3. Pennisetum Sections (Stapf and C.E.Hubb)
Gymnotrix (22 sp)
Pennisetum (2 sp)
Penicillaria (7 sp)
Heterostachya (2 sp)
Brevivalvula (3 sp)
Synonyms for Pennisetum glaucum, include Pennisetum typhoides,
Pennisetum typhoidis, Pennisetum typhoideum, Pennisetum americanum,
Setaria glauca, Setaria lutescens, Panicum americanum, and Panicum
glaucum. but Pennisetum glaucum is the current officially accepted name.
Common names : bulrush millet, cat tail millet, candle millet, petit-millet
4. Basic sets X= 5,7,8,9
Number range 2n= 10-72
X=5
Lowest chromosome in P.ramosum ( 2n=2x=10)
X=7
P.glaucum (2n=2x=14)
P.schweinfurthii (2n=2x=14) – Wild of Pearl millet
P.purpureum (2n=4x=28)
X=8
P.massaicum (2n=16-32 )
X=9
All other species are having X=9
Highest chromosome in P.tempisquense ( 2n=2x=72)
Annual, Perennial, Sexual , A sexual and Apomitic species
CHROMOSOME CLASSIFICATION
5. Species x 2n Reproductive behaviour
Pennisetum sect. Pennisetum†
P. clandestinum 9 36 APO, SEX
P. flaccidum 9 18, 36 APO, SEX
P. foermeranum – –
P. glaucum 7 14 SEX
P. orientale 9 36, 45 APO, SEX
P. purpureum 7 27, 28 APO, SEX
P. setaceum 9 27, 54, 68 APO
P. sieberianum – –
P. villosum 9 18, 27, 36, 45, 54 APO
P. violaceum 7 14 SEX
Pennisetum sect. Heterostachya†
P. schweinfurthii 7 14 SEX
P. squamulatum 7 54, 56 APO
Pennisetum sect. Brevivalvula†
P. pedicellatum
9
24, 30, 32, 35, 36, 42, 45, 48,
53, 54
APO
P. polystachion subsp. polystachion
9
18, 24, 32, 36, 45, 48, 52, 53,
54, 56, 63, 78
APO
Chemisquy M A et al. Ann Bot 2010;106:107-130
Pennisetum spp Grouping
6.
7.
8.
9. (a), P. alopecuroides
(b), P. hohenackeri
(c), P. mollissimum
(d), P. mezianum
(e), P. orientale
(f), P. pedicelletum
(g), P. polystachyon
(h), P. purpurem
10. (i), P. ramosum (j), P. schweinfurthii (k), P. Setaceum (l), P. squamulatum (m)P.
villosum
20. Pearl millet cultivated samples formed a monophyletic group in
the eco-geo- graphical phylogenetic tree and presented only one
homogeneous group in the principal component analysis.
Oumar et al., TAG, (2008) 117:489–497
21. Our phylogeny and principal component analysis showed that the wild plants
from eastern Mali through north western Niger are the closest to the cultivated
group.
These wild populations span the area from the interior delta of Niger to the Air
Mountains. This result suggests that the cradle of pearl millet domestication
might be located somewhere in this rather large region.
A previous study based on iso-enzyme suggested a most western origin of
pearl millet domestication in Mauritania and Western Mali (Tostain 1992).
Mali and western Niger as the possible regions of domestication of pearl millet,
but this result should be regarded with caution. Climate and human settlement
have changed in Africa in the last 8,000 years
24. Reduction in pedicle length
Non shattering involucar
Paired spikelets
Increased grain size
Reduction of bristle length and awn size
Domestication Syndrome In Pearl Millet
38. Primary Secondary Tertiary
P. glaucum subspp.
glacum cultivars
and landraces
P. purpureum
All other species in
the genus
P. glaucum subsp.
Monodii ( Wild
annual)
P. squamulatum
P. glaucum subsp.
Stenostachyum
( Weedy form)
Gene Pool
C.Kole, 2011
54. Germplasm collection at ICRISAT, Hyderabad
Agency Active
collection
Base
Collection
Accessions
held in trust
ICRISAT, Hyderabad 21594 20343 21563
Backup collection at
ICRISAT, Regional
Station, Niamey,
Niger
5205
Svalbard Global
Seed Vault (SGSV)
~1000
55. Wild Species Genes of Agronomic Importance (GAI)
P. orientale Pest resistance, Winter hardiness, Drought
tolerance
P. glaucum ssp monodii Leaf spot resistance, Striga resistance
P. squamalatum Apospory-Specific Genomic Region (ASGR)
P. glaucum ssp. violaceum Av CMS, A4 CMS
P .pedicellatum, P.polystachion,
P.schweinfurthii
Downy mildew resistance
Utilization of CRW
56. Pennisetum purpureum (Napier grass)
rhizomatous & perennial
P.purpureum is with desirable traits
Resistance to most of the pests and diseases
Vigorous growth
Outstanding forage yield potential
Bajra Napier- Forage value
P.glaucm X P.purpureum complex crosses are possible
Napier grass readily crosses with pearl millet and
produces sterile triploid hybrids produces sterile triploid hybrids
FORAGE VALUE OF PEARL MILLET
57.
58.
59.
60. Pca21 and Pca24, were identified to play a
role during apomictic development in
Pennisetum ciliare or Cenchrus ciliaris (
Singh et al., 2007), although they can be
inherited independently of the ASGR.
Apospory-Specific Genomic Region (ASGR)
A synoptic geography of early agricultural developments and precursors in Africa. Shown are the modern distributions of wild Sorghum bicolor and Pennisetum glaucum with genetic connections to the domesticates (after Harlan, 1971; Tostian, 1992). The previously wetter conditions imply a northward shift in the Sahara–Sahel transition (see Gasse, 2000; Marshall and Hildebrand, 2002). Early Holocene ceramic-using forager sites based on Jesse (2003), and mid-Holocene pastoral sites based on Jousse (2004). Early evidence for wild sorghum gathering is indicated (based on Stemler, 1990; Barakat and Fahmy, 1999; Wasylikowa and Dahlberg, 1999). The spread of Near Eastern crops is indicated in the Nile Valley vis-à-vis the pre-ceramic Neolithic distribution in the Eastern Mediterranean. Sites with early pearl millet are numbered: 1, Dhar Tichitt sites (cited in D'Andrea and Casey, 2002); 2, Dhar Oualata sites (Amblard and Pernes, 1989); 3, Djiganyai (MacDonald et al., 2003); 4, Winde Koroji (MacDonald, 1996); 5, Karkarichinkat (cited in D'Andrea and Casey, 2002); 6, Ti-n-Akof (cited in D'Andrea and Casey, 2002); 7, Oursi (cited in D'Andrea and Casey, 2002); 8, Birimi (D'Andrea et al., 2001); 9, Ganjigana (Klee et al., 2004); 10, Kursakata (Zach and Klee, 2003). Historical sites with pearl millet metrical data: 11, Arondo (cited in Zach and Klee, 2003); 12, Jarma (Pelling, 2005); 13, Qasr Ibrim (Steele and Bunting, 1982).
