2. Do Now: Free Write -Looking back at the murder mystery case that you cleverly solved… how was your approach as a detective similar to being a scientist?
5. Senses a. When you observe, you use your ____________ to take in everything that is happening around you, paying close attention to detail b. Examples: The rock is round and smooth.
6. Let’s make some observations about our classroom… We have only one blackboard in our room. What other observations can you make?
7. 2.INFERENCE: -Are interpretations of your observations. -In other words, when you infer you form a conclusion based on something you observed.
8. b. An example of an inference is: i. The round and smooth rocks must have been carried here by running water.
9. b. Examples ii. Since the dog is wagging his tail he must be happy. iii. Make an inference about something your observe in the classroom.
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11. 3.Prediction An educated guess as to what will happen in the near future based usually on your observations and inferences. An example of a prediction: i. An angular rock will eventually become rounded if it stays in the stream. ii. Ms. Gill will wear something stylish tomorrow.
12. 4. CLASSIFICATION: To put things into groups. We can organize or classify objects according to some pattern or trend or common characteristics.
14. a. What are some measurable properties? Think on a daily basis, what might be some of the things you measure? -Mass -Area -Temperature -Volume -Density -Pressure
15. b. How do we make measurements? Our senses are limited by how sensitive or by how accurate they are. To get more detailed information, we use instruments, such as rulers, thermometers, x-rays and telescopes
16. c. Metric System & Unit Conversion The fundamental units of the metric system are: For Mass ______________________ For Length ______________________ For Liquid Volume ________________ Grams (g) Meters (m) milliliters (mL)
17. Prefix Fun! By changing the prefix used with each unit you can change the size of the unit. We will use the following prefixes. (There are others for both larger and smaller units.) Hecto- (102) Deca- (101) Kilo- (103) Centi- (10-2) Milli- (10-3) Deci- (10-1) Basic Unit (100)
18. Prefix Fun! Kilo- (103) You can remember this using the following sentence: King Henry died, drinking chocolate milk Hecto- (102) Deca- (101) Basic Unit (100) Deci- (10-1) Centi- (10-2) Milli- (10-3)
19. To convert from any unit to any other unit count how many spaces are between them and move the decimal point that far in the same direction. Let’s look at the meter stick! How many meters (m) are in a meter (m) stick?___ How many centimeters (cm) are in a meter(m)? ___________ 1 100
20. How many millimeters(mm) are in a centimeter (cm) ?__________ Now if there are 100cm in a meter and 10mm in a cm how many mm are in a m? __________ 10 1000
21. Decimals are used because they are easier to convert than fractions! In the metric system we use abbreviations! Let’s fill them in below! Length ___ Mass Liquid Volume meter__________ gram_______ liter________ millimeter_______ milligram______ milliliter______ centimeter_______ ------------ ------------meter __________ gram_________ liter_________ kilometer_______ kilogram______ kiloliter______ m g L mg mm mL cm m L g kL km kg Please complete the practice questions 1-15
22. Rounding: The first step in rounding is figuring out what place to round to and where that place is located. You must remember these place values: 2 , 6 4 3 , 9 7 5 , 8 6 4 . 9 3 1 tens ones hundreds tenths Billions Ten Millions Hundredths millions Thousands Thousandths Ten thousands Hundred millions Hundred Thousands
23. Rounding Procedure: Step 1: Find the location of place that you are asked to round to. Lets call it: Sparky. Step 2: Look at the number to the right of this place lets call it the Boss. Step 3: If the boss is a 4 or lower, leave Sparky alone. If the Boss is 5 or higher, round the Sparky up one value.
24. Rounding Procedure: Here is a rhyme to help you remember: “Four and below, let it go. Five and above give it a shove” For Example: Round 7.289 to the nearest tenth: Answer: 7.3 Now complete practice problems 1-9!
25. 6. Rounding: The first step in rounding is figuring out what place to round to and where that place is located. You must remember these place values: 2 , 6 4 3 , 9 7 5 , 8 6 4 . 9 3 1 tens ones hundreds tenths Billions Ten Millions Hundredths millions Thousands Thousandths Ten thousands Hundred millions Hundred Thousands
26. Rounding Procedure: Step 1: Find the location of place that you are asked to round to. Lets call it: Sparky. Step 2: Look at the number to the right of this place lets call it the Boss. Step 3: If the boss is a 4 or lower, leave Sparky alone. If the Boss is 5 or higher, round the Sparky up one value.
27. Rounding Procedure: Here is a rhyme to help you remember: “Four and below, let it go. Five and above give it a shove” For Example: Round 7.289 to the nearest tenth: Answer: 7.3 Now complete practice problems 1-9!
28. 6. MASS: Is the amount of matter in an object. It is how much “stuff” the object is made of, the number of molecules in it.
29. How do we measure Mass Can we count the atoms? One by one? Lol Nope! Instead we use a triple beam balance which gives us a value usually in grams. Let’s click here for an interactive triple beam balance!
30. Is Weight the same as Mass? Weight is NOT the same as mass, but weight is used to measure the mass of an object on the Earth.Think about what would happen if you weighed your self on the moon. You would weight less because there is less gravity pulling you down onto the scale, even though your mass did not change. Let’s check our our weight on the MOON!!!
31. 7. INERTIA A mass resisting to any change in its motion. We will learn more about this concept when we learn about Sir Isaac Newton and his three laws!
32. 8. Temperature: It is the amount of heat energy an object has. Typically the faster the molecules vibrate with in a sample of matter the hotter it is.
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36. 11. Area: The amount of space a 2-dimensional object takes up For squares and rectangles area is equal to: L x W L: Length, the longer dimension of an 2 D object usually measured in meters, centimeters or millimeters. W: Width, the shorter dimension of a 2D object. Note that the units will always end up squared! Example: 4mm x 2mm = 8mm2
37. 11. Area: Let’s practice using the following steps: Step 1: Write the formula Example: Area = L x W Step 2: List all the variables including the unknown, WITH UNITS. Example: L = 4mm W= 2mm A= ?
38. 11. Area: Let’s practice using the following steps: Step 3: Plug in the numbers,WITH UNITS. Example: A=4mm x 2mm Step 4: Calculate WITH UNITS. Example: A= 8mm2 Practice the two examples on your own!
39. 10. Volume: The amount of space an object takes up For solid cubes and boxes, Volume is equal to: L x W x H Depending on the size of the object the units may be either cm3 or m3.
40. 10. Volume: But for liquids, volume is measured in liters using a beaker or graduated cylinder. There two rules: 1. Always read it at eye level This is a beaker!
41. 10. Volume: 2. You must read the meniscus to obtain an accurate result. Due to cohesion (sticky) properties of fluids, the edges of the fluid touching the glass will slightly rise. Meniscus = 73 mL
42. 10. Volume: It is easier to measure irregular shaped objects using fluid displacement. In order to measure this irregularly shaped rock you would drop it in a beaker filled with water and measure the change in volume.
43. What factors affect Volume? 1)Temperature Heating a material will cause it to expand and take up more space because the molecules need more room to move around. Therefore increasing temperature will increase volume. _________________ Cooling a material will result in the opposite. So decreasing temperature will decrease volume. ____________________ Think about how your rings fit in the winter… they seem to be bigger! T V T V
44. What factors affect Volume? 2) Pressure: Increasing pressure will force molecules closer together there by decreasing volume. ______________________ Decreasing pressure will allow molecules to spread out and take up more space thereby increasing volume. _________________ Let’s model this with a sponge. P V P V
45. 11. DENSITY The amount of matter (mass) in a given amount of space (volume). It tells us how tightly packed the molecules are, or how close to each other they are. If they are packed tightly, the density is high.
46. DENSITY UNITS The unit for measuring density is grams per cubic centimeter, or g/cm³ Density = Mass Volume M V D
47. How do you solve a math problem in science class using a formula?
48. Step 1 Write the formula Example: Density = Mass/Volume or D=M/V
49. Step 2 List all the variables including the unknown, WITH UNITS. Example: D=? M = 38.0g V = 12.0cm3
50. Step 3 Plug in the numbers, WITH UNITS. Example: D=38.0g/12.0cm3
54. More on Density Each pure substance has its own particular density and it can be used to help identify that material at room temperature. For example, liquid water has a density of 1g/cm³ because 1cm³ of water weighs 1 gram. One cm³ of water also occupies 1ml. solid quartz has a density of 2.7 g/cm³ Mixtures do not have a precise density.
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57. And Cold air sinks because it is denser than warm air
59. This rising and sinking of fluids due to density and temperature differences is called… A CONVECTION CURRENT!!! We will touch upon this concept many times through out the year
60. Factors that affect Density:b. Pressure Increasing the pressure (squeeze) on a material causes its molecules to get pushed closer together, decreasing the volume, making the density increase. Decreasing the pressure causes the opposite effect, since molecules move further apart, it becomes less dense. Again, note mass remains the same! P VD P VD
61. 15. Density at Different Phases As a material is heated, it changes from solid to liquid. More heat changes the liquid to gas. The molecules move farther apart, so the volume increases, causing the density to decrease. Solids are most dense, gases are least dense
62. The Only exception to this rule is water As water cools, its volume decreases until it reaches 4° C. As it cools from 4° C to 0° C, its volume actually increases, so it becomes less dense again. Water is most dense at 4°C, but is still a liquid. This is due to my buddy Mr. Hydrogen Bond, you will meet him in Chemistry
63. Water at 0°C is solid ice, but is less dense than water, so ice floats!! Water is the only material whose solid form will float in its liquid form. This is why the top of a puddle, or a lake freezes first.
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65. 16. Does size affect density of an object? You can NEVER change the density of a material by cutting it into pieces. Since change both volume and mass, the ratio will remain the same, therefore each small piece will have the same density as the original large one.
66. 17. Let review some crucial relationships!!! Temp. Volume Density Temp. Volume Density You must understand and know these by heart!!!
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68. Pressure Vol. DensityYou must understand and know these by heart!!!
69. 17. Graphing Direct Relationship: both variables “move in the same direction” They both increase or both decrease.
76. 19. Change: When something observed is different from when it was last observed
77. Frames of reference to study change. What has caused the change? Time and Space. An example is: The Earth’s moon changes because we observe it in different locations in the sky and in different phases at different times during a month.
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79. Rate of change How fast did the change happen? How much a measurable aspect of the environment, called a field, is altered over a given amount of time – years, hours, or seconds.
80. Cyclic Change: Changes that repeat over and over in a known period of time. Examples are: seasons, sun motions, moon and tides
81. Most changes are cyclic and they are very good to use when we are trying to make predictions
83. Non-cyclic Changes: Changes that do not repeat at all or do not repeat in a known period of time. Some examples of these are: Earthquakes and Hurricanes.
84. Dynamic Equilibrium Sometimes many changes take place, but often they “even” out. It is like your science test grades: some high, some low, but they even out. This is called DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM
88. Scientific Method: 1. State the Problem. -always in the form of a question Example: I observe two plants growing in my house. One is taller than the other… I have a better example: One of my two pet frogs is fatter than the other… Is one frog getting more food.
89. Scientific Method: 2. Gather information. observations, research, brainstorming Examples: 1. Are they the same species? Yes, small aquatic frogs! 2. How do they behave when we feed them? Lets observe… 3. Are their any signs of aggression?
90. Scientific Method 3. Develop a Hypothesis. -based on observations and research -Statement, NOT a question! -can be tested Write your hypothesis in the space provided!
91. Scientific Method Develop a Hypothesis. Ex: The Larger Frog is getting more food because he is more aggresive
92. Scientific Method: 4. Test you Hypothesis -design an experiment -make sure that your experiment test your hypothesis. In the box provided write up steps you would take in your experiment.
93. Scientific Method: 4. Test you Hypothesis Example Experiment -Feed Frog 2 tablets a day thru the pin hole in the tank cover -Observe and records who eats the food -Record the behavior of the frogs during feeding
94. Scientific Method: 5. Observe and record your data. Use tables and notes to record observations and measurements. In the box provided draw a sample table that you would use to record data
98. Scientific Method: 7. Conclusion: -based on observations and results What can you conclude from our frog dilemma.
99. Experimental Design: When designing an experiment, a scientist must test only one factor at a time. Variable: one factor that can exist in differing amounts being tested.
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101. Independent Variable The variable that is changed by the scientist. To ensure a fair test, a good experiment has only one independent variable. As the scientist changes the independent variable, he or she observes what happens.
102. Dependent Variable The scientist focuses his or her observations on the dependent variable to see how it responds to the change made to the independent variable. The new value of the dependent variable is caused by and depends on the value of the independent variable
103. How to make a graph! It's probably better to do a graph in pencil first, then in pen.
104. How to make a graph! 1. Collect your data. After you have it all in one place, you should have one independent variable (like time) and one dependent variable (like something you measure as a function of time).
105. Making a Graph Here are some points we will use as an example; we've measured position of a ball as a function of time: time (s) position (cm) 1 3.0 2 3.4 3 4.8 4 5.0 5 5.3
106. Making a Graph 2. Determine the range of your data. In order to determine how big a graph to make, we need to determine how much the numbers vary. In this case, time varies from 1 to 5 seconds, and position varies from 3.0 to 5.3 cm. We have to make sure that there is enough space on the graph to fit all the data
107. Making a Graph 3. The independent variable (time, in this case) will go on the x-axis (the one parallel to the bottom of the page), and the dependent variable (position, in this case) will go on the y-axis (parallel to the left hand side of the page). So, draw axes that are big enough for all the data.
108. Making a Graph 4. Give your graph a Title. Titles of graphs are usually "Y versus X"; so in this case, our title is "Position versus Time." (NOT position divided by time, or position minus time.)
109. Making a Graph 5. Label your graph and your axes. THIS IS VERY IMPORTANT! When presented with your graph, other people should be able to figure out what is plotted without asking you.
110. Making a Graph 6. Labels on the axes must have units! So, in this case, the label on the x axis (the one on the bottom) should be "Time (seconds)" and the label on the y axis (the one on the left) should be "Position (centimeters)."
111. Making a Graph 7.Remember to write the numbers on the graph, too. The numbers should be evenly and logically spaced - what I mean by this is the following: for our position data here, the y-axis should be marked off in increments like (1,2,3,4,5,6) or (2,4,6,8), NOT (1.3, 2.6, 4.8,...) or anything else weird.
112. Making a Graph 8. Plot your data. Now, go ahead and place your data points on the graph. Make them big enough to be seen, but not big enough to look like you were eating pizza while making your graph.
113. Making a Graph 9. Draw a "line of best fit." THIS DOES NOT MEAN CONNECT THE DOTS! Only rarely will a graph need to have the data points connected by a jagged line. Usually, it is best to guess at a (straight) line that goes as near as possible to as many points as possible. (See example.) THE ORIGIN IS NOT ALWAYS INCLUDED AS A POINT! And, sometimes there will be a LOT of scatter and it might not be clear where a line should go. Now you're done with your graph, but you're not finished yet.
114. Making a Graph 10. Think about what your graph means. What type of relationship do the variables have?
