usos de algas

1. Characteristics and products
Algae

3. IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF ALGAE

4. Characteristics
• Range in size from microscopic to single celled
organisms to large seaweed
• Autotrophic
• Form the reproductive structures –
gametangia or gamete chambers
• Aquatic and have flagella at some point in life
• Often contain pyrenoids, organelles that
synthesis and store starch

5. BODY CHARACTERISTICS
Size and Shape :
Algae are range in size, from the invisible (microscopic) to the visible (macroscopic)
•Solitary unicellular algae
Their shape are round, oval, or pear-shaped algae
of this group.
The example is Chlorella

6. STRUCTURE
• Thallus (haploid)
• Four types of algae
–Unicellular
–Colonial
–Filamentous
–multicellular

7. THALLUS

8. •Multicellular algae
There are forms of thread,
filament, and sheet-like
multicellular algae.
The example is Oedogonium
which have filament shape
body.
•Unicellular algae in colony
Cells are dependent on one another for their
survival. The protoplast of each cell is
connected to another by pores on the cell wall.
The colony shape is like a disc, a ball, or net.
The example is Hydrodictyon which have shape
like a net

9. CLASSIFICATION OF ALGAE
• SEVEN PHYLUM BASED ON
– COLOR
– TYPE OF CHLOROPHYLL
– FOOD-STORAGE SUBSTANCE
– CELL WALL COMPOSITION

10. ALGAE
EUGLENOPHYTA
PYRROPHYTA Fire
CHLOROPHYTA Green
CHRYSOPHYTA Golden
PHAEOPHYTA Brown
RHODOPHYTA Red
CYANOPHYTA Green blue

11. BODY STRUCTURE
All algae are eukaryotic organisms, their contain chloroplast. There are many shape of
chloroplast . Spherical, bowl-shaped, and belt-shaped.
The main pigments in algae is chlorophyll.
ADDITIONAL PIGMENTS
Carotene Phycobilin
Fucoxanthin
(Brownish)
Xantophylls
(Golden)
Phycocyanin
(Bluish)
Phycoerythrin
(Reddish)

12. GREEN ALGAE CHLOROPHYTA

13. Phylum Chlorophyta
• Green algae
• 7000 diverse species
• Biologist reason that green algae give rise to
land plants.
• Both green algae and land plants have
chlorophyll a and B as well as carotenoids and
store food as starch
• Both have walls made of cellulose

14. SPYROGYRA
- POPULATING THE PONDS

15. RED ALGAE
- SOURCE OF AGAR
RHODOPHYTA

16. Phylum Rhodophyta
• 4000 species of RED Algae
• Most are marine
• Smaller than brown algae and are often found
at a depth of 200 meters.
• Contain chlorophyll a and C as well as
phycobilins which are important in absorbing
light that can penetrate deep into the water
• Have cells coated in carageenan which is used
in cosmetics, gelatin capsules and some
cheeses

17. BROWN ALGAE
- SOURCE OF ALGIN

18. Phylum Phaeophyta
• 1500 species of Brown algae
• Mostly marine and include
seaweed and kelp
• All are multicellular and large
(often reaching lengths of 147
feet)
• Individual alga may grow to a
length of 100m with a holdfast,
stipe and blade
• Used in cosmetics and most ice
creams

19. BLUE GREEN ALGAE
Nostoc, Anabaena
Cyanophyta

20. Phylum Euglenophyta
• 1000 species of
Euglenoids
• Have both plantlike and
animal-like
characteristics
• Fresh water

21. Other Phylum Representatives
Diatoms – used in detergents, paint
removers, toothpaste
Dinoflagellates – red tides
Important in the
formation of
petroleum
products
Golden algae

22. PLANTS THAT SWIM
- CHLAMYDOMONAS

23. OSCILLATARIA

24. AN
EXCEPTONAL
BEAUTY
- PEDIASTRUM

25. A Multiproduct Opportunity
Algae
AgricultureNutrition
Pharmaceu. FuelAquaculture CO2 Seques.

27. Several macroalgae are also the source of hydrocolloids such as
agar-agar and carrageenan which are widely used in the food
industry as stabilisers, thickeners and gelling agents.

28. AGAR
- MEDICINE FROM RED ALGAE

29. FROM BROWN
ALGAE

30. Product Algae Function Food
Carageenan Rhodophyta Stabilizer, Milk, yogurt, ice
cream, soup,
cream,pudding
Agar Gelidium
amansii (Red
algae)
Stabilizer,
thickener
Freeze food,
processed
cheeses
Mayonnaise
Alginate Brown algae thickener Ice cream, milk
products,
sauces,
Confectionery,
etc

31. KELP
- A RICH SOURCE OF IODINE

32. Green Polymers
Co-products from algae, including green
polymers, chemicals and animal feed, will play
a decisive role in the success of established
and emerging algae production ventures.

33. • Algae are good source of vitamins minerals, proteins,
• Different colors, flavors, textures
• Nutraceuticals
• Omega-3 supplements and food ingredients
• Protein powders
• Totally unique omega-3 products contain both EPA and DHA.
Highly valued, plant-based, vegetarian, nutritional
supplements unlike mercury-contaminated fish oil.
• Future: carotenoids; lutein, zeaxanthin, fucoxanthin, and
astaxanthin — potent antioxidants that reduce cell damage
and fight disease; fluorescent dyes (natural dyes that can
replace synthetic dyes in food and cosmetics)
Nutrition

34. • Algae yield omega-3 fatty acids, proteins and oils at more
profitable margins than other methods of production.
• Common species of nutritional supplements include Spirulina,
Chlorella and Duniella
• Algae extracts are used for health supplements, pharmaceuticals,
soaps, lotions, protein bars, shakes, and beauty products.
Omega 3

35. Markets
• Market demands for omega-3 fatty acids exceed current
industry production capacity:
• Current world demand = $4.6 billion U.S.
• 2011 estimate = $8.2 billion U.S.
• Many current market suppliers of omega-3s are
experiencing over 20 percent annual revenue growth for
algae-based ingredients in food and nutritional products
— with premium prices paid for the purest products

36. CHONDRUS
- USED IN
PUDDINGS AND
JELLIES

37. CHLORELLA
- RICH IN PROTEINS AND
VITAMINS

38. - A CHINESE DELICACY

39. LAMINARIA
- FODDER

40. Nutraceuticals per Kilo
According to BioCentric, which has invested $600,000
in its line of algae nutraceuticals:
• Haemaotoccocus has a current market value of $341
per kilogram,
• Chlorella clocks in at $44 per kilo and
• Spirulina sells for $20 per kilo

41. Algae as Protein
• According to the FAO, the world protein consumption is set to
increase 74 percent by 2050, surpassing the replenishment of
wild and farm-raised fish and livestock populations.
• Algae can provide high-concentration EPA oils and protein
extracts, and low-cost fish meal for aquaculture facilities.
• Algae production systems will play an important role in
addressing the growing worldwide demand for protein and
Omega-3 fatty acids while reducing overfishing.
• Spirullina, Chlorella

42. Foods from algae
• Algae have been used as human food for thousands of years in all
parts of the world.
• The most commonly consumed macroalgae include the red algae
Porphyra (nori, kim, laver), Asparagopsis taxiformis (limu),
Gracilaria, Chondrus crispus (Irish moss) and Palmaria palmata
(dulse), the kelps Laminaria (kombu), Undaria (wakame) and
Macrocystis, and the green algae Caulerpa racemosa, Codium and
Ulva.
• These algae are either harvested from wild populations or are
farmed.
• These algae usually are eaten either fresh, dried or pickled.
• Algae are used in soups, salads and sushi.
• Sea lettuce (Ulva lactura)
• Other foods: Funori, Hijiki, Arame.

43. Foods from algae
Nori Kombu Wakame

44. •Soil enhancers for increasing large scale agricultural
production
•Natural fumigants
An algae-based system to increase terrestrial crop
production by:
• Increased bioavailability of macro and micro nutrients
• Enhanced soil organics and water-holding capabilities
• Increased soil porosity
• Replacement of chemical fumigants
Agriculture

45. SEA WEEDS….

46. ….AS MANURE

47. • Ultra-pure pharmaceuticals
• Therapeutics
• Scientific reagents
• Bioactive peptides, replacement proteins, immune system
stimulators and suppressants, diagnostic proteins and
enzymes
Pharmaceuticals

48. • Algae are a rich and varied source of pharmacologically
active natural products and nutraceuticals. While
nutraceutical and pharmaceutical content in the baseline
algae strain is very small, current market values for
these products are extremely high.
• The major products currently being commercialized or
under consideration for commercial extraction include
carotenoids, phycobilins, fatty acids, polysaccharides,
vitamins, sterols, and biologically active molecules for
use in human and animal health.

49. The pharmaceutical industry is growing at a CAGR of
around 8% while the global pharmaceutical market is
forecasted to reach US$ 1043.4 billion in 2012.
Use of algae, especially cyanobacteria based active
compounds, has received ever-increasing interest as:
• Antimicrobials, Antivirals & Antifungals
• Neuroprotective Products
• Therapeutic proteins
• Drugs

51. CHLORELLA
- YIELDS CHLORELLIN

52. •Shrimp, fish, and mollusk feeds
•Products for Asian and Pacific food markets
• Natural feed for fish, shrimp, and mollusk larvae
• Whole and defatted algae powders for fish,
shrimp, and mollusks
• Fresh macroalgae (sea veggies) for the
Pacific and Asian food markets
Aquaculture

53. •Biofuels (biodiesel, alcohols)
•Lubricants for diesel fuel
•Biodegradable plastics
Fuel

54. Today, this ancient life-giver reappears as the core topic of
commercial and environmental interest in salvaging our
energy economy and our planetary future - our hope for
abundant fuel, medicine, food and carbon sequestration.

56. Algae Financial Forecast
In August, 2010, Global Information released a new market
research report, Algae Biofuels Production Technologies
Worldwide, in which they project that the total algae biofuels
production technologies market (including cultivation
technology sales, harvesting, extraction and fuels production
facilities) will reach $1.6 billion in 2015.

57. The Fuel of the Future?
• Algae produce 100 times more oil per acre than traditional food oilseed
crops such as soy etc. Algae produces 4,000 -15,000 gallons of oil per
acre per year versus 50 gallons per acre for soy, or approximately 26
gallons per hectare
• Algae eat CO2, the major Global Warming Gas, and produce oxygen.
• Algae require only sunshine and water, and thrive on waste and polluted
waters
• Algae do not compete with food crops for either agricultural land or fresh
water.

58. “If we were to replace all of the diesel that we use in the
United States, with an algae derivative, we could do it
on an area of land less than one half of 1% of the
current farm land that we now use.”
Douglas Henston, Pres. Solix Algae Fuels
Diesel Fuel

61. Inputs - Outputs

62. ExxonMobil: $600 Million
• On July 15, 2009, Exxon announced a 600 million dollar
investment into algae biofuel research. The research facility
is based at partner Synthetic Genomics headquarters, and
opened on July 14, 2010 in La Jolla, California.
http://gigaom2.files.wordpress.com/2010/07/exxonsynthetictestsite54.jpg

63. Solazyme: $125 Million
August 9, 2010: Seven-year-old Solazyme announced that it has
raised $52 million in Series D financing from investors including
Braemer Energy Ventures, Morgan Stanley, and Chevron Technology
Ventures, the VC arm of the oil giant. Including this round, Solazyme
has now raised over $125 million.

64. Algenol: 2013
• Algenol’s Biofields project begins
construction this year, and
Biofields continues to guide the
markets to expect commercial
capacity by 2013 in the 250
million gallons per year range.
• Algenol CEO Paul Woods
expressed to the Biofuel Digest
last year that he would regard the
achievement of only 300 Mgy in
capacity by mid-decade as a
“disappointment”.
http://i.i.com.com/cnwk.1d/i/bto/20080612/algenol_270x292.GIF

65. Aurora Algae: 2013
• Sept 2010 - Aurora Algae CEO Greg Bafalis forecasted the
company could reap $100,000 in gross revenue per acre, and
plans to be in large commercial production within 30 months,
quickly scaling up to 1,000-plus acres. The company is
constructing a first demonstration facility in Australia. “In
about two and a half years we’ll be cash flow positive,”
Bafalis predicted. “We’ll be tackling private equity and
venture capital in the next year.” The company has raised $40
million to date, with its third round in March, 2010, yielding
$15 million. http://venturebeat.com/2010/09/13/aurora%E2%80%99s-rebranding-bets-on-protein-bars-and-lotion-not-biofuel/

66. Carbon credits for sale to non-CleanTech industries
• Sequestration of CO2 directly from:
• Existing power generation facilities (coal and oil)
• Existing manufacturing facilities
• Production of off-setting carbon credits that can be sold to
other companies or industries based on the 2.5 to 1 ratio
of CO2 incorporation into algae biomass
CO2 Sequestration and environmental issues

67. NOSTOC AND…

68. … ANABAENA
- NITROGEN FIXATION

69. Algae Cultivation Process

70. Simple Process: Fuel and Biomass
Simple Process

71. Integration & Multi-Products

72. Fermentation Process

73. Algae Photo-Reactors

74. Acrylic Tubes

75. Vertical Plastic Bags

76. Flexible Tubing

77. Seambiotic, an Israeli firm, uses raceway/paddle-wheel
open-pond algae cultivation growth fed by C02 flue-gas
from a nearby power plant.
Raceway and Paddle Wheel

78. Photoreactor Yields
• Production w Closed System
• High Nutrient Input or Waste Stream
• Single Species in Controlled Environment:
30,000 -100,000 gallons per year per acre

79. Industry Pursuing Full Range of Algae
Products
2013 Survey
ABO Members
Producers
Only
Vegetable oils for use in
food products 5% 11%
Feeds (fish and/or farm) 35% 35%
Bioplastics 4% 5%
Chemicals 11% 10%
Nutritional products or
nutraceuticals 30% 28%
Fuels 33% 29%
Fertilizers 21% 18%
Biomass for energy or
other uses 37% 36%
Other 9% 9%
ABO: Algae Biomass Organization

80. Capacity Continues to Expand
• 25% of producers reported they
would be expanding in 2013 at an
existing facility
• 22% said they would expand with
new facilities
• 20% reported expansion and both
new and existing facilities.

81. Most Critical Challenges
#1: cost-efficient production
systems
#2: harvesting and extraction
systems