2. OUTLINE
โข EBIT โ EPS Analysis
โข ROI โ ROE Analysis
โข Ratio Analysis
โข Leverage Analysis
โข Cash Flow Analysis
โข Comparative Analysis
โข Guidelines for Capital Structure Planning
โข Capital Structure Policies in Practice
ยฉ Centre for Financial Management , Bangalore
3. EBIT โ EPS ANALYSIS
The relationship between EBIT and EPS is as follows:
(EBIT โ I) (1 โ t)
EPS =
n
ยฉ Centre for Financial Management , Bangalore
4. EARNINGS PER SHARE UNDER
ALTERNATIVE FINANCING PLANS
Equity Financing
Debt Financing
EBIT : 2,000,000 EBIT : 4,000,000 EBIT : 2,000,000
Interest
Profit before taxes
Taxes
Profit after tax
Number of equity
shares
Earnings per share
EBIT : 4,000,000
2,000,000
1,000,000
1,000,000
4,000,000
2,000,000
2,000,000
1,400,000
600,000
300,000
300,000
1,400,000
2,600,000
1,300,000
1,300,000
2,000,000
0.50
2,000,000
1.00
1,000,000
0.30
1,000,000
1.30
ยฉ Centre for Financial Management , Bangalore
5. BREAK-EVEN EBIT LEVEL
The EBIT indifference point between two alternative
financing plans can be obtained by solving the following
equation for EBIT*
(EBIT *โ I1) (1 โ t)
(EBIT *โ I2) (1 โ t)
=
n1
n2
ยฉ Centre for Financial Management , Bangalore
6. ROI โ ROE ANALYSIS
ROE = [ROI + (ROI โ r) D/E] (1 โ t)
where ROE = return on equity
ROI = return on investment
r
= cost of debt
D/E = debt-equity ratio
t
= tax rate
ยฉ Centre for Financial Management , Bangalore
7. LEVERAGE ANALYSIS
โข There are two kinds of leverage, viz., operating leverage and
financial leverage.
โข Operating leverage arises from the firmโs fixed operating
costs.
โข Financial leverage arises from the firmโs fixed financing
costs.
ยฉ Centre for Financial Management , Bangalore
8. INCOME STATEMENT FORMAT
Sales
Operating
leverage
Financial
leverage
Less: Variable costs
Less: Fixed operating costs
Contribution before interest and tax
Less: Interest on debt
Profit before tax
Less: Tax
Profit after tax
Less: Preferred dividend
Equity earnings
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Total
leverage
9. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS
PBIT
= Q (P โ V) โ F
PAT
= (PBIT โ I) ( 1 โ T)
EPS
=
(PBIT โ I) (1 โ T) โ Dp
N
= [Q (P โ V) โ F โ I] (1 โ T) โ Dp
N
ยฉ Centre for Financial Management , Bangalore
10. OPERATING LEVERAGE
The sensitivity of profit before interest and taxes (PBIT) to
changes in unit sales is referred to as the degree of
operating leverage (DOL).
ฮ PBIT/PBIT
DOL =
ฮQ/Q
Q (P โ V)
=
Q (P โ V) โ F
Contribution
=
Profit before interest and
tax
ยฉ Centre for Financial Management , Bangalore
11. FINANCIAL LEVERAGE
The sensitivity of profit before tax (or profit after tax or
earnings per share) to changes in PBIT is referred to as the
degree of financial leverage.
ฮ PBT / PBT
DFL =
PBIT
=
ฮ PBIT / PBIT
PBIT โ I
Profit before interest and tax
=
Profit before tax
ยฉ Centre for Financial Management , Bangalore
12. TOTAL LEVERAGE
The sensitivity of profit before tax (or profit after tax or
earnings per share) to changes in unit sales is referred to
as the degree of total (or combined) leverage (DTL).
ฮ PBT / PBT
DTL =
Q (P โ V)
=
ฮQ/Q
=
PBIT โ T
Contribution
Profit before tax
DTL = DOL x DFL
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13. RATIO ANALYSIS
Interest Coverage Ratio
Earnings before interest and taxes
Interest on debt
ย Cash Flow Coverage Ratio
EBIT + Depreciation + Other non-cash charges
Interest on debt
+
Loan repayment instalment
(1 โ Tax rate)
ยฉ Centre for Financial Management , Bangalore
14. RATIO ANALYSIS
n
โ PATi + DEPi + INTi + Li
i=1
DSCR =
n
โ INTi + LRIi + Li
i=1
where
DSCR = debt service coverage ratio
PATi = profit after tax for year i
DEPi = depreciation for year i
INTi = interest on long-term loan for year i
LRIi = loan repayment instalment for year i
Li
= lease rental for year i
= period of the loan
n
ยฉ Centre for Financial Management , Bangalore
15. CASH FLOW ANALYSIS
The key question in assessing the debt capacity of a firm is
whether the probability of default associated with a certain
level of debt is acceptable to the management. The cash
flow analysis establishes the debt capacity by examining
the probability of default.
ยฉ Centre for Financial Management , Bangalore
16. INVENTORY OF RESOURCES
It would be helpful to supplement cash flow analysis by
estimating potential sources of liquidity available to the
firm to meet possible cash drains. These sources, as
suggested by Gordon Donaldson, may be divided into three
categories:
โข Uncommitted reserves
โข Reduction of planned outlays
โข Liquidation of assets
ยฉ Centre for Financial Management , Bangalore
17. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
โข A common approach to analysing the capital structure of
a firm is to compare its debt-equity ratio to the average
debt-equity ratio of the industry to which the firm
belongs.
โข Since the firms in an industry may differ on factors like
operating risk, profitability, and tax status it makes
sense to control for differences in these variables.
ยฉ Centre for Financial Management , Bangalore
18. GUIDELINES FOR CAPITAL
STRUCTURE PLANNING
โข Avail of the tax advantage of debt
โข Preserve flexibility
โข Ensure that the total risk exposure is reasonable
โข Examine the control implications of alternative financing
plans
โข Subordinate financial policy to corporate strategy
โข Mitigate potential agency costs
ยฉ Centre for Financial Management , Bangalore
19. GUIDELINES FOR CAPITAL
STRUCTURE PLANNING
โข Resort to timing judiciously
โข Finance proactively not reactively
โข Know the norms of lenders and credit rating agencies
โข Issue innovative securities
โข Widen the range of financing sources
โข Communicate intelligently with investors
ยฉ Centre for Financial Management , Bangalore
20. CAPITAL STRUCTURE POLICIES
Five common policies are:
A. No debt should be used
B. Debt should be employed to a very limited extent
C. The debt-equity ratio should be maintained around 1:1
D. The debt-equity ratio should be kept within 2:1
E. Debt should be tapped to the extent available
ยฉ Centre for Financial Management , Bangalore