Varsha Sewlal- Cyber Attacks on Critical Critical Infrastructure
Ancientegypt
1. The Art Funerary
mask of
of Tutankhamun
1327 BC
Ancient Gold inlaid with glass
and semiprecious
Egypt stones
Flashcard image Cairo Museum
Theme: New
funerary Kingdom
art
18th Dynasty
2. Ancient Egypt
Timeless ICONOGRAPHY
Shows weighing
feather of Maat vs.
heart of dead
Excerpt Annubis balances
from the scale, Horus takes Ka
to Isis
Book of the QuickTime™ and a
decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Dead, New
Afterlife guide to help
Kingdom transition
Painted papyrus
flashcard
Found in tombs
3. Geography & Ancient Egypt
• Nile River - floods, fertile
Delta
• Farming, irrigation systems
• Complex political systems
developed
• Seas & deserts protected the
civilization from invaders…
stable civilization for
thousands of years
• Very advanced civilization
4.
5. How does Ancient Egypt
compare with other civilizations?
• http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/
?period=02®ion=afe
• http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/?
period=02®ion=wam
6. How does Ancient Egypt
compare with other civilizations?
Votive
Statue,
2700 BCE
Ancient
Near East
Sumer
Detail of Head of Khafre, 2490
BCE (from Temple/Pyramid)
7. How does Ancient Egypt
compare with other civilizations?
Votive
Statue,
2700 BC
Ancient
Near East
Sumer
Ziggurat of Ur, 3100 BCE Great Pyramids of Giza, 2500
BCE
8. Why do we know so much about
Ancient Egypt?
• Dry climate, tombs = survival of art & artifacts
• Rosetta stone - decoded language IN 1800S
• Herodotus- Greek historian, 500 BC (religious)
• Menathos’ list, 3rd century BCE- grouped kings into dynasties
between 3000 & 300 BCE
• Strabo visited Alexandria, 100 BC
• Emperor Hadrian of Rome-took antiquities in 130 AD
• Middle ages - Bible studies
• 1798-99: Napoleon - military & scholarly visits
• Archaelogical excavations & POPULAR interest ever since!!
• HOWARD CARTER - King Tut’s Tomb - 1920s
9. Rosetta Stone
196 BC
Religious decree
of Pharoah
Talmee
(Cleopatra)
Greek, demotic,
hieroglyphic
•Jean Francois Champillon,
French linguist & Dr.
Thomas Young, English
scientist… found
Cleopatra’s name on the
stone
•Discovered in early 1800s,
took years to decode
•Champillon spoke Coptic,
figured out sounds, which
led to birth of Egyptology
13. Egypt United: Old Kingdom
Begins in 3000 BCE
• Dynasty I : Palette of King Narmer
• In pre-dynastic Egypt, each village had own gods
• King Narmer united upper & lower Egypt (see
crown symbols united)
14. Palette of King
Narmer, 3000-
Flashcard 2920 BCE
image
Commemorates
unification of
Egypt
Conquered
march dwellers
Hierarchy of
scale
Hierakonpolis / Egyptian
Museum, Cairo
15. Palette of Nar-mer
Side 2
Eye makeup
Goddess Hathor well on
on both sides- palette
Horus helping King
Marching to view
headless bodies
Long necked lions
symbolize
unification
16. Palette of Narner Firsts
1. Depicted figure in twisted
perspective… lasted 3000 yrs
2. Low relief sculpture in registers
with groundlines (1st in Egyptian
art)
3. Unifed Egypt; depicted beginning
of the Old Kingdom; transition
away from Paleolithic farming
villages
4. Religious iconography.
19. Egyptian figurative conventions
Used for approximately 3000 yrs
Twisted Perspective
REMEMBER THE ART MADE THE
WORLD VIDEO???
How does this perspective reflect their
culture and SOCIAL STATUS?
20. Pyramids & Tombs
• 80 pyramids were built
• Began with the Mastaba (means Bench).. Mud brick tombs used in the
Old Kingdom
• Egyptians believed that Isis ruled the underworld and judged dead
souls; Ka lived forever
• Death & resurrection: Important to preserve/mummify bodies and to
provide for life in the next world
21. Significant: 1st large scale building EVER in world
Stepped Pyramid of Djoser, III Dynasty. , 2630 BCE 1st large scale stone
building in world, build over mastaba. 14 gateways, facades of buildings.
Engaged columns mimicked bunches of reed with papyrus tops.
22.
23.
24. Flashcard image - Great Pyramids of Giza
IV Dynasty (Old Kingdom) Khafre, Khufu, Menkaure. Granite and limestone
Size: height of pyramid of Khufu, 450' (137 m)
25. How Pyramids Were Built
• http://touregypt.net/construction/construc.htm
2 million blocks, 1-2 tons each! How did they get them up there?
27. Menkaure and Queen
Khamerernebty Flashcard
image
Medium: Graywacke with traces red & black paint
54½ inches high
Date: Fourth Dynasty (ruled 2490–2472 BCE)
OLD KINGDOM
Source/Museum: from Giza / Museum of Fine
Arts, Boston Harvard University–MFA Expedition
Equal scale
Embrace
Sheer dress on
Queen
28.
29. Pepy II and His
Mother, Queen She ruled until he
Ankhnes-Meryre was old enough,
carved more
naturalistically
Egyptian alabaster
15¼ X 9 13/16"
Arms posed away
from side.. Less
permanence..
Reflects her status
as temporary ruler
rather than
permanent ruler
30. Shows how different
Seated Scribe classes were
(FLASHCARD) portrayed.
Painted limestone; eyes of rock
crystal mounted in copper
Much smaller than
Size: height 21"
statues of Pharoahs,
Date: Fifth Dynasty, c. 2450–
etc. (21” vs life size or
2325 BCE over sized”
OLD KINGDOM
Limestone, not more
Musée du Louvre, Paris
elegant materials
31. The Middle Kingdom
• 1975-1640 BCE (intermediate thru 1520)
• Mentuhop (11th Dynasty) kings reunited
Egypt.
• Powerful, unified govt w/ strong military
• Arts & literature flourished
• Portraiture became more sensitive &
realistic
32. Head of Senusret III
Yellow quartzite
17¾ X 13½ X 17"
Middle Kingdom
More realistic Twelfth Dynasty, c. c.
Looks tired, 1836–1818 BCE
older
Dynamic King
who led 4
expeditions into
Nubia;
overhauled
administration
34. “May the sun god give eternal life to Senusret II” … ankh, falcons, cobras, Ra…
Pectoral of Senusret II, Gold and semiprecious stones
Date: Twelfth Dynasty, c 1938–1755 (ruled c 1842–1837 BCE)
Tomb of Princess Sithathoryunet, el-Lahun. / The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
35. Stele of Amemhat I, 12th Dynasty (Middle Kingdom)… Portrays daily family life. Found
in his tomb. 11” x 15”
36. The New Kingdom
• 1539-1075 BCE
• Hykkos invaded; 18th Dynasty reunited kingdom
• Thutmose III (1st Pharoah) expanded Egypt into
present day Syria
• Trade with near East
• Built New Kingdom Temples & tombs to glorify
kings / Pharoahs
37. Ruins of the Great Temple of Amun at Karnak, Egypt
(New Kingdom, 1579 BCE)
38. Symmetrical & Axial Design (processional path)
Covered area size of 60 football fields; hypostyle hall w/ lots of columns
Statues of gods clothed and “fed” daily by priests
Added to by various Pharoahs; sacred lake, coronation rooms
39.
40. Flower & Bud columns
Hypostyle Hall
Great Temple of Amun at
Karnak
http://dlib.etc.ucla.edu/proje
cts/Karnak/experience/Intro
ductionToTheTempleOfKar
nak/1
41. Queen Hatshepsut Enthroned
New Kingdom, 1473-1458 BCE
20 year reign, 1st female Pharoah
portrayed in art
Sometimes shown as male w/false
beard
Led diplomacy with Punt
Built incredible funerary temple
positioned against high cliffs, oriented
towards Karnak
42. Funerary Temple of Queen Hatshepsut, Deir El-Bahri
1473 BCE (New Kingdom)
43. Fowling Scene, Tomb of Nebamum, 1400 BCE
(New King.), fragment of wall painting, British Flashcard image, not in book
Museum
•18th dynasty
•Suggests distance &
movement
•Animals, butterflies
naturalistic
•Wife/daughter
smaller than
Nebamum (hierarchy
of scale)
•Hieroglyphic: enjoying himself
and seeing beauty, (Forever
young?)
•Marsh symbolizes rebirth
•Cat can symbolize deity hunting
enemies of light and order
44. Amarna Period: Revolution in
Art and Religion
• 1353-1336 BCE
• Changed name to Akhenaten (one who is effective for
Aten, a god)
• 1st Monotheist in Egypt: Worshipped Aten (sun god)
• New capital in Tell el-Amarna
• Changed typical Egyptian figurative style in artworks
• Promoted glass making
45. Akhenaten, Colossal Figure, located
at Temple of Karnak (16 ‘ tall)
Long face, thin neck, swollen belly,
somewhat androgynous looking.
Built temples to Aten.. Sun disk, open
courtyards
Wife Queen Nefertiti was priestess
Truth (Maat) emphasized… more
realistic artwork and informal
situations.
46. How is this
Relief so
Different?
Akhenaten & his Family, 1353 BCE (New Kingdom), painted limestone sunken relief
47. Queen Tiye, New Kingdom
Funerary piece of yew wood,
ebony, glass, silver, gold, lapis,
cloth, clay & wax
Entire sculpture was 1/3 life
size
Older woman, mom of
Akhenanten
Married for love.
Played key role in affairs of
state husband Amenhotep III.
Realistic style; African features
48. Queen Nefertiti
Diplomacy
(flashcard)
w/Hittites
1302-1234 BCE
“mother of
kings”
18th Dynasty/ Book of Dead
New Kingdom Shown w/God
Horus
frequently
Painted limestone
21” (life size)
Tomb found in 1904.
Most impressive
Queen’s tomb found
49. Tutankhamun & Ramses II:
Return to Tradition
• Priesthood of Amun regained former power a few years after
Akhenaten’s death
• Tutankhaten = Tutankhamun (changed name)
• Court moved back to Thebes
• Tutankhamun’s tomb discovered in 1922-incredible riches captured
public imagination (died young)
• Ramses II built mighty empire.. Peace with Hittites
• Amazing Temple of Ramses II at Abu Simbel (see Object Speaks in
book)
50. Flashcard Funerary
image mask of
Tutankhamun
1327 BC
Gold inlaid with glass
and semiprecious
stones
Flashcard image Cairo Museum
New
Kingdom
18th Dynasty
51. Temple of Ramses II at Abu
Simbel
4 65 foot statues of Ramses
Association w/Gods, Religious &
political power
53. Judgment of Hunefer before Osiris, Scene from Book of the Dead Eater waits for
Painted papyrus, height 15⅝" (39.8 cm), Nineteenth Dynasty, c. 1285 BCE NEW KINGDOM judgment
Illustration From a Book of The Dead. The British Museum, London
Feather of Maat vs.
KNOW RELIGIOUS SIGNIFICANCE, HOW THIS WAS USED! Heart
Osiris, king of
underworld
54. Mummy wrapping of a young boy
Medium: Linen wrappings with gilded stucco
buttons and inserted portrait in encaustic on
wood
Size: height of mummy 53⅜" (133 cm) portrait
9½ X 6½"
Date: Roman period, c. 100–120 CE
AFTER NEW KINGDOM ENDED, ROMAN
RULE
Source/Museum: Hawara / The British
Museum, London
Conventions of Roman painting not Egyptian
Editor's Notes
Artist: n/a Title: Funerary mask of Tutankhamun Medium: Gold inlaid with glass and semiprecious stones Size: Height 21¼" (54.5 cm) Weight 24 pounds (11 kg) Date: Eighteenth Dynasty (Tutankhamun, ruled 1332–1322 BCE), c. 1327 BCE Source/Museum: Egyptian Museum, Cairo
Artist: n/a Title: The Rosetta Stone Medium: n/a Size: n/a Date: 196 BCE Source/Museum: The British Museum, London
Artist: n/a Title: Art and its Context: Hieroglyphic, Hieratic, and Demotic Writing Medium: n/a Size: n/a Date: n/a Source/Museum: Hieroglyphic signs for the letters P, T, O, and L, which were Champollion's clues to deciphering the Rosetta Stone, plus M, Y, and S: Ptoymys
Artist: n/a Title: The Narmer Palette Medium: Green schist Size: height 25" (64 cm) Date: Early Dynastic period, c. 2950–2775 BCE Source/Museum: Hierakonpolis / Egyptian Museum, Cairo
Artist: n/a Title: The Narmer Palette Medium: Green schist Size: height 25" (64 cm) Date: Early Dynastic period, c. 2950–2775 BCE Source/Museum: Hierakonpolis / Egyptian Museum, Cairo
Artist: n/a Title: The Narmer Palette Medium: Green schist Size: height 25" (64 cm) Date: Early Dynastic period, c. 2950–2775 BCE Source/Museum: Hierakonpolis / Egyptian Museum, Cairo
Artist: n/a Title: The Narmer Palette Medium: Green schist Size: height 25" (64 cm) Date: Early Dynastic period, c. 2950–2775 BCE Source/Museum: Hierakonpolis / Egyptian Museum, Cairo
Artist: n/a Title: The Narmer Palette Medium: Green schist Size: height 25" (64 cm) Date: Early Dynastic period, c. 2950–2775 BCE Source/Museum: Hierakonpolis / Egyptian Museum, Cairo
Artist: n/a Title: Old Kingdom standard grid—an Egyptian canon of proportions for representing the human body Medium: n/a Size: n/a Date: n/a Source/Museum: n/a
Artist: n/a Title: Old Kingdom standard grid—an Egyptian canon of proportions for representing the human body Medium: n/a Size: n/a Date: n/a Source/Museum: n/a
Artist: n/a Title: The step pyramid and sham buildings. Funerary complex of Djoser, Saqqara Medium: Limestone Size: height of pyramid 204' (62 m) Date: n/a Source/Museum: n/a
Artist: n/a Title: Elements of Architecture: Mastaba to Pyramid (Stepped Pyramid) Medium: n/a Size: n/a Date: n/a Source/Museum: Stepped Pyramid of Djoser, Saqqara, c. 2667-2648 BCE
Artist: n/a Title: Elements of Architecture: Mastaba to Pyramid (Pyramid) Medium: n/a Size: n/a Date: n/a Source/Museum: Pyramid: Pyramid of Kafra, Giza, c. 2600 BCE
Artist: n/a Title: Great Pyramids, Giza Medium: Granite and limestone Size: height of pyramid of Khufu, 450' (137 m) Date: Fourth Dynasty, c. 2575–2450 BCE Source/Museum: Erected by (from the left) Menkaure, Khafre, and Khufu
Artist: n/a Title: Model of the Giza plateau. From left to right: the temples and pyramids of Menkaure, Khafre, and Khufu. (number 4 is the valley temple of Menkaure; number 5 is the valley temple and Sphinx of Khafre.) Medium: n/a Size: n/a Date: n/a Source/Museum: Prepared for the exhibition “The Sphinx and the Pyramids: One Hundred Years of American Archaeology at Giza,” held in 1998 at the Harvard University Semitic Museum Harvard University Semitic Museum, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Artist: n/a Title: Menkaure and a Queen (perhaps his wife Khamerernebty) Medium: Graywacke with traces of red and black paint Size: height 54½" (142.3 cm) Date: Fourth Dynasty (ruled 2490–2472 BCE) Source/Museum: from Giza / Museum of Fine Arts, Boston Harvard University–MFA Expedition
Artist: n/a Title: Pepy Ii and His Mother, Queen Ankhnes-Meryre Medium: Egyptian alabaster Size: height 15¼ X 9 13/16" (39.2 X 24.9 cm) Date: Sixth Dynasty, c. 2323–2152 BCE (ruled. c. 2246–2152 BCE). Source/Museum: The Brooklyn Museum of Art, New York. Charles Edwin Wilbour Fund (39.119)
Artist: n/a Title: Seated Scribe Medium: Painted limestone with inlaid eyes of rock crystal calcite and magnesite mounted in copper Size: height 21" (53 cm) Date: Fifth Dynasty, c. 2450–2325 BCE Source/Museum: found near the tomb of Kai, Saqqara. Musée du Louvre, Paris
Artist: n/a Title: Head of Senusret III Medium: Yellow quartzite Size: height 17¾ X 13½ X 17" (45.1 X 34.3 X 43.2 cm) Date: Twelfth Dynasty, c. 1938–1755 BCE (ruled c. 1836–1818 BCE) Source/Museum: The Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, Missouri. Purchase: Nelson Trust (62-11)
Artist: n/a Title: Pectoral of Senusret II Medium: Gold and semiprecious stones Size: length 3¼" (8.2 cm) Date: Twelfth Dynasty, c 1938–1755 (ruled c 1842–1837 BCE) Source/Museum: Tomb of Princess Sithathoryunet, el-Lahun. / The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Purchase, Rogers Fund and Henry Walters Gift, 1916 (16.1.3)
Artist: n/a Title: Stele of Amenemhat I Medium: Painted limestone Size: 11 X 15" (30 X 50 cm) Date: Twelfth Dynasty, c. 1938–1755 (ruled c. 1938–1908 BCE) Source/Museum: Assasif. / Egyptian Museum, Cairo. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Excavation 1915–16
Artist: n/a Title: The ruins of the Great Temple of Amun, at Karnak, Egypt Medium: n/a Size: n/a Date: n/a Source/Museum: n/a
Artist: n/a Title: Reconstruction Drawing of the Great Temple of Amun at Karnak, Egypt. New Kingdom, c. 1579–1075 BCE Medium: n/a Size: n/a Date: n/a Source/Museum: n/a
Artist: n/a Title: Reconstruction Drawing of the Hypostyle Hall, Great Temple of Amun, Karnak. Nineteenth Dynasty, C. 1292–1190 BCE Medium: n/a Size: n/a Date: n/a Source/Museum: n/a
Artist: n/a Title: Flower and bud columns, hypostyle hall, Great Temple of Amun. Karnak Medium: n/a Size: n/a Date: n/a Source/Museum: n/a
Artist: n/a Title: Hatshepsut Enthroned Medium: n/a Size: n/a Date: Eighteenth Dynasty (ruled c. 1473–1458 BCE). Source/Museum: Deir el-Bahri / The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
Artist: n/a Title: Funerary temple of Hatshepsut, Deir El-Bahri Medium: n/a Size: n/a Date: Eighteenth Dynasty, c. 1473–1458 BCE(At the far left, ramp and base of the funerary temple of Mentuhotep III. Eleventh Dynasty, c. 2009–1997 BCE) Source/Museum: n/a
Artist: n/a Title: Inner Coffin of Tutankhamun’s Sarcophagus Medium: Gold inlaid with glass and semiprecious stones Size: height 6'⅞" (1.85 m), weight nearly 243 pounds (110.4 kg) Date: Eighteenth Dynasty, 1332–1322 BCE Source/Museum: Tomb of Tutankhamun, Valley of the Kings, near Deir el-Bahri / Egyptian Museum, Cairo
Artist: n/a Title: Akhenaten and His Family Medium: Painted limestone relief Size: 12¼ X 15¼" (31.1 X 38.7 cm) Date: Eighteenth Dynasty, c. 1353–1336 BCE Source/Museum: Akhetaten (present-day Tell el-Amarna) / Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Ägyptisches Museum
Artist: n/a Title: Queen Tiy Medium: Boxwood, ebony, glass, silver, gold, lapis lazuli, cloth, clay, and wax Size: height 3 ¾" (9.4 cm) Date: Eighteenth Dynasty, c. 1352 BCE Source/Museum: Kom Medinet el-Ghurab (near el-Lahun) / Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Ägyptisches Museum
Artist: n/a Title: Funerary mask of Tutankhamun Medium: Gold inlaid with glass and semiprecious stones Size: Height 21¼" (54.5 cm) Weight 24 pounds (11 kg) Date: Eighteenth Dynasty (Tutankhamun, ruled 1332–1322 BCE), c. 1327 BCE Source/Museum: Egyptian Museum, Cairo
Artist: n/a Title: Temple of Rameses II (Left) and Nefertari (Right), at Abu Simbel Medium: n/a Size: n/a Date: Nineteenth Dynasty, 1279–1213 BCE Source/Museum: n/a
Artist: n/a Title: Detail of Nefertari and Ramses’s Leg Medium: n/a Size: n/a Date: n/a Source/Museum: Temple of Ramses II
Artist: n/a Title: Judgment of Hunefer before Osiris Medium: Painted papyrus Size: height 15⅝" (39.8 cm) Date: Nineteenth Dynasty, c. 1285 BCE Source/Museum: Illustration From a Book of The Dead. The British Museum, London
Artist: n/a Title: Mummy wrapping of a young boy Medium: Linen wrappings with gilded stucco buttons and inserted portrait in encaustic on wood Size: height of mummy 53⅜" (133 cm) portrait 9½ X 6½" (24 X 16.5 cm) Date: Roman period, c. 100–120 CE Source/Museum: Hawara / The British Museum, London
