General properties of fungi, algae & protoza

2. General Properties of fungi, algae & Protozoa

3. A. FUNGI
General characters of fungi
 Fungi are the eukaryotic have true nucleus.
 These are unicellular or multicellular organisms,
 Most are filamentous.
 Have cell wall.
 Reproduce by sexually and asexually .
 All are achlorophyllous - They lack chlorophyll pigments and are incapable of
photosynthesis.
 All are chemoheterotrophic (chemo-organotrophic) - They utilize pre-existing organic sources

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 Saprobic fungi absorb nutrients from nonliving organisms.
 Parasitic fungi absorb nutrients from the cells of living hosts & can also
caused disease .
 Fungi cause 80% of plant diseases. i.e blights,
 Mutualistic fungi also absorb nutrients from a host organism, but they
reciprocate with functions that benefit their partner in some way.

5. REPRODUCTION
 Fungi reproduce sexually or asexually, or both, depending upon the
species and the environmental conditions.
 As the name implies, sexual reproduction is the result of the union of two
spores.
 Most fungi reproduce both sexually and asexually.
 The yeasts reproduce both by spores and by a process known as budding,
which is similar to binary fission.
 The yeast cell forms a small knoblike protrusion, or bud that separates
from the mother cell and grows until it reaches full size, at which time the
process is repeated.

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9. Disease Caused By Fungi
 Aspergillosis : caused by Aspergillus
 Blastomycosis : caused by Blastomyces
 Candidiasis : caused by Candida albicans
 Histoplasmosis : caused by Histoplasma

10. B. ALGAE
General characters of fungi Algae
 Meaning: The term algae has been derived from Latin word “ Alga” which means “ seaweed”.
 In Greek world “ Phycos” is used for algae.
 In 1753 Linnaenus was discovered the Algae.
 Algae are eukaryotes have (cells organelles).
 Algae belong to the Kingdom Protista
 Largely aquatic (both fresh water, marine pond, river, lakes) organisms.
 They occur in a variety of other habitats: moist stones, soils and wood.
 Some of them also occur in association with fungi (lichen) and animals.

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 They are Autotrophic, prepared their own food in the presence of sun
light.
 They have chlorophyll.
 Algae are mostly photosynthetic, like plants:
 Have 4 kinds of photosynthetic pigments
 Many accessory pigments – blue, red, brown, gold
 Require moist environments.

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 Can be microscopic or macroscopic:
size ranges from bacteria size to 50 meters long!
 Lack vascular (conducting) tissues –
No xylem or phloem
 No true roots, stems or leaves
 Modes of sexual reproduction:
 Both sexual and asexual

13. Commercial Uses Of Algae
 Algin – a thickening agent for food processing (brown algae)
 Iodine (brown algae)
 Carrageenan – foods, ice cream, toothpaste (red algae)
 Agar – for growth media used in research (red algae)
 As food – red and brown algae

14. Harmful Algae
 Excessive growth of algae causes:
 Closing of water ways, streams and pipes.
 Makes the water taste bad.
 Can be toxic for human, animals as well as also for aquatic environment
 “Red tides” caused by
dinoflagellates

15. Diseases Caused By Algae
 amnesic shellfish poisoning – ASP (domoic acid)
Caused by diatom Pseudo-nitzschia. Dinoflagellates
 Ciguatera fish poisoning – CFP Gamberidiscus toxicus
 Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning – DSP Dinophysis
 Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning – NSP Gymnodinium breve
 Paralytic shellfish poisoning – PSP species of Alexandrium


16. 3. PROTOZOA
General characters of Protozoa
 Protozoa are eukaryotic microorganisms.
 They are unicellular and microscopic.
 Have no cell wall.
 Some genera have cells surrounded by hard shells, while the cells of other genera are
enclosed only in a cell membrane.
 Most protozoa have a single nucleus, but some have both a macronucleus and one or
more micronuclei.
 Protozoa are heterotrophic microorganisms.
 Protozoa are motile and can move through flagella or cilia.

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 They usually lack the capability for photosynthesis, although the genus
Euglena is renowned for motility as well as photosynthesis.
 Although most protozoa reproduce by asexual methods, sexual
reproduction has been observed in several species.
 Habitats : Found in moist in moist areas.
 Also found an environment, soil, plants and decaying organic matter.
 Some species are parasites of human, animals and plants.

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Many protozoal species move independently by one of three types of
locomotors organelles: flagella, cilia, and pseudopodia.

19. REPRODUCTION
Asexual
 Binary Fission - one nuclear division gives rise to two daughter cells
 Budding - outgrowth of a mature cell grows and becomes a new daughter
cell.

20. SEXUAL
 Conjugation tube is developed in between to opposite cells.
 Exchanged of genetic materials.
 Conjugation - cells that have undergone a reduction division fuse,
exchange haploid micronuclei, and separate - each gives rise to two
daughter cells.

21. Sexual Reproduction

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1. African trypanosomiasis : also known as African sleeping sickness, is
caused by parasitic protozoan of the genus Trypanosoma.
2. Leishmaniasis: Leshmaniases are complex diseases caused by different
species of the genus Leishmania.
3. Toxoplasmosis: Toxoplasmosis is caused by an obligate intracellular
protozoan Toxoplasma gondii.
4. Giardiasis: caused by Giardia

23. END
Date: 7Th JANUARY, 2019, MONDAY
AMJAD KHAN AFRIDI