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Chapter 04.ppt
1.
© 2016 Cengage
Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Ralph M. Stair | George W. Reynolds © 2016 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Chapter 4 Software: Systems and Application Software
2.
© 2016 Cengage
Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. • Systems and application software are critical in helping individuals and organizations achieve their goals – Identify and briefly describe the functions of the two basic kinds of software – Outline the role of the operating system and identify the features of several popular operating systems 2 Principles and Learning Objectives: Critical Need for Software
3.
© 2016 Cengage
Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. • Organizations use off-the-shelf application software for common business needs and proprietary application software to meet unique business needs and provide a competitive advantage – Discuss how application software can support personal, workgroup, and enterprise business objectives 3 Principles and Learning Objectives: Meeting Business Needs
4.
© 2016 Cengage
Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. • Organizations use off-the-shelf application software for common business needs and proprietary application software to meet unique business needs and provide a competitive advantage – Identify three basic approaches to developing application software and discuss the pros and cons of each 4 Principles and Learning Objectives: Providing a Competitive Advantage
5.
© 2016 Cengage
Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. • Organizations should choose programming languages with functional characteristics that are appropriate for the task at hand and well suited to the skills and experience of the programming staff – Outline the overall evolution and importance of programming languages and clearly differentiate among the generations of programming languages 5 Principles and Learning Objectives: Programming Languages
6.
© 2016 Cengage
Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. • The software industry continues to undergo constant change; users need to be aware of recent trends and issues to be effective in their business and personal life – Identify several key software issues and trends that have an impact on organizations and individuals 6 Principles and Learning Objectives: Trends and Issues
7.
© 2016 Cengage
Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. • Software is indispensable for any computer system and the people using the system • Applications software – Key to helping you achieve your career goals • Examples of using software: sales orders and customer support; stock trading; and scientific analysis 7 Why Learn About Software?
8.
© 2016 Cengage
Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Software Expenditures Exceed Spending on Hardware 8
9.
© 2016 Cengage
Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. • Computer programs: sequences of instructions for the computer • Documentation: text that describes program functions to help the user operate the computer system • Types of software – Systems software – Application software 9 An Overview of Software
10.
© 2016 Cengage
Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. • The set of programs that coordinates the activities and functions of hardware and other programs • Each type of systems software is designed for a specific CPU and class of hardware • Computer system platform: the combination of a hardware configuration and systems software 10 Systems Software
11.
© 2016 Cengage
Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. • Helps users solve particular problems • In most cases, resides on the computer’s hard disk • Can be stored on CDs, DVDs, or USB flash drives • An increasing amount of application is available on the Web as a rich Internet application (RIA) 11 Application Software
12.
© 2016 Cengage
Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Categories of Applications 12 Business Genealogy Personal information manager Communications Language Photography Computer-aided design Legal Science Desktop publishing Library Simulation Educational Multimedia Video games Entertainment Music Video
13.
© 2016 Cengage
Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. • Sphere of influence: the scope of problems and opportunities addressed by a particular organization • Personal sphere of influence – Serves the needs of an individual user • Personal productivity software – Enables users to improve their personal effectiveness 13 Supporting Individual, Group, and Organizational Goals
14.
© 2016 Cengage
Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. • Workgroup: two or more people working together to achieve a common goal • Workgroup sphere of influence – Helps workgroup members attain their common goals • Enterprise sphere of influence – Serves the needs of the firm in its interaction with its environment 14 Supporting Individual, Group, and Organizational Goals (cont’d.)
15.
© 2016 Cengage
Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Table 4.1 Software Supporting Individuals, Workgroups, and Enterprises 15 Software Personal Workgroup Enterprise Systems software Smartphone, tablet computer, personal computer, and workstation operating systems Network operating systems Server and mainframe operating systems Application software Word processing, spreadsheet, database, and graphics Electronic mail, group scheduling, shared work, and collaboration General ledger, order entry, payroll, and human resources
16.
© 2016 Cengage
Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. • Controls the operations of computer hardware • Supports the application programs’ problem-solving capabilities • Types of systems software – Operating systems – Utility programs – Middleware 16 Systems Software: Functions and Types
17.
© 2016 Cengage
Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. • A set of programs that controls computer hardware and acts as an interface with application programs 17 Operating Systems
18.
© 2016 Cengage
Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. • Single computer with a single user • Single computer with multiple simultaneous users • Multiple computers with multiple users • Special-purpose computers 18 Operating Systems: Combinations of OSs, Computers, and Users
19.
© 2016 Cengage
Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Role of Operating Systems 19
20.
© 2016 Cengage
Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. • The heart of the operating system – Controls the most critical processes of the OS – Ties all of the OS components together and regulates other programs 20 Operating Systems: Kernel
21.
© 2016 Cengage
Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. • Controlling common computer hardware functions • Providing a user interface and input/output management • Providing a degree of hardware independence • Managing system memory • Managing processing tasks 21 Operating System Activities
22.
© 2016 Cengage
Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. • Providing networking capability • Controlling access to system resources • Managing files 22 Operating System Activities (cont’d.)
23.
© 2016 Cengage
Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. • Get input from keyboard or another input device • Retrieve data from disks • Store data on disks • Display information on a monitor or printer 23 Operating Systems: Common Hardware Functions
24.
© 2016 Cengage
Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. • A user interface allows individuals to access and interact with the computer system • A command-based user interface requires text commands • A graphical user interface (GUI) – The user interacts with icons and menus to send commands to the computer system 24 Operating Systems: User Interface and Input/Output Management
25.
© 2016 Cengage
Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. • A natural user interface (NUI) or multitouch interface • Speech recognition • Sight interfaces • Brain interfaces 25 Operating Systems: User Interface and Input/Output Management (cont’d.)
26.
© 2016 Cengage
Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. • Application program interface (API): a set of programming instructions and standards for one software program to access and use the services of another software program • Hardware independence allows software development without concern for the specific underlying hardware 26 Operating Systems: Hardware Independence
27.
© 2016 Cengage
Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. • Allows the computer to execute program instructions effectively and to speed processing • Virtual memory: hard disk space is allocated to supplement the immediate, functional memory capacity of RAM – Paging 27 Operating Systems: Memory Management
28.
© 2016 Cengage
Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. • Five basic task management techniques – Multiuser: allows two or more users to run programs at the same time on one computer – Multiprocessing: supports running a program on more than one CPU – Multitasking: allows more than one program to run concurrently – Multithreading – Real time 28 Operating Systems: Processing Tasks
29.
© 2016 Cengage
Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. • Multithreading: allows different threads of a single program to run concurrently – A thread is a set of instructions within an application that s independent of other threads • Real time: responds to input instantly 29 Processing Tasks: Five Basic Task Management Techniques (cont’d.)
30.
© 2016 Cengage
Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. • Allows computers in a network to send and receive data and share computing resources 30 Operating Systems: Networking Capability
31.
© 2016 Cengage
Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. • Provides protection against unauthorized access to the users’ data and programs • Establishes a logon procedure – May control access to specific system resources • Tracks who is using the system, length of use, and attempted security breaches 31 Operating Systems: Access to System Resources and Security
32.
© 2016 Cengage
Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. • Ensures that files in secondary storage are available when needed • Protects files from access by unauthorized users 32 Operating Systems: File Management
33.
© 2016 Cengage
Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Current Operating Systems Classified by Sphere of Influence 33 Personal Workgroup Enterprise Microsoft Windows Microsoft Windows Server Microsoft Windows Server Mac OS X, iOS Mac OS X Server Linux Linux Linux Google Android, Chrome OS HP webOS UNIX UNIX IBM i and z/OS IBM i and z/OS HP-UX HP-UX
34.
© 2016 Cengage
Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. • Microsoft PC operating systems – Windows XP – Windows Vista – Windows 7 – Windows 8 • Apple computer operating systems – OS X 10.9 Mavericks – Mac users can dual boot to run either Windows or Mac OS X 34 Current Operating Systems
35.
© 2016 Cengage
Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. • Open-source operating system • Three of the most widely used distributions come from software companies: – RedHat – SUSE – Canonical • Ubuntu: a Linux-based operating system used on desktops, laptops, and servers 35 Current Operating Systems: Linux
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© 2016 Cengage
Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. • Chrome OS – Linux-based operating system designed for netbooks and nettops – Designed to run on inexpensive low-power computers • Chromium OS: an open-source version of Chrome OS • Android: an operating system for mobile devices 36 Current Operating Systems: Google
37.
© 2016 Cengage
Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. • Windows Server provides: – A powerful Web server management system – Virtualization tools that allow various operating systems to run on a single server – Advanced security features – Robust administrative support 37 Workgroup Operating Systems
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© 2016 Cengage
Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. • UNIX can be used on many computer system types and platforms • Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server can manage a cluster of several servers • Mac OS X Server includes – Support for 64-bit processing – Several server functions and features for easy management of network and Internet services 38 Workgroup Operating Systems (cont’d.)
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© 2016 Cengage
Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. • Examples of mainframe OSs – z/OS: IBM’s first 64-bit enterprise OS – HP-UX from Hewlett-Packard – Linux 39 Enterprise Operating Systems
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© 2016 Cengage
Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. • Smartphones now employ full-fledged personal computer operating systems – Google Android – Apple iOS – Microsoft Windows Phone 40 Mobile Operating Systems
41.
© 2016 Cengage
Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Table 4.3 Comparison of Smartphone Operating Systems 41 Smartphone Operating System Worldwide Market Share of Sales during 2Q 2013 Estimated Total Number of Applications Mid-2013 Estimated Rate of Increase in Number of New Applications Google Android 56.5% >1,000,000 800/day Apple iPhone OS 39.6% 900,000 600/day Microsoft Windows Mobile 3.3% 145,000 130/day Blackberry Limited, Blackberry 2.9% 120,000 NA
42.
© 2016 Cengage
Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Table 4.4 Worldwide Market Share of Tablet OSs—1q 2013 Shipments 42 Tablet Computer Operating System Worldwide Market Share Android 27.8% iOS 19.5% Windows 1.6% Others 0.3%
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© 2016 Cengage
Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. • Embedded system: a computer system (including a processor) implanted in and dedicated to the control of another device • Popular OSs for embedded systems – Windows embedded – Proprietary Linux-based systems: Sony’s Wii; and OSs in e-book readers, ATMs, cell phones, networking devices, etc. 43 Embedded Operating Systems
44.
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Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. • Utility program: a program that helps to perform maintenance or correct problems with a computer system 44 Utility Programs
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© 2016 Cengage
Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. • Hardware utilities • Security utilities • File-compression utilities • Spam-filtering utilities • Network and Internet utilities • Server and mainframe utilities • Other utilities: mobile device management (MDM), defraggers, system cleaners, etc. 45 Common Types of Utility Programs
46.
© 2016 Cengage
Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. • Software that allows different systems to communicate and exchange data • Can also be used as an interface between the Internet and private corporate systems • Service-oriented architecture (SOA): a software design approach using modules to provide specific functions as services to other applications 46 Middleware
47.
© 2016 Cengage
Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. • Application programs’ primary function – To apply the power of the computer to enable people, workgroups, and the entire enterprise to solve problems and perform specific tasks • Many software options are available – Software can be selected that best meets the needs of the individual, workgroup, or enterprise 47 Application Software: Primary Function and Options
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© 2016 Cengage
Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. • Proprietary software: a one-of-a-kind program for a specific application – Owned by the company, organization, or person that uses it • Off-the-shelf software: software mass- produced by software vendors – Addresses needs that are common across businesses, organizations, or individuals 48 Overview of Application Software: Proprietary Versus Off-the-Shelf Software
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© 2016 Cengage
Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Table 4.5 Proprietary Software Advantages and Disadvantages 49 Advantages Disadvantages You can get exactly what you need in terms of features, reports, and so on. It can take a long time and significant resources to develop required features. Being involved in the development offers control over the results. In-house system development staff may be hard pressed to provide the required level of ongoing support and maintenance because of pressure to move on to other new projects. You can modify features that you might need to counteract an initiative by competitors or to meet new supplier or customer demands. The features and performance of software that has yet to be developed presents more potential risk.
50.
© 2016 Cengage
Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Table 4.5 Off-the-Shelf Software Advantages and Disadvantages 50 Advantages Disadvantages The initial cost is lower because the software firm can spread the development costs over many customers. An organization might have to pay for features that are not required and never used. The software is likely to meet the basic business needs—you can analyze existing features and the performance of the pack- age before purchasing. The software might lack important features, thus requiring future modification or customization. This lack can be very expensive because users must adopt future releases of the soft- ware as well. The package is likely to be of high quality because many customer firms have tested the software and helped identify its bugs. The software might not match current work processes and data standards.
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© 2016 Cengage
Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. • Application service provider (ASP) – A company that can provide software, support, and computer hardware on which to run the software from the user’s facilities over a network • Software as a service (SaaS) – Businesses subscribe to Web-delivered business application software 51 Overview of Application Software: ASP and SaaS
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© 2016 Cengage
Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. • Cloud computing provides computing resources on the Internet (the cloud) rather than on local computers 52 Overview of Application Software: Cloud Computing
53.
© 2016 Cengage
Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Table 4.7 Examples of Personal Application Software 53 Type of Software Explanation Example Word processing Create, edit, and print text documents Microsoft Word Google Docs Apple Pages OpenOffice Writer Spreadsheet Provide a wide range of built-in functions for statistical, financial, logical, database, graphics, and date and time calculations Microsoft Excel IBM Lotus 1-2-3 Google Spreadsheet Apple Numbers OpenOffice Calc Database Store, manipulate, and retrieve data Microsoft Access IBM Lotus Approach Borland dBASE Google Base OpenOffice Base Graphics Develop graphs, illustrations, and drawings Adobe Illustrator Adobe FreeHand Microsoft PowerPoint OpenOffice Impress
54.
© 2016 Cengage
Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Table 4.7 Examples of Personal Application Software (cont’d.) 54 Type of Software Explanation Example Project management Plan, schedule, allocate, and control people and resources (money, time, and technology) needed to complete a project according to schedule Microsoft Project Symantec On Target Scitor Project Scheduler Symantec Time Line Financial management Provide income and expense tracking and reporting to monitor and plan budgets (some programs have investment portfolio management features) Intuit Quicken Desktop publishing (DTP) Use with personal computers and high- resolution printers to create high-quality printed output, including text and graphics; various styles of pages can be laid out; art and text files from other programs can also be integrated into published pages QuarkXpress Microsoft Publisher Adobe InDesign Corel Ventura Publisher Apple Pages
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© 2016 Cengage
Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. • A collection of single programs packaged together in a bundle • Suites can include: word processor, spreadsheet, database management, graphics, communications tools, and organizers • Programs are designed to work similarly • Bundled suite is cost effective 55 Software Suites and Integrated Software Packages
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© 2016 Cengage
Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Table 4.8 Major Components of Leading Software Suites 56 Personal Productivity Function Microsoft Office IBM Lotus Symphony Corel WordPerfect Office Apache OpenOffice Apple iWork Google Apps Word processing Word Documents WordPerfect Writer Pages Docs Spreadsheet Excel Spreadsheets Quattro Pro Calc Numbers Sheets Presentation graphics PowerPoint Presentations Presentations Impress and Draw Keynote Slides Database Access Approach Base
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© 2016 Cengage
Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. • Google, Zoho, and Thinkfree offer free online word processors, spreadsheets, presentations, and other software • Microsoft Office 365 offers basic software suite features over the Internet using cloud computing 57 Web-Based Productivity Software Suites
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© 2016 Cengage
Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. • TurboTax: tax-preparation program • Software for creating Web pages and sites, composing music, and editing photos and videos • Educational and reference • Entertainment, games, and leisure • Computer-assisted design (CAD) • Statistical software: SPSS and SAS 58 Other Personal Application Software
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© 2016 Cengage
Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. • Number of apps has exploded – Hundreds of thousands of applications have been developed by third parties – Thousands of applications are available for iPhones from the Apple App Store – Over one million apps are available in the Android market – Microsoft and other software companies are investing in mobile app software 59 Mobile Application Software
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© 2016 Cengage
Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. • Supports teamwork with people in the same location or dispersed around the world • Groupware helps groups of people work together more effectively – Also called collaborative software 60 Workgroup Application Software
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© 2016 Cengage
Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. • Software that benefits an entire organization • Helps managers and workers stay connected • Cost, installation and ability to integrate with other software are major considerations in selecting this software – Usability on smartphones and mobile devices is also an important factor 61 Enterprise Application Software
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© 2016 Cengage
Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. • Available in every industry • Examples: – Blackboard and other learning management software – Software to visualize and analyze the human genome – Software to help pick the next hit song – Natural resource planning 62 Software for Information, Decision Support, and Competitive Advantage
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© 2016 Cengage
Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. • Sets of keywords, commands, symbols, and a system of rules for constructing statements: – Allows humans to communicate instructions to a computer • Syntax: a set of rules associated with a programming language 63 Programming Languages
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© 2016 Cengage
Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. The Evolution of Programming Languages 64 Generation Language Approximate Development Date Sample Statement or Action First Machine language 1940s 00010101 Second Assembly language 1950s MVC Third High-level language 1960s READ SALES Fourth Query and database languages 1970s PRINT EMPLOYEE NUMBER IF GROSS PAY > 1000 Beyond Fourth Natural and intelligent languages 1980s IF hours worked is greater than 40, THEN pay the employee overtime pay
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© 2016 Cengage
Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. • Visual programming uses a graphical or “visual” interface combined with text-based commands • Object-oriented programming languages – Programming languages that are based on objects • Fifth-generation languages (5GLs): – Also called natural languages – More English-like syntax than 4GLs 65 Visual, Object-Oriented, and Artificial Intelligence Languages
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© 2016 Cengage
Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Reusable Code in Object-Oriented Programming 66
67.
© 2016 Cengage
Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. • Compiler: a special software program that converts the programmer’s source code into the machine-language instructions • Software development kits (SDKs) and integrated development environments (IDEs) have made software development easier than ever 67 Visual, Object-Oriented, and Artificial Intelligence Languages (cont’d.)
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© 2016 Cengage
Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. How a Compiler Works 68
69.
© 2016 Cengage
Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. • Software bug: a defect in a program that keeps it from performing as it should • Tips for reducing the impact of software bugs – Register all software – Check read-me files for work-arounds – Access the support area of the manufacturer’s Web site for patches – Install the latest software updates 69 Software Issues and Trends
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© 2016 Cengage
Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. • Most software products are protected by law using copyright or licensing provisions: – In some cases, you are given unlimited use of software on one or two computers – In other cases, you pay for your usage; if you use the software more, you pay more • Some software now requires that you register or activate it before it can be fully used 70 Copyrights and Licenses
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© 2016 Cengage
Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Table 4.11 Software Licenses: Single-User 71 Subtype Description General This license type allows the program to be installed and used on one CPU which is not accessed by other users over a network. The software will be used only on a single computer, and other users will not be able to access or run the software while connected to your computer. Perpetual license Allows the customer to install and use the software indefinitely. Technical support is included for a limited term, usually 90 days. Subscription license Allows the user to use the software for a specified time period. This license usually includes technical support and access to upgrades and patches released during the term of the subscription. At the end of the term, the user has several options: (1) renew the subscription; (2) purchase a perpetual license at a discounted cost; or (3) remove the soft- ware from the computer. Freeware license This license type is offered as freeware by the author and does not require paying any fee for use. Shareware license This is a license to use software for a trial period and then, if you continue to use the software, you must pay a shareware fee or cease using the software.
72.
© 2016 Cengage
Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Table 4.11 Software Licenses: Individual/Multiuser Licensing 72 Subtype Description Volume licenses Allows the licensee to install the software on a certain number of computers. The licensee usually has to satisfy a minimum purchase requirement and obtains reduced prices in exchange. When purchasing the licenses, the licensee usually receives one copy of the media and documentation with the option of purchasing more. Site/enterprise This license provides access to software at a single location. Typically, these licenses are individually negotiated with the publisher and vary widely in their provisions
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© 2016 Cengage
Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Table 4.11 Software Licenses: Network/Multiuser Licenses 73 Subtype Description Server (network) Licensed per server—this license type requires that you have a single copy of the software residing on the file server. With Per Server licensing, a specified number of CALs are associated with a particular server. The number of devices that can legally access that server simultaneously is limited in Per Server licensing to the number of CALs purchased for that particular server. Per Seat (machine) Licensed per machine/seat—this license requires that you purchase a license for each client computer and/or device where access to services is needed. This license is typically used in conjunction with a network license. Per Processor Under the Per Processor model, you acquire a Processor License for each processor in the server on which the software is running. A Processor License usually includes access for an unlimited number of users to connect. You do not need to purchase additional server licenses, CALs, or Internet Connector Licenses.
74.
© 2016 Cengage
Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. • Freeware: software that is made available to the public for free • Open-source software: distributed, typically for free, with the source code 74 Freeware and Open-Source Software
75.
© 2016 Cengage
Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Table 4.13 Examples of Open-Source Software 75 Software Category Drupal Web publishing system Gimp Photo editing Grisbi Personal accounting Linux Operating system Mozilla Firefox Internet browser MySQL Database software Open Office Application software OpenProj Project management
76.
© 2016 Cengage
Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. • GPL grants you the right to: – Run the program for any purpose – Study how the program works and adapt it to your needs – Redistribute copies so you can help others – Improve the program and release improvements to the public 76 GNU General Public License (GPL)
77.
© 2016 Cengage
Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. • Software companies revise their programs and sell new versions periodically • Software upgrades vary widely in the benefits that they provide • Developing an upgrading strategy is important for many businesses – Helps to ensure that updated software is more stable with fewer errors and problems 77 Software Upgrades
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© 2016 Cengage
Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. • Supporting local operations is one of the biggest challenges IS teams face when putting together standardized, company- wide systems • Outsourcing global support to one or more third-party distributors is gaining acceptance 78 Global Software Support
79.
© 2016 Cengage
Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. • Main categories of software are systems software and application software • An operating system (OS) is a set of computer programs that controls the computer hardware and acts as an interface with applications • Utility programs can perform many useful tasks and often come installed on computers along with the OS 79 Summary – Principle 1
80.
© 2016 Cengage
Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. • Application software applies the power of the computer to solve problems and perform specific tasks • Three approaches to acquiring application software: – Build proprietary application software – Buy existing programs off the shelf – Use a combination of customized and off-the- shelf application software 80 Summary – Principle 2
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© 2016 Cengage
Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. • All software programs are written in coding schemes called programming languages • The several classes of programming languages include: – Machine, assembly, high-level, query and database, object-oriented, and visual programming 81 Summary – Principle 2 (cont’d.)
82.
© 2016 Cengage
Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. • Important software issues and trends – Software bugs – Software copyrights and licensing – Freeware and open-source software – Software upgrades – Global software support 82 Summary – Principle 3
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