.
URBAN – OVERLOAD HYPOTHESIS:

The theory that people living
in cities are likely to keep to
themselves in order to avoid
 being overloaded by all the
  stimulations they receive.
                           back
Why do people help
THE BYSTANDER EFFECT
The finding that the grater the
 number of bystanders who
witness an emergency, the less
  likely anyone of them is to
             help.
INTERPRET THE
                                                       KNOW                         INTERVENE &
 NOTICE                            ASSUME           APPROPRIATE   IMPLEMENT
THE EVENT
               EVENT AS AN
                                RESPONSIBILITY        FORM OF      DECISION            OFFER
               EMERGENCY
                                                     ASSISTANCE                      ASSISTANCE




                                  DIFFUSION OF        LACK OF
DISTRACTED    PLURALISTIC                                                                NO
                                 RESPONSIBILITY                   DANGER TO SELF;
              IGNORANCE                             KNOWLEDGE
; FAILED TO                       (fail to assume
                                                         /
                                                                  EEMBARASMENT;     INTERVENTION/
                (interpret as         personal                    LEGAL CONCERNS
   NOTICE     non emergency)      responsibility)   COMPETENCE                      NO HELP GIVEN
PLURALISTIC IGNORANCE

 The phenomenon whereby
  bystanders assume that
   nothing is wrong in an
emergency, because one else is
        concerned.
DIFFUSION OF RESPONSIBILITY
 The phenomenon hereby each
      bystander’s sense of
responsibility to help decreases
  as the number of witnesses
           increases.

                           back
CHARACTERISTICS OF VICTIM


We are more likely to help to
people who are similar to us
      than dissimilar
MORE INCLINED TO HELP
STRANGERS RATHER THAN FRIENDS

 It hurts to see a close friend
do better than us in an area of
    keen importance to our
         self – esteem.
WE WOULD LIKE TO THANK:
   PROF. GERALDINE SANTOS
                        &
        BS Clinical Psychology II-1


FROM GROUP IX:
                 Batara, Rona Lyn
        CABUENAS, Ann Margaret B.
               GARCES, Jericho
             GARCIA, Justine Mae
             PAYUMO, Nazarene

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Why do people help

  • 3. •Why do we help? •Is helping "baked" in our genes? •Why do we sometimes run a great risk to help others? •Is helping only favorable for the people that we help, or is it also beneficial to ourselves?
  • 5. •Sociobiology: Instinct and Genes. •Social Exchange: The cost of Helping. •Empathy and Altruism: The Pure Motive for Helping.
  • 7. •Individual Difference: The Altruistic Personality •Gender Differences in Prosocial Behavior •The Effect of Mood on Helping: Feel Good , Do Good
  • 9. •Rural Versus Urban Environment •The Number of Bystanders: The Bystander Effect •Characteristics of the Victim
  • 10. Two Fundamental Assumptions 1. Many social behavior have genetic roots, so that people who have certain genes are more likely to perform these behavior. 2. That evolutionary pressures have favored some of these social behaviors over others , so that they are fixed part of our genetic heritage.
  • 11. Notion of Kin Selection: The idea that behaviors that help a genetic relative are favored by natural selection
  • 12. Norm of Reciprocity : The assumption that others will treat us the way we treat them (e.g. if we help someone, he / she will help in return) back
  • 13. The theory that social relationships are best understood by people’s desire to maximize their benefits and minimize their cost
  • 14. Rewarding in three Ways: 1.Concept of reciprocity 2.Relieves the personal distress of bystander 3.To obtain recognition and positive feedback at low cost back
  • 15. Empathy The ability to put oneself in the shoes of another person – to experience events and emotion the way that person experiences them.
  • 16. Empathy – Altruism Hypothesis The theory holding that when we feel empathy for a person, we will attempt to help him or her, regardless of what we have to gain
  • 17. • Altruistic is sometimes motivated by self – interest • Self rewards should come into play only when people do not feel much empathy • Motivated by egoistic desire to relive their sadness, not by a completely altruistic concern.
  • 18. YOU WILL HELP ONLY IF IT IS YOUR SELF-INTEREST NO (REWARD OUTWEIGHT COST) DO FEEL EMPHATY FOR THIS PERSON? YOU WILL HELP REGARDLESS OF YES WETHER IT IS IN YOUR SELF-INTEREST TO DO SO
  • 19. Three Basic Motives Underlying Prosocial Behavior 1.The idea of helping is an instinctive reaction to protect and promote the welfare of those genetically similar and that we have to evolved genetically to follow the norm of reciprocity. 2. the notion that the rewards of helping outweigh the costs, making it in the people ‘s self interest to help (social exchange theory).
  • 20. 3. The concept that under some conditions, powerful feelings of empathy & compassion for the victim prompt selfless giving (empathy – altruism hypothesis). back
  • 21. Believing we are helping someone in order to get a reward diminishes our view of ourselves as altruistic, selfless people
  • 22. Children learn prosocial behavior by imitating others, as in this family, where the children help their parents carry in the groceries
  • 23. Altruistic Personality •Those aspects of a person’s makeup which are said to make him or her likely to help others in wide variety of situation back
  • 24. IN WESTERN CULTURE: MALE SEX ROLE: Chivalrous & Heroic As A Result: We expect men to help more in situations that call for brief Chivalrous & Heroic acts
  • 25. IN WESTERN CULTURE FEMALE SEX ROLE: Nurturing & Caring(valuing close, long-term relationship) As a Result: We expect women to involve in less dangerous but more committed acts. back
  • 26. The mood the people happen to be in at the time can strongly affect their behavior – in this case, whether or not they will offer help
  • 28. 1. Good moods make us look on the bright side of life. 2. “Feel good, Do good” occurs because it is an excellent way of prolonging our good mood. 3. Good moods increases self- attention.
  • 30. 1. Reducing Guilt Feeling: The idea that good deeds, cancel bad deeds. 2. Relive their Own Sadness & Distress: Help someone else with the goal of helping self
  • 31. 3. Repair Moods in Some Other Way: When we feel blue, we are also likely to help in some totally unrelated way.
  • 32. Potential Problem of Negative – State Relief: •It only focuses on the short – term benefits “I will help only if there are immediate benefits from me”
  • 33. NEGATIVE – STATE RELIEF HYPOTHESIS: The idea that people help in order to alleviate their own sadness and distress. back
  • 35. WHO HELPS MORE?: RURAL AREA: URBAN AREA: • People who grow up • People who grows in in small town learn large cities might to be more learn, you can’t trust neighborly. strangers. • Neighborliness • That it is to mind makes them more your own business. trusting and altruistic.
  • 36. URBAN – OVERLOAD HYPOTHESIS: The theory that people living in cities are likely to keep to themselves in order to avoid being overloaded by all the stimulations they receive. back
  • 38. THE BYSTANDER EFFECT The finding that the grater the number of bystanders who witness an emergency, the less likely anyone of them is to help.
  • 39. INTERPRET THE KNOW INTERVENE & NOTICE ASSUME APPROPRIATE IMPLEMENT THE EVENT EVENT AS AN RESPONSIBILITY FORM OF DECISION OFFER EMERGENCY ASSISTANCE ASSISTANCE DIFFUSION OF LACK OF DISTRACTED PLURALISTIC NO RESPONSIBILITY DANGER TO SELF; IGNORANCE KNOWLEDGE ; FAILED TO (fail to assume / EEMBARASMENT; INTERVENTION/ (interpret as personal LEGAL CONCERNS NOTICE non emergency) responsibility) COMPETENCE NO HELP GIVEN
  • 40. PLURALISTIC IGNORANCE The phenomenon whereby bystanders assume that nothing is wrong in an emergency, because one else is concerned.
  • 41. DIFFUSION OF RESPONSIBILITY The phenomenon hereby each bystander’s sense of responsibility to help decreases as the number of witnesses increases. back
  • 42. CHARACTERISTICS OF VICTIM We are more likely to help to people who are similar to us than dissimilar
  • 43. MORE INCLINED TO HELP STRANGERS RATHER THAN FRIENDS It hurts to see a close friend do better than us in an area of keen importance to our self – esteem.
  • 44. WE WOULD LIKE TO THANK: PROF. GERALDINE SANTOS & BS Clinical Psychology II-1 FROM GROUP IX: Batara, Rona Lyn CABUENAS, Ann Margaret B. GARCES, Jericho GARCIA, Justine Mae PAYUMO, Nazarene