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Econ 25 Marker
Extract B (lines 5 – 7) states: 'This plan, laid out by the Coalition Government, implies the longest
and deepest sustained period of cuts to public spending since the Second World War'. Using the data
and your economic knowledge, assess the likely impact of substantial cuts in public expenditure on
the performance of the UK economy. Public expenditure – Spending made by the government of a
country on collective needs and wants such as pension, provision, infrastructure, etc. The
performance of the UK economy depends very much on the level of Aggregate demand within the
economy. AD=C+I+G+(X–M). The UK economy can be judged by a number of key indicators
mainly sustainable economic growth, low inflation (target 2%), a surplus on the...show more
content...
This will be beneficial in the long term because private sector will increase investment in capital
goods, which is an injection into the circular flow of income and will also lead to a shift of the
LRAS to the right. Secondly, the extent to which, if at all, cuts in public spending are
unavoidable given the size of the budget deficit, so I feel that the government addressing this
through cuts on public expenditure is a positive. Although, I do believe to some that significant
cuts in some areas may lead to disruption and there may be some alternates such as increasing
taxation and their relative merits. As a result, LRAS will increase to LRAS 1. This is very
beneficial as more output will be generated and supplied at the same price level, which will lead to
an increase in the welfare of the UK
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British Education System
The development of the British education system and the impact of this development on UK culture
and society
From 4416 cities, 195 countries and 7 continents Britain is thought to be one of the worlds most
exceptional and fascinating countries to be educated in. In Britain education first began emerging
around 1680s, from then onwards the British education system has continued to develop till this day.
This has meant that the UK's education system has become a very successful and inclusive system.
According to (Aftab Ali 2016) Britain is thought to have one of the world's strongest higher
education systems. Second after the USA with a score of 98.5. Also, (Aftab Ali 2016) mentions that
"European countries emerge as the most–featured than any other continent." This means that Europe
has a global reputation in the eyes of international students. As a result of this global reputation
students are attracted to studying in the UK. Furthermore, this essay will discuss the development of
the British education system over the last 150 years and it will evaluate the impact of this
development on culture and society.
The first set of schools and the main education acts that shaped the British education system existed
in the 19th century. During the early 19th century there wasn't an appropriate state provision system
for the UK's education. However, later in 1870 the Elementary Education Act was introduced to
create elementary schools to educate children between the ages of 5

Direct Democracy In The UK
Direct democracy is a structure of government that all citizens vote on policy proposals directly, and
the result is uncovered by the amount of votes. For example, Cooter and Gilbert (2010, pp.
687–730) said in their latest research, "Citizens in many states use direct democracy to make laws
on everything from soda bottles and horse meat to affirmative action and same–sex marriage". There
are many benefits to this structure; firstly, a responsive government is formed to the general wish of
the public, meaning they can gain results quickly by voting. Secondly, in the words of Mautner
(2000, pp.19) "Direct democracy satisfy human dignity and minimise conflicts, eliminate wars and
save human lives. It can also cause promote human rights and minimize...show more content...
This only works if there is a real competition for freedom of expression, leadership and if voters
believe there is a significant choice. Dr Alman Leroy's research says that, "Representative
democracy, according to its underlying and supporting political theory, is far superior to direct
democracy." This is often portrayed as the only democracy possible in mass societies. An example
of this is the United States, where they elect members of Congress and a President. All of the
officials listen to the population and act on what they think is best for the nation. The US, today, is
one of the most stable democracies in the world. Other examples of this are the UK and Germany,
who instead have a parliamentary system where the Prime Minister, instead of its own executive
branch, is part of the legislative branch. Every five years in the UK, citizens have the opportunity to
vote for who they wish to represent them. Once elected, MPs then gather at the House of Commons
to converse over matters and decide on what would become British law. This proves that
representative democracies are much more practical for larger nations than direct democracy. Due to
representative democracy being the most commonly used structure out of the three types, it proves
that it is the most preferred in contemporary

Executive Summary : The United Kingdom
Executive Summary The United Kingdom (UK) is one of the largest economies in Europe
ranked at position 13 of the freest economies globally in 2015. The country recorded a GDP of
2.67817 trillion dollars in 2014 with an average annual GDP growth rate of 2.8% in the last five
years. The World Bank ranked UK in 10th position as the best place to do business in 2014 based
on its high regulations, robust business policies, highly skilled workforce, investors' protection,
developed infrastructure, and political stability. Since it is a member of the European Union (EU), the
country presents an opportunity for the company to access more than 500 million consumers in the
European market. This study recommends the establishment of a wholly owned subsidiary in the
United Kingdom to improve profitability and productivity.
Macro Environment The economic reforms initiated by Prime Minister Margret Thatcher since
1980's has made the United Kingdom record steady economic growth in the 1990s. However,
successive Labour governments increased government spending significantly. Since 2010, the
government upheld austerity as the principal of its economic policy. In 2014, the country recorded
its strongest economic growth since 2007 of 2.387 trillion dollars with GDP per capita at 39,350.64
dollars. The GDP increased significantly because of the enhanced performance of the construction,
manufacturing, and services sectors. Retail sales also increased with unemployment relatively at
lowest

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Tesco: Marketing at Tesco
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Company Description:
Tesco started life in 1919when Jack Cohen started selling surplus groceries from a stall in the East
End of London. Mr Cohen made a profit of
ВЈ1 from sales of ВЈ4 on his first day. It then appeared as a brand after five years later in 1924 when
he bought a shipment of tea from a Mr T E
Stockwell. The initials and letters were combined to form Tes–Co and in 1929 Mr Cohen opened the
flagship...show more content...
The audit would cover the marketing operations of the company as a whole.
b) Data collection: More time is spent on the gathering data. More auditors are involved when the
project is large. Auditor has to spent time in deciding what question to be asked, who will be
interviewed and so on so forth. Daily reports of the interviews are to be written up and reviewed. c)
Report preparation and presentation: When the data gathering is over, auditor prepares notes for a
visual and verbal presentation to the company officer.
Techniques used for auditing the marketing environments are as follows.
1) SWOT Analysis: It is one of the most important tools of marketing audit. It helps a lot of help to
the marketers and is used at the beginning of the marketing audit process. It has advantages as well
as drawbacks. Some of the drawback are subjective and cannot be relied too much.
Therefore it should be used as a guide in the marketing planning and not as a prescription to the
process.
2) PEST Analysis: Various factor of the marketing is analysed by PEST analysis that effects upon the
marketing process. An organization that is carrying the analysis needs to study the environmental
factors that are internal and external.
3) Five Force Analyses: This is an analysis that helps the marketers to have a clear picture of
competitor 's for the market. This analysis has some similarities with PEST analysis. In this analysis
the marketer goes through five

Economic Growth Of The Uk Economy
Economic Growth
Economic Growth is a measure of the percentage increase in either real gross domestic product
(GDP) or potential GDP of an economy. GDP measures the output of goods and services produced
by an economy by factors of production located within that economy.
The figure above shows the trend of UK's economic growth from 2008 to mid–2014. As illustrated
in the figure the credit crunch of 2007–08 hit the UK economy hard and caused a steeper drop in
real GDP than even the great depression of the 1930s. However, due to loosening of monetary and
fiscal policy, the UK experienced a partial recovery in 2010 and 2011 before heading back into a
recession as seen in Q1 2012. By the end of Q1 2013, the economy started picking up...show more
content...
The aim of quantitative easing is to increase private sector spending in the economy thereby
increasing real GDP.
As the figures above illustrate, there is a significant GDP gap. HM treasury forecasts a GDP gap of
–2.7% for 2012/2013. This, however, may underestimate the amount of spare capacity in the UK
economy. If the output gap were closer to –10% it would make a much stronger case for more
accommodative monetary and fiscal policy use.
Inflation
Inflation is a sustained increase in the general price level, leading to a fall in the purchasing power
of money. It is measured in two different ways, through the Retail Price Index (RPI) and the
Consumer Price Index (CPI). The difference between the two is that the RPI takes into account
different things compared to the CPI, such as housing costs.
Currently, inflation was at 0.3% in January, measured by the CPI, with the target level being 2%.
This fell from 0.5% in December due to 'Cheaper fuel and lower energy prices' . Illustrating this on
a demand and supply diagram, there would clearly be a rightward shift in the Short Run Aggregate
Supply (SRAS) curve, as costs of productions for firms have reduced.
One monetary policy enforced in the economy are low interest rates, set by the Central Bank. The
reason they are low is to influence aggregate demand in the economy. Low interest rates mean that
the cost of borrowing

The Uk Housing Market
INTRODUCTION In this essay, I will examine the factors that determine the price of houses in
UK housing market. Firstly we will have a look the past and the recent history of UK housing
market. The UK housing market has been booming in the past few years, with prices rising much
faster than household incomes. After its dramatic crash in the early 1990s, the UK housing market
has staged a remarkable recovery.1 In the early 1980s widespread financial deregulation raised the
availability of mortgage finance and stimulated the demand for housing. Real house prices rose by
over 4ВЅ percent per annum on average during the decade, with nominal house price inflation
peaking at 28 per cent in 1988. Monetary policy was subsequently tightened...show more content...
Buyers place offers for a property that the seller can either accept or reject.4 When the market
demand for properties in a particular area is high and when there is a shortage of good quality
properties then the balance of power in the market shifts towards the seller. This is because there
is likely to be excess demand in the market for good properties. Sellers can wait for offers on their
property to reach their minimum selling price. Conversely when demand both for new and older
housing is weak and when there is a glut of properties available on the market, then the power
switches to potential buyers. They have a much wider choice of housing available and they
should be able to negotiate a price that is lower than the published price4. When the demand for
houses in a particular area increases, perhaps because of an inflow of population into the area, or
a rise in incomes following a fall in unemployment, there is upward pressure on market prices.4
Often the supply of available housing in the market is relatively inelastic. This is because there are
time lags between a change in price and an increase in the supply of new properties becoming
available, or other homeowners deciding to put their properties onto the market. When demand shifts
outwards and supply is inelastic the result is a large rise in

Culture in Britain
Culture is how groups of people live in society according to their religion, custom or belief. This
influences attitudes, values and behaviour. Each culture varies, having differences, such as,
language, norms, values and expectations. This can be demonstrated in lots of ways, for instance,
types of clothes worn, food eaten, wedding ceremonies and celebrations. Cultures normally have
traditions that have been followed for centuries. For example, in Africa it is common for the groom
or his family to pay the bride's family, a bride–price, in exchange for her 'labour and reproductive
powers' (Cardwell, 2001).
Britain consists of four countries with traditionally two languages, English and Welsh, but having
many different accents from...show more content...
Done by following five guidelines, Yama, meaning control, Niyamas, steps for good life, Dharma,
law codes, Puranas, moral messages and lastly by following spiritual teachers.
Most Hindus are vegetarians, believing animals should be free to live life. The cow is protected
as considered a symbol of hope as it gives so much. Marriage is considered a union of two families
so parents decide and arrange the marriage. Often, the couple only meet at the engagement and
fall in love later. Weddings are elaborate, lasting weeks where brides hands are henna painted and
she wears red, pink, cream or gold. A bindi, red spot, painted between her eyebrows represents
marriage and a guardian of family. Couples normally live with the groom's parents. Hindus believe
in reincarnation, so bodies are cremated to release the soul (atman) and ashes are taken to be
scattered on the River Ganges. Karma is the law of birth, death and rebirth. Each good action means
the soul is a step closer to moksha (freedom) with Brahman whilst every bad a step further
(Macdonald, 2005).
Buddhism originated from India, following Guru Buddha and his teachings (dharma) of the symbol
of the wheel of life, which represents birth, death and rebirth. Greed, hatred and confusion stands in
the way of breaking the cycle and reaching Nirvana. To conquer the cycle the middle path has to be
followed. This can be achieved by chanting, meditating and being kind to others.

DEPRIVATION OF LIBERTY SAFEGUARDS
A Best Interest Assessment
The Mental Capacity Act (MCA) 2005 states that "an act done, or decision made, under this Act,
for or on behalf of a person who lacks capacity must be done, or made, in his best interests'. The
Deprivation of liberty safeguards are a legal framework introduced into the mental capacity act 2005
(MCA) by the mental health act 2007 (MHA). This legislation protects the rights of people in care
homes or hospitals, where the care is imputable to the state, who lack capacity or have a mental
dysfunction to make decisions regarding their care and treatment (Jones, 2008 p 383). DOLS
ensures against arbitrary deprivation of liberty (dol) which was identified in the Bournewood
Case ( HL v UK 45508/99 (2004) ECHR 471). The judgement in this case determined that in order to
adhere to the ECtHR, lawful detention needed to meet Article 5 (1) that requires a 'procedure
prescribed by law' and Article 5 (4) which requires a means to apply to a court to see if deprivation
of liberty was unlawful (dols code of practice 2008). As such, the DOLs are designed to protect the
rights of people who fall within the scope of the act.
The aim of this assignment is to evidence a critical analysis and evaluation of professional
development having attended structured learning events on the Deprivation Of Liberty Safeguards
(DOLS) and the best interest assessment process. To demonstrate the required learning outcomes, I
would like to use the case

Housing Market Of The Uk Housing Markets
HOUSING MARKET IN THE UK
As far as the current United Kingdom Government is concerned, housing is on the top of their
agenda, Nevertheless, still to come are many issues that needs to be addressed in order to resolve
what is, in so many ways, unable to deal precisely with normal social relations in the UK housing
markets.
In 2013, EC HARRIS BUILT ASSET CONSULTANCY hosted a conference which was supposedly
attended by nearly one hundred people. It was quite fascinating to gauge the mood amongst the guest
who represented a complete cross–section of the residential industry to pick up a key discussion
themes surrounding the UK housing market.
The demographic change, macro–economic back drop and the government planning and housing
policy...show more content...
Although it is possible that leaseholders can decide to purchase an extension for lease when it is
remotely below 60 years.
Speaking of mortgages, majority of the freehold and leasehold properties can be bought with the
benefit of a long–term loan. This is called the mortgaging process. It can be any period of time,
however twenty five years is the most usual loan. The repayments of the mortgage loan normally
involves two types of repayment which is called the capital and repayment of the loan interest.
The security of mortgages since the late 1980's meant that the mortgage debt has been recreated to
provide the third parties, a flow of income which includes the investment banks.
Though with privately rented properties, the landlord puts out a property for rent through a short
tenancy agreement, which often is about 6 or 12 months which although can be renewed. Tenants
typically pay the rent in monthly basis or instalments where you'll be required to be paying the rent
on a certain given period. This could be quarterly or every 2 months although other payment periods
may exist.
Cases like Local Government Authority rented apartments, the tenants must agree to pay the rent in
a weekly or monthly basis, which is commonly more subsided and below commercial market rates.
These properties are solely based to individuals on need and not supposedly their income. Some local
authorities don't not have enough properties to meet

Make or Buy Decision
Make or buy decision Definition of 'Make–Or–Buy Decision' The act of choosing between
manufacturing a product in–house or purchasing it from an external supplier. In a make–or–buy
decision, the two most important factors to consider are cost and availability of production capacity.
An enterprise may decide to purchase the product rather than producing it, if is cheaper to buy than
make or if it does not have sufficient production capacity to produce it in–house. With the
phenomenal surge in global outsourcing over the past decades, the make–or–buy decision is one that
managers have to grapple with very frequently. 'Make–Or–Buy Decision' Factors that may influence
a firm's decision to buy a part rather than produce it internally...show more content...
Your decision will be based on the values of these four numbers. Let's have a look at the numbers
now. They are quite self–explanatory. 1.The volume 2.The fixed cost of making 3.Per–unit direct
cost when making 4.Per–unit cost when buying Now there are two formulas that use the above
numbers. They are 'Cost to Buy' and 'Cost to Make'. The higher value looses and the decision
maker can go ahead with the less costly solution. Reasons for Making There are number of reasons
a company would consider when it comes to making in–house. Following are a few. 1.Cost concerns
2.Desire to expand the manufacturing focus 3.Need of direct control over the product 4.Intellectual
property concerns 5.Quality control concerns 6.Supplier unreliability 7.Lack of competent suppliers
8.Volume too small to get a supplier attracted 9.Reduction of logistic costs (shipping etc.) 10.To
maintain a backup source 11.Political and environment reasons 12.Organizational pride Reasons for
Buying: Following are some of the reasons companies may consider when it comes to buying from
a supplier. 1.Lack of technical experience 2.Supplier's expertise on the technical areas and the
domain 3.Cost considerations 4.Need of small volume 5.Insufficient capacity to produce in house
6.Brand preferences 7.Strategic partnerships The Process: The make or buy decision can be in

British Economic History, 1952-1963
Assess the period of 1952–1963
The period of 1952–1963 was in the heart of what is known as В‘the golden age ', which saw wide
scale growth of GDP and investment in Western Europe. The distinguishing features of the post war
period as identified by Matthews was of full employment, chronically rising prices, an abnormal ratio
of domestic investment to income and relatively high growth in income per capita by historical
standards. In this epoch of British history government policy principally tried to manage the level of
inflation, the balance of payments, the level of investment, the rate of growth and the level of
employment. The tools available to the government can broadly be divided into two categories
manipulating the level of...show more content...
The success of the policy should not be overestimated due to the fact that comparisons of UK
investment levels, fig 7, and those averages in Western Europe, fig 8, reveal that the UK is still
comparatively lagging. The increase in the investment rate did however hold significance for the
level of inflation during the period which was attributed to the shortage in the labour market. Sargent
argues that the higher levels of investment, fig 7, in new machinery led to a greater requirement of
labour than was released through the scrapping of old equipment and the growth of the labour
market, leading to wage push inflation. The period of 1952–1963 saw chronic rises in, prices as
illustrated in fig 4 and though the threat of inflation was of significant concern in the implementation
of policies the conservative government never really managed to control the rate of increases. There
were consecutive attempts to bring the level of inflation down with the government maintaining a
current account surplus throughout the period. Many of the policies were still deemed as having
too high of an inflationary risk, such as the expansionary policies of 1952–1955 where tax cuts were
offered during a period where the economy was overheating suffering chronic inflation. The most
successful of the deflationary policies employed during this epoch was that of Thorneycroft and
Amory in 1957 and

2.0 Main Body
2.1 Introduction
George Bernard Shaw, a nobel Prize for Literature in 1925 once said, "If all the economists were
laid end to end, they would not reach a conclusion" (Mankiw, 1998: 34). Yet, an economic
comparison between the United Kingdom and the United States could still be made to distinguish
the country with the better economic growth performance. Important indicators when comparing
economies is economic growth rate, which is a measure of the yearly rate of development rate of
GDP using the market prices (Ros, 2013: 26). Another indicator is the GDP, which is defined as the
total amount of goods and services produced in a country per year (Mankiw, 2009: 521). Also, the
inflation rate is used, which is a continuos increase in the prices for goods and services in the
consumer price index and it is measured yearly (Herr & Kazandziska, 2011: 74). Lastly, the
unemployment rate shows the percentage of people whiling and could work but do not have a job
(Macdonald, 1999: 238). This report will compare the economic growth performance of the United
States and the United Kingdom since 1990 using four indicators: economic growth rate, GDP,
inflation, and unemployment rate.
2.2 Analysis
2.2.1 Comparison between the Economic growth of the UK to the USA
Figure 1
When comparing the economic growth performance of the United States and the United Kingdom, a
major indicator is 'Economic growth', which measures the yearly rate of development rate of GDP
using the

Selection Bias In Research
The different types of bias that exist in different forms of media (i.e. radio, TV, newspapers, the
internet) are selection bias, agenda setting, priming, and framing. These forms of bias allow the
media to influence public opinion. Selection bias occurs when the media only reports on one aspect
of an event or issue without providing coverage on other aspects. The media could report only
particular issues and problems they believe should have more public attention through agenda
setting. Agenda setting is similar to the other forms of bias, priming and framing. Priming involves
calling attention to some issues while ignoring others, and framing allows the media to influence the
public's interpretation of them. Different forms of media have

The British Government : Constitutional Monarchy
The current British government is a constitutional monarchy, where the monarch is the Head of
State, but only Parliament has the ability to make laws. This distribution of power originated
during the reign of the Stuarts. While absolute monarchs ruled the rest of Europe, the English
Parliament slowly forced the kings and queens to relinquish much of their power. However, limits
on the power of the monarchy were in place far before the Stuart dynasty. In 1215, King John
signed the Magna Carta and agreed to consult the Great Council, which later became Parliament,
before raising taxes, effectively giving Parliament the power of the purse. The conditions of the
Magna Carta came into conflict during the Stuart monarchy. Before the Stuarts, the Tudor family
had good relations with Parliament. When Henry VIII wanted to break away from the Catholic
Church, Parliament passed the Act of Supremacy and because of the many wars, he had to consult
Parliament regularly to raise taxes. After the Tudors, there were six Stuart monarchs, reigning from
1603 to 1714. James I did not associate well with Parliament, unlike his Tudor predecessors. James,
like many absolute rulers at the time, believed he had a God given divine right to rule and thus did
not appreciate Parliament's role in his government. James and Parliament were in constant conflict
over taxes and who had the right to levy them. Parliament passed the Great Protestation, declaring it
had freedom of speech and superiority in

Essay On The United Kingdom
The United Kingdom consists of four different countries. England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern
Ireland. This is an island nation in Northwestern Europe. Located at 55.371В°N, 3.4360В°W, this
island is 93,628 mi2. This is Europe's largest island. The official language of the island is English
and the capital is London. The major religion is Christianity then Islam and Hinduism. There are
multiple different ethnic groups in the United Kingdom some are British African, White/black
British, Mixed, and Irish to name a few of them (United Kingdom).
The chief crops are wheat, barley, oats and potatoes. Queen Elizabeth II is the Monarch of the
United Kingdom, and the Prime Minister is Theresa May. On Queen Elizabeth's 90th birthday she
had held...show more content...
In the last five years the UK's exports have decreased by –11.966% (OEC).
The total labor force of the UK comprises of people age 15 years or older, they have to meet the
International Labour Organization definition of the economically active population. The definition
is "All people who supply labor for the production of goods and services during a specified period"
(Trading Economics). The highest percent of a labor force is in services they have 83.5% while
industry has 15.2% and agriculture has 1.3% (CIA). In 2013 the UK was paying $7.81 for the
minimum wage compared to the US $7.25, today the US's minimum wage is still $7.25. There
are now different types of minimum wage. There is a wage for apprentices, people that are not
entitled to the minimum wage, voluntary work, and work experience and internships (GOV.UK).
The GDP of the United Kingdom in 2016 was 2.619 trillion dollars. This represents 4.22% of the
world's economy. "The GDP measures the national income and output for a given country's
economy" (Trading Economics). The GDP per capita is $39,899.39. GDP per capita is the total
output divided by the number of people in the population. So you can figure out the average output
per person in the United Kingdom. Per capita helps to compare one country to another, it shows the
relative performance of the countries. The

The United Kingdom Essay
The United Kingdom London is the capital of the United Kingdom. It ranks as one of the
world?s most historic cities, tracing its roots back nearly 2000 years. London has long been a
great world port and trading center. The port of London consists of two huge docks and 43 miles of
wharves along the Thames River. London also has a remarkable transportation system.
Expressways, and underground and surface railways carry more than one million commuters
between the outlying areas and central London each workday. More than 350,000 commuters travel
by subway, about 400,000 take surface trains and more than 100,000 go by bus. About 100,000
people drive their cars to work. The London subway system (the ?tube?), is the largest subway
...show more content...
They import and export more than any one country in the world. Community members have
abolished all tariffs and most other obstacles to the free movement of goods, services, or capital
among themselves. Community members participate in the European monetary system (EMS). The
EMS encourages trade and investment among community members by stabilizing the exchange rates
of its member?s currencies. The European Community has helped increase the economic welfare of
its member?s citizens. Members of the European Community enjoy many significant advantages.
They are able to exchange goods, tariff free, which is an essential element of their economic growth.
One other significant benefit of the community is the EMS, as it stabilizes the exchange rates of the
countries in the community. Since the 1950?s, community members have enjoyed significant
economic growth. The UK is an unparalleled member of the European Union and Europe?s most
attractive location for international business. It accounts for more than a third of global investment
in the European Union and some 40% of the total from the US and Japan. Within Europe itself,
cross–border investment in the UK far exceeds that of any other country. TheUnited Kingdom is one
of the world?s greatest trading powers. The UK?s main trading partners are France, Germany, the
Netherlands and the United States. In addition, the United Kingdom is one of the United States?

Prisons and the UK Criminal Justice System
The ongoing role of prison within the UK Criminal Justice System is becoming increasingly
unclear. On the one hand in the 21st century, it is considered to be a "state strategy for crime
control, a deterrent for those contemplating crime and punitive response for those who have broken
laws"McAvinchey (2011 pg.10). On the other hand, it is also supposed to have a rehabilitative
purpose, the intended role of a prison is to rehabilitate the offender so that when they have completed
their prison sentence, they can be successfully rehabilitated back into the community and live a
crime free fulfilled life. Yet, when examining the vital statistics that underline an increase in prisoner
population, it is clearly apparent that the system neither...show more content...
HГёidal , a prison officer in Halden prison Norway 2012 explains
"Everyone who is imprisoned inside Norwegian prisons will be released and will go back to
society. We look at what kind of neighbour you want to have when they come out. If you stay in a
box for a few years, then you are not a good person when you come out. If you treat them hard...
well, we don't think that treating them hard will make them a better man. We don't think about
revenge in the Norwegian prison system. We have much more focus on rehabilitation", Guardian
newspaper (2012).
This focus on rehabilitation as opposed to punishment appears to have had positive effects, as
reoffending rates were less than 30% in 2013 in Norway, Guardian newspaper (2012). This was the
lowest reoffending rate in Europe in that year; it is currently half of the reoffending rates within the
UK. It could be said that this therapeutic type of prison is controversial, as one may argue that they
are not punishing offenders for the crimes that they have committed, with the belief that prison life
should not be enjoyable. Osbourne from the New York Times argues that prisons should not be a
place of enjoyment "if things are made... pleasant for convicts.. the result

The Economic System Of The Uk
Report by AI BING
The economic system in the UK, and evaluate its effectiveness.
Introduction
Firstly, British economy introduction. Secondly, the top field in the UK. Then is fortune global 500.
Finally, the economic impact to the people.
The British economy as an important trade entity, economic power and financial center, is the
world's fifth–biggest economy, is one also the world's most affluent, the most developed and one of
the highest living standards in the world. It is important that British capital London is one of the
world's two big international financial centers, along with New York. This report will discuss the
economic system in the UK, and evaluate its effectiveness. (Internations, 2016)
Content
The British economic system has six major categories. In agriculture, British agriculture is highly
concentrated, highly mechanized and efficiency is very high. In heavy industry, Britain has large
coal, natural gas and oil reserves. In tourist industry, Britain's tourism industry is very important,
each year more than 27 million Chinese tourists visit the UK, ranked seventh in the world. In
manufacturing industry, Britain status has declined but we still manufacture petroleum products,
computers, televisions and mobile phones. In service industry, particularly banking, finance,
shopping, insurance and business services as a share of GDP, the largest and leading status in the
world. In education, British education is a world leader include education and

Rising Inflation in the UK
Inflation; 'a situation in which prices rise in order to keep up with increased production costs...
result[ing] [in] the purchasing power of money fall[ing]' (Collin:101) is quickly becoming a problem
for the government of the United Kingdom in these post–recession years. The economic recovery,
essential to the wellbeing of the British economy, may be in jeopardy as inflation continues to rise,
reducing the purchasing power of the public. This, in turn, reduces demand for goods and services,
and could potentially plummet the UK back into recession. This essay discusses the causes of
inflation, policy options available to the UK government and the Bank of England (the central bank
of the UK responsible for monetary policy), and the effects...show more content...
In order to close this inflationary gap, the government should use deflationary FP. By decreeing
government spending (G), (therefore decreasing injections into AD), or increasing taxes (T),
(increasing withdrawals from the economy), disposable income of the population can be reduced,
and in turn AD can be decreased. In figure 3 the inflationary gap is shown, with the gap a–b
displaying E>Y and c–d displaying W>J at the full employment level of national income. Other
uses of FP include changing the tax system to provide more incentives to increase AS, or to alter
the distribution of income, again through increases in T. One major problem with FP is that it is
severely affected by time lags. Inflation is difficult to forecast, and in order to smooth out the
business cycle, policy must be implemented at the right time, and with the necessary magnitude. If
the policies implemented fail to work within these two limits, they could extend a boom period of
unstable growth, or deepen a recession further, and so must be carefully implemented. These policies
all work to combat inflation; however they could all prove detrimental to the British economy in it's
present state.
Monetary policy, 'The government's policy relating to the money supply, bank interest rates, and
borrowing' (Collin: 130), is another tool available to the government to control inflation. Figure 4
shows, that by increasing the interest rate (r), from r1 to r2, the supply of money (ms) is reduced
from Q1

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