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PC Hardware Servicing
Chapter 11: Disk Drive Interfaces
Chapter 11 Objectives
• Understand floppy drive interfaces
• Explain IDE and ATA standards
• Set jumpers for ATA drive installation
• Explain SCSI standards
• Set jumpers for SCSI drive installation
• Physically install hard drives
• Troubleshoot drive problems
Drive Interface Overview
• Floppy
• Integrated Device Electronics (IDE)
• Small Computer Systems Interface (SCSI)
• Universal Serial Bus (USB)
Drive Interface Controllers
Floppy Interface
• 34-pin connector and ribbon cable
• Usually labeled FDD
• Only one per motherboard
• Supports two drives (A and B)
Floppy Drive Cable
• Twist in a few
wires between
first and second
drive connectors
• Older cables may
have alternate
connector for
5.25” floppy drive
Floppy Drive Cable
IDE Interface
• 40-pin connector and ribbon cable
• Most motherboards have two
• Each supports two drives (for a total of 4)
• Hard disks, CD drives, ZIP drives, tape
backup drives
IDE Versions
• XT IDE (8-bit ISA): The original standard,
for XT computers. Obsolete
• MCA IDE (16-bit Micro Channel):
Proprietary standard by IBM. Obsolete
• ATA IDE (16-bit ISA): Current standard
ATA Versions
• ATA-1: The original standard
• ATA-2: Added support for other drives
than hard disks
• ATA-3: Added SMART error detection
• ATA-4: Introduced UltraDMA/33,
33MB/sec
ATA Versions
•ATA-5: UltraDMA/66, 66MB/sec
•ATA-6: UltraDMA/100, 100MB/sec
•ATA-7: UltraDMA/133, 133MB/sec
UltraDMA modes above /33
require 80-wire ribbon cable
ATA Ribbon Cables
Serial ATA
• High-speed serial connection between
motherboard and drive
• Serial cables can be longer than parallel
ones
• Cables are easier to work with
• Speeds of 150MB/sec and higher possible
Slave/Master Jumpers
• Two IDE devices per cable
• First drive is Master (if second drive is also
present) or Single (if alone)
• Not all drives distinguish between Master
and Single
• Second drive is Slave
• Cable Select setting relies on position on
ribbon cable to determine Master/Slave
status
Slave/Master Jumpers
Mixing IDE Drives
• On a single cable, all drives will revert to
slowest ATA standard (speed) that is in
common
• Example: UltraDMA/33 and UltraDMA/100
drives together will operate at 33MB/sec
SCSI Interface
• Small Computer Systems Interface
• Popular on high-end systems, servers
• More expensive than IDE
• Interface not built into most motherboards
• Requires controller card
• Serial ATA promises to further erode the
SCSI market
SCSI Advantages over IDE
• Historically, overall higher throughput
• Multiple SCSI drives can be chained
together (at least 7), making SCSI well
suited for RAIDs
• Drives on same bus can share bandwidth
better than IDE
Types of SCSI
• SCSI-1: The original
– 8-bit, 5Mhz bus
– Lack of standardization
– Device and expansion card typically
purchased together as proprietary pair
Types of SCSI
• SCSI-2: Standardized SCSI
– Standard 5MHz and Fast 10MHz
– Standard 8-bit width (standard or narrow)
– Wide 16-bit width
– Wide 32-bit width, never commercially
successful
SCSI-3: Ultra SCSI
• Fast-20: The original
– Ultra SCSI (8-bit, 20MBps)
– Ultra Wide (16-bit, 40MBps)
• Fast-40
– Ultra2 (8-bit, 40MBps)
– Ultra2 Wide (16-bit, 80MBps)
SCSI-3: Ultra SCSI (continued)
• Fast-80DT
(a.k.a. Ultra3, Ultra160, Ultra160+)
– 16-bit width
– Data transfer up to 160MBps
• Fast-160DT
(a.k.a. Ultra4, Ultra320)
– 16-bit width
– Data transfer up to 320MBps
SCSI IDs
• Each device has its own ID number
– On narrow SCSI (8-bit), 0 through 7
– On wide SCSI (16-bit), 0 through 15
• SCSI ID set with jumper or switch on
board, or in board’s built-in Setup utility
• Plug-and-Play SCSI ID assignment
available on most modern equipment
Setting SCSI Jumpers
• Set ID numbers with binary system of
numbering
• Pins numbered right to left (usually)
• On example below, ID is set to 5 (4 + 1)
SCSI Termination
• Both ends of SCSI chain must be
terminated
• If chain ends at adapter on one end,
jumper on adapter typically used
• Terminator can be internal or external
• Terminator can be active or passive
SCSI Termination
• Passive termination: Uses resistors to
block the signal
• Active termination: Uses voltage
regulators to block the signal. Much more
effective.
SCSI Termination
• Built-in versus separate
– Some SCSI devices have jumpers for built-in
termination
– A separate block can be attached for separate
termination
SCSI Termination
• Internal vs. external
– Internal terminator terminates an internal
SCSI chain (inside PC case)
– External terminator terminates an external
SCSI chain (outside PC case)
More Ways to Categorize SCSI
• Single-Ended: Standard (SE)
• Low-Voltage Differential (LVD)
– Greater speeds, more devices,
greater distance for chain
– All devices must support LVD,
and must use LVD termination;
otherwise devices revert to SE
performance
More Ways to Categorize SCSI
• High-Voltage Differential
(HVD)
– Incompatible with SE and LVD
– Allows greater maximum
distances
– Cannot be combined with any
other SCSI devices on a chain
– Must use HVD termination
Prepare a Drive
• Floppy: nothing required
• IDE: Set master/slave jumpers
• SCSI: Set SCSI ID jumpers and
termination if required
Mount the Drive in the Bay
(Internal)
Mount the Drive in the Bay
(External)
Install the SCSI Adapter
• SCSI only
• Set jumper on adapter for ID and
termination if required
• Install in PCI expansion slot
Connect Drive to Motherboard or
Adapter
• Red Stripe goes to Pin 1
• Cable might be keyed to match notch in
motherboard slot
Connect Ribbon Cable to Drive
Connect Power Supply to Drive
• Mini connector for floppy drives
• Molex connector for all other drives
BIOS Configuration
• Usually Plug-and-Play, no configuration
needed (except floppy drive)
• BIOS Setup will see drive immediately if
attached directly to motherboard
– Primary master, primary slave, secondary
master, secondary slave
• Drive must be partitioned before OS will
see it
Troubleshooting Dead Drive
• Snug all cables
• Check jumper settings
• Check for Pin 1 cable orientation
• Check BIOS setup to make sure interface
is enabled
• Try a different power supply connector
• Try a different ribbon cable
Other Common Problems
• Floppy light remains on
– Ribbon cable is backwards
• Drive content does not refresh (floppy)
– Broken wire #34 on floppy drive cable
• OS does not see drive
– Drive not partitioned yet

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Disk Drives Interfaces

  • 1. PC Hardware Servicing Chapter 11: Disk Drive Interfaces
  • 2. Chapter 11 Objectives • Understand floppy drive interfaces • Explain IDE and ATA standards • Set jumpers for ATA drive installation • Explain SCSI standards • Set jumpers for SCSI drive installation • Physically install hard drives • Troubleshoot drive problems
  • 3. Drive Interface Overview • Floppy • Integrated Device Electronics (IDE) • Small Computer Systems Interface (SCSI) • Universal Serial Bus (USB)
  • 5. Floppy Interface • 34-pin connector and ribbon cable • Usually labeled FDD • Only one per motherboard • Supports two drives (A and B)
  • 6. Floppy Drive Cable • Twist in a few wires between first and second drive connectors • Older cables may have alternate connector for 5.25” floppy drive
  • 8. IDE Interface • 40-pin connector and ribbon cable • Most motherboards have two • Each supports two drives (for a total of 4) • Hard disks, CD drives, ZIP drives, tape backup drives
  • 9. IDE Versions • XT IDE (8-bit ISA): The original standard, for XT computers. Obsolete • MCA IDE (16-bit Micro Channel): Proprietary standard by IBM. Obsolete • ATA IDE (16-bit ISA): Current standard
  • 10. ATA Versions • ATA-1: The original standard • ATA-2: Added support for other drives than hard disks • ATA-3: Added SMART error detection • ATA-4: Introduced UltraDMA/33, 33MB/sec
  • 11. ATA Versions •ATA-5: UltraDMA/66, 66MB/sec •ATA-6: UltraDMA/100, 100MB/sec •ATA-7: UltraDMA/133, 133MB/sec UltraDMA modes above /33 require 80-wire ribbon cable
  • 13. Serial ATA • High-speed serial connection between motherboard and drive • Serial cables can be longer than parallel ones • Cables are easier to work with • Speeds of 150MB/sec and higher possible
  • 14. Slave/Master Jumpers • Two IDE devices per cable • First drive is Master (if second drive is also present) or Single (if alone) • Not all drives distinguish between Master and Single • Second drive is Slave • Cable Select setting relies on position on ribbon cable to determine Master/Slave status
  • 16. Mixing IDE Drives • On a single cable, all drives will revert to slowest ATA standard (speed) that is in common • Example: UltraDMA/33 and UltraDMA/100 drives together will operate at 33MB/sec
  • 17. SCSI Interface • Small Computer Systems Interface • Popular on high-end systems, servers • More expensive than IDE • Interface not built into most motherboards • Requires controller card • Serial ATA promises to further erode the SCSI market
  • 18. SCSI Advantages over IDE • Historically, overall higher throughput • Multiple SCSI drives can be chained together (at least 7), making SCSI well suited for RAIDs • Drives on same bus can share bandwidth better than IDE
  • 19. Types of SCSI • SCSI-1: The original – 8-bit, 5Mhz bus – Lack of standardization – Device and expansion card typically purchased together as proprietary pair
  • 20. Types of SCSI • SCSI-2: Standardized SCSI – Standard 5MHz and Fast 10MHz – Standard 8-bit width (standard or narrow) – Wide 16-bit width – Wide 32-bit width, never commercially successful
  • 21. SCSI-3: Ultra SCSI • Fast-20: The original – Ultra SCSI (8-bit, 20MBps) – Ultra Wide (16-bit, 40MBps) • Fast-40 – Ultra2 (8-bit, 40MBps) – Ultra2 Wide (16-bit, 80MBps)
  • 22. SCSI-3: Ultra SCSI (continued) • Fast-80DT (a.k.a. Ultra3, Ultra160, Ultra160+) – 16-bit width – Data transfer up to 160MBps • Fast-160DT (a.k.a. Ultra4, Ultra320) – 16-bit width – Data transfer up to 320MBps
  • 23. SCSI IDs • Each device has its own ID number – On narrow SCSI (8-bit), 0 through 7 – On wide SCSI (16-bit), 0 through 15 • SCSI ID set with jumper or switch on board, or in board’s built-in Setup utility • Plug-and-Play SCSI ID assignment available on most modern equipment
  • 24. Setting SCSI Jumpers • Set ID numbers with binary system of numbering • Pins numbered right to left (usually) • On example below, ID is set to 5 (4 + 1)
  • 25. SCSI Termination • Both ends of SCSI chain must be terminated • If chain ends at adapter on one end, jumper on adapter typically used • Terminator can be internal or external • Terminator can be active or passive
  • 26. SCSI Termination • Passive termination: Uses resistors to block the signal • Active termination: Uses voltage regulators to block the signal. Much more effective.
  • 27. SCSI Termination • Built-in versus separate – Some SCSI devices have jumpers for built-in termination – A separate block can be attached for separate termination
  • 28. SCSI Termination • Internal vs. external – Internal terminator terminates an internal SCSI chain (inside PC case) – External terminator terminates an external SCSI chain (outside PC case)
  • 29. More Ways to Categorize SCSI • Single-Ended: Standard (SE) • Low-Voltage Differential (LVD) – Greater speeds, more devices, greater distance for chain – All devices must support LVD, and must use LVD termination; otherwise devices revert to SE performance
  • 30. More Ways to Categorize SCSI • High-Voltage Differential (HVD) – Incompatible with SE and LVD – Allows greater maximum distances – Cannot be combined with any other SCSI devices on a chain – Must use HVD termination
  • 31. Prepare a Drive • Floppy: nothing required • IDE: Set master/slave jumpers • SCSI: Set SCSI ID jumpers and termination if required
  • 32. Mount the Drive in the Bay (Internal)
  • 33. Mount the Drive in the Bay (External)
  • 34. Install the SCSI Adapter • SCSI only • Set jumper on adapter for ID and termination if required • Install in PCI expansion slot
  • 35. Connect Drive to Motherboard or Adapter • Red Stripe goes to Pin 1 • Cable might be keyed to match notch in motherboard slot
  • 37. Connect Power Supply to Drive • Mini connector for floppy drives • Molex connector for all other drives
  • 38. BIOS Configuration • Usually Plug-and-Play, no configuration needed (except floppy drive) • BIOS Setup will see drive immediately if attached directly to motherboard – Primary master, primary slave, secondary master, secondary slave • Drive must be partitioned before OS will see it
  • 39. Troubleshooting Dead Drive • Snug all cables • Check jumper settings • Check for Pin 1 cable orientation • Check BIOS setup to make sure interface is enabled • Try a different power supply connector • Try a different ribbon cable
  • 40. Other Common Problems • Floppy light remains on – Ribbon cable is backwards • Drive content does not refresh (floppy) – Broken wire #34 on floppy drive cable • OS does not see drive – Drive not partitioned yet