above paper gives precise information about pollution which is spread in sea by discharge of sewage. untreated sewage can cause major disruption in marine coastal ecosystem. it gives all possible modern ways to prevent pollution from sewage of ship.

1. FROM SEAWAGE
BY
DEEPAK KUMAR
GOPAL KUMAR
ADITYA SHRIVASTVA
ABHISHEK KUMAR

2. ABSTRACT
 Sewage pollution is an increasing problem in tropical marine
environments. In this revlew we synthesize present knowledge of the
effects of sewage pollution on coral-reef communities, and suggest
directions for future research. A wide range of sewage impacts on coral-
reef communities has been reported. Anthropogenic inputs of dissolved
nutrients and organic particulate matter may also depress oxygen levels.
While heavy sediment loads on corals may be lethal, lesser quantities may
inhibit growth, cause changes in the growth forms of colonies, decrease
coral cover, alter species composition of reef-building organisms, and
inhibit coral recruitment. Toxic substances may induce metabolic changes
in corals, decrease rates of growth and reproduction, or reduce viability of
corals. Although further research is needed on all three major
components of sewage effluent, the most critical need is for
comprehensive, long-term studies of sewage impacts. The combined
effects of particulate and toxic substances are especially poorly
documented at this time.

4.  Regulation 2-
 The provisions of this Annex shall apply to the following ships
engaged in international voyages:
 .1 New ships of 400 gross tonnage and above
 .2 New ships pf less than 400 gross tonnage which are certified to
carry more than 15 persons
 .3 Existing ships of 400 gross tonnage and above, five years after
the date of entry into force of this Annex
 .2 Existing ships of less than 400 gross tonnage which are
certified to carry more than 15 persons, five years after the date of
entry into force of this Annex.
 The Administration shall ensure that existing ships, according to
subparagraphs 1.3 and 1.4 of this regulation, the keels of which
are laid or which are of a similar stage of construction before
October 1983 shall be equipped, as far as practicable, to discharge
sewage in accordance with the requirements of regulation 11 of
the Annex.

5.  Regulation 3—Exceptions
 Regulation 11 of this Annex shall not apply to :
 .1 The discharge of sewage from a ship necessary for the
purpose of securing the safety of a ship and those on
board or saving life at sea,
 .2 The discharge of sewage resulting from damage to a
ship or its equipment if all reasonable precautions have
been taken before and after the occurrence of the
damage, for the purpose of preventing or minimizing
the discharge.

6.  Regulation 9—Sewage System
 Every ship which, in accordance with regulation 2, is required to comply
with the provisions of this Annex shall be equipped with one of the
following sewage systems:
 .1 A sewage treatment plant which shall be of type approved by the
Administration, taking into account the standards and test methods
developed by the Organization, or
 .2 A sewage comminuting (=to reduce to a powder or small fragments;
pulverized) and disinfecting system approved by the Administration.
Such system shall be fitted with facilities to the satisfaction of the
Administration, for temporary storage of sewage when the ship is less
than 3 nautical miles from the nerest land, or
 .3 A holding tank of the capacity to the satisfaction of the
Administration for the retention of all sewage, having regard to the
operation of the ship, the number of persons on board and other
relevant factors. The holding tank shall be constructed to the
satisfaction of the Administration and shall have a means to indicate
visually the amount of its contents.

7.  Regulation 11—Discharge of sewage
 Subject to the provisions of regulation 3 of this Annex, the discharge of sewage into sea is prohibited,
except when:
 .1 The ship is discharging comminuted (=to reduce to a powder or small fragments; pulverized) and
disinfected sewage using a system approved by the Administration in accordance with requlation 9.1.2
of this Annex at a distance of more than 3 nautical miles from the nearest land, or sewage which is not
comminuted (=to reduce to a powder or small fragments; pulverized) or disinfected, at a distance of
more than 12 nautical miles from the nearest land, provided that, in any case, the sewage that has been
stored in holding tanks, or sewage originating from spaces containing living animals, shall notbe
discharged instantaneously but at a moderate rate when the ship is en route and proceeding at not less
than 4 knots; the rate of discharge shall be approved by the Administration based upon standards
developed by the Organization, or
 .2 The ship han in operation an approved sewage treatment plant which has been certified by the
Administration to meet the operational requirements referred to regulation 9.1.1 of this Annex, and
 .2 The ship has in operation an approved sewage treatment plant which has beencertified by the
Administration to meet the operational requirements referred to in regulation 9.1.1of this Annex, and
 .2.1 The test results of the plant are laid down in the ship’s International Sewage Pollution Prevention
certificate and
 .2.2 Additionally, the effluent shall not produce visible floating solids nor cause discoloration of the
surrounding water
 The provisions of paragraph 1 shall not apply to ships operating in the waters under the jurisdiction of a
state and visiting ships from the other States while they are in these waters and are discharging sewage
in accordance with such less stringent requirements as may be imposed by such State.
 When the sewage is mixed with wastes or waste water covered by other Annexes of MARPO, the
requirements of those Annexes shall be complied with in addition to the requirements of this Annex.

8.  Regulation 12—Reception facilities
 The Government of each party to the Convention, which requires
ships operating in waters under its jurisdiction and visiting ships
while in its waters to comply with the requirements of regulation
11.1, undertakes to ensure the provision of facilities at ports and
terminals for the reception of sewage, without causing delay to
ships, adequate to meet the needs of the ships using them
 The Government of each party shall notify the Organization, for
transmission to the Contracting Governments concerned, of all
cases where the facilities provided under this regulation are
alleged to be inadequate.


9.  Why Required: ==
 Untreated sewage as a suspended solid is unsightly
 In order to break down naturally, raw sewage must absorb
oxygen. In excessive amounts it could reduce the oxygen
content of the water to the point where fish and plant life
would die.
 Pungent smells are also associated with sewage as a result
of bacteria which produce hydrogen sulphide gas.
 Particular bacterial present in human intestine known as
coliforms are also to be found in sewage. They are not
normally harmful, except when they contain pathogenic
colonies which can cause dysentery, typhoid, para-typhoid,
etc.

10.  Two types sewage treatment plant== Employing either
chemical or biological methods.
 Chemicalmethod== Basically a storage tank which
collects solid material for disposal at permitted areas
or to shore collection facility.
 Biological method== treats the sewage so that it is
acceptable for discharge in shore

12.  It minimizes the collected sewage , treats it and retains
until it can be discharged in a decontrolled area, well
out at sea. Shore receiving facalities are available at
some ports.
 A perforated rubber belt is used to separate liquid from
solids in the separating tank. The liquid is then passed
through treatment tanks to a pneupress arrangement
(compressed air press tank )for user as a flushing fluid
at the toilets. Treatment by chlorine and caustic based
compound makes the liquid effluent acceptable for the
purpose. Solids are chemically inerted by a caustic
compound and delivered via grinder pump to the
holding tank.

13.  Tank is pumped out at sea or to shore. Tank is small
because the liquid effluent passes mainly to the
flushing system.
 Correct chemical dosage rates are maintained and
these are determined by taking a sample and doing
chemical test. Failure in maintain correct chemical
dosage can cause a chemical odour of the flush water
and some darkening of its colour. Incorrect dosage can
cause the liquor to develop a very high alkalinity which
will cause some corrosion of pipes and tanks.

14.  Biological Sewage treatment plant ===
 Biological system utilizes bacteria to completely break
down the sewage into an acceptable substance for
discharge into any waters. The extended aeration
process provides a climate in which oxygen loving
bacteria multiply and digest the sewage , converting it
into a sludge. These oxygen loving bacteria are known
as aerobic.
 The plant contains three compartment- aeration
chamber, settling tank and chlorine contact chamber.

16.  The plant contains three compartment- aeration chamber, settling
tank and chlorine contact chamber.
 The sewage enters into the aeration compartment where it is digested
by aerobic bacteria and micro-organism, whose existence is aided by
atmospheric oxygen which is pumped in.
 The sewage then flow into settling compartment where the activated
sludge is settled out.
 The clear liquid flows to the chlorinator and the effluents are made to
come in contact with chlorine tablets present in the chlorinator. The
treated effluents are free from aerobic bacteria before they are
discharged. Two float switches in the final section control the
discharge pump.
 The activated sludge in the settling tank is continuously recycled and
consequently it builds up, so that every two to three months it must
be partially removed.The sludge must be discharged only in a
decontrolled area.
 Air supply press==0.2 bar from a air compressor.
 The gases evolved during bacterial decomposition are safely let into
the atmosphere through an air vent.

17.  Precautions to be taken in opening & cleaning of sewage
plant===
 Put off the power to the plant and empty out the treatment
plant prior to any action taken for cleaning
 Do not force open the plant while under pressure
 Vent the plant to ensure that all entrapped toxic gases present in
the system are escaped
 Enclosed space check list to be followed
 Use suitable gas mask before opening the manhole
 Use safety harnesses and lifelines when entering the plant
 Watch out for slippery footing in the tank
 Use only explosion proof portable lighting appliances
 Use non sparking tools for cleaning and repairs
 No hot work permitted in & around the plant
 Hose down the system using sea water and then flush with fresh
water.

18. THANK YOU

19. GUIDED BY
MR.DHAYANESHAWARAN