This document outlines accounting procedures for home office and branch operations. It discusses how transactions between the home office, branches, and sales agencies are recorded. Specific topics covered include establishing branches, allocating expenses between the home office and branches, reconciling reciprocal accounts, and eliminating unrealized intercompany profits from inventory shipped between locations billed at a price above cost. The document provides examples of journal entries for common transactions and observations on key accounting concepts.

1. Practical Accounting 2
Advance Financial Accounting Vol. 2

2. Advance Accounting Vol. 2
1. Home Office and Branch Accounting –
General Procedures
2. Home Office and Branch Accounting – Special
Problems
3. Business Combinations
4. Consolidated Balance Sheet – Date of
Acquisition
5. Consolidated Financial Statements

3. Advance Accounting Vol. 2
6. Intercompany Profit Transactions –
Inventories
7. Intercompany Gain Transactions – Plant
Assets
8. Accounting For Foreign Currency Transactions
9. Translation of Foreign Entity Statements

4. Advance Accounting Vol. 2
1. Home Office and Branch Accounting –
General Procedures
Accounting for Sales Agency
1. Determine NOT Separately the Net Income
2. Determine Separately the Net Income

5. Advance Accounting Vol. 2
1. Sales Agency - Determine NOT Separately
the Net Income
The transactions of the Sales agency are
recorded in the Home Office's own revenue
and expense accounts.
When the Home Office transfers fixed assets
to Sales Agency.

6. Advance Accounting Vol. 2
1. Sales Agency - Determine Separately the
Net Income

7. Transactions Home Office Books (Entries)
Working Fund Established Working Fund - Sales Agency xx
Cash xx
Shipped Merchandise to Agency as Samples Inventory - Agency xx
samples Shipments TO Agency xx
Filled Sales orders from Agency Accounts Receivable xx
Sales - Agency xx
Cost of Inventory Identified COGS - Agency xx
Shipments TO Agency xx
[ if Periodic]
COGS - Agency xx
Merchandise Inventory xx
[ if Perpetual]
Replenishment of Working Fund Various Expense Accounts xx
Cash xx
To Close Revenue and Expense Sales - Agency xx
COGS - Agency xx
Various Expense Accounts xx
Income - Agency xx
To close Income Summary Account Agency Income xx
Income Summary xx

8. Advance Accounting Vol. 2
Observation
At the end of accounting period, the account Shipments
of Merchandise - Agency is deducted from the total of
Beginning Inventory and Purchases to determine the
GAS by the home office for its operations.
Sales Agency neither keeps a complete set of books nor
uses a double entry systems accounts. An Imprest
System is usually adopted by the Home Office for the
working fund of the sales agency.
THEY MAINTAIN SAMPLES INVENTORY

9. Advance Accounting Vol. 2
Accounting for Branch
Asset/ExpensetoBranch
(Investment)
xx Asset/ExpensefromBranch xx
(Withdrawal)
BranchProfit
xx BranchLoss xx
HomeOfficeBooks
InvestmentinBranch HomeOffice
BranchBooks
xx xx
xx xx

10. InvestmentinBranch xx Cash xx
Cash xx PPE xx
PPE xx HomeOffice xx
Advance Accounting Vol. 2
TRANSACTIONS
Established of Branch
Recognition of Branch Income or Loss
InvestmentinBranch xx IncomeSummary xx
Branchincome xx HomeOffice xx

11. Purchases xx
NO ENTRY Accounts Payable xx
Advance Accounting Vol. 2
Merchandise Shipments to a Branch:
From Outside Parties:
From Home Office Billed at Cost with Freight Charges:
InvestmentinBranch xx ShipmentsfromHO xx
ShipmentstoBranch xx Freight-In xx
Cash xx HomeOffice xx

12. PPE - Branch xx NO ENTRY
Cash xx
InvestmentinBranch xx PPE xx
Cash xx HomeOffice xx
Advance Accounting Vol. 2
Branch PPE
Case A: Plant Assets are recorded in the books of the
Branch but purchased by the Home Office for the
Branch
Case B: Plant Assets are recorded in the books of the
Home Office but purchased by the Home Office for
the Branch

13. PPE-Branch xx HomeOffice xx
InvestmentinBranch xx Cash xx
Advance Accounting Vol. 2
Case C: Plant Asset are recorded in the books of the
Home Office but purchased by the Branch for the
Branch

14. Advance Accounting Vol. 2
Observation
1. Freight Costs incurred in shipping merchandise
from the HO to Branch become part of the cost of
the branch inventory.
2. Shipments to Branch is subtracted from the total
of beginning inventory and purchases in the
computation of home office's COGS for the period.
3. Shipments from Home Office account on the
branch books is included in the computation of the
branch's COGS as an addition to purchases.

15. Advance Accounting Vol. 2
Observation
4. The HO Shipments to Branch and branch Shipments
from HO account are nominal accounts and
therefore closed at the end of the period to
Income Summary account together with the
revenue and expense accounts.

16. Advance Accounting Vol. 2
TRANSACTIONS
Apportionment of Expenses:
Utilities Expenses (Expenses incurred by branch and billed to HO
account)
Depreciation Expenses (Branch Plant Assets carried on HO books)
Advertising Expenses (Allocated to Branch)
InvestmentinBranch xx UtilitiesExpenses xx
UtilitiesExpenses xx DepreciationExpenses xx
DepreciationExpenses xx AdvertisingExpenses xx
AdvertisingExpenses xx HomeOffice xx

17. Advance Accounting Vol. 2
Observation
Not Only Assets can be transferred BUT ALSO the
allocated expenses.
Elimination Entries:
Reciprocal Accounts: Home Office xx
Investment in Branch xx
Shipments of Merchandise Shipments TO Branch xx
Shipments FROM ho xx

18. RECONCILIATION OF RECIPROCAL ACCOUNTS
(Common Errors)
Balances Before Adjustments xx xx
Additions:
(1) Merchandise Shipped to Branch
STILL IN TRANSIT xx
(4) Receivable of HO collected by
Branch xx
Total xx xx
Deductions:
(2) Receivable of Branch collected
by Home Office (xx)
(3) Office Equipment purchased by
the branch (xx)
(5) Errormade by branch in recording
expenses. xx
Adjusted Balances xx xxMUST BE EQUAL
Investment in Branch Home Office

19. Advance Accounting Vol. 2
2. SPECIAL PROBLEMS - BRANCH ACCOUNTING
1. Merchandise Shipments to Branch at price in
excess of cost, @ billed price
2. Inter-branch Transfers of Cash
3. Inter-branch transfer of Merchandise.

20. Advance Accounting Vol. 2
2. SPECIAL PROBLEMS - BRANCH ACCOUNTING
1. Merchandise Shipments to Branch at price in
excess of cost, @ billed price
When billings to the branch exceed cost, the
profits determined by the branch will be less than
actual profits.
Inventories reported by the branch are overstated
in as much as they were valued based on the billed
price, NOT THEIR COST.

21. Advance Accounting Vol. 2
Investment in Branch xx Shipments from HO xx
Shipments to Branch xx Home Office xx
Allowance for Overvaluation xx
of Branch Inventory
To Close:
Allowance for Overvaluation
of Branch Inventory xx NO ENTRY
Branch Income xx
Home Office Books Branch Books
Investment in Branch Home Office

22. Advance Accounting Vol. 2
FORMULA:
ApproachA
REALIZEDPROFIT= CostofGoodsSoldbyBranch BalanceofAllowancefor
GoodAvailableforSale OvervaluationofBranchInventory
(acquiredfromHO) (UnrealizedProfit)
X

23. Advance Accounting Vol. 2
Approach B
Balance of Allowance for Overvaluation
of Branch Inventory Account(Unrealized Profit) xx
Less: Overvaluation of Ending Inventory(Branch)
Billed Price xx
Cost [Billed Price / (1+ Mark Up %)] (xx) (xx)
Realized Profit xx

24. Advance Accounting Vol. 2
Observation
Home Office records the overvaluation.
Allowance for Overvaluation of Branch Inventory is also called Unrealized Profit in
Branch Inventory.
Branch Income is NOT CLOSE to Investment in Branch; might result to unbalanced
amount.
Only the reported income or loss of branch is closed to Investment in Branch.
Allowance for Overvaluation will remain until the shipment is shifted is reshipped or
sold by the branch to outsiders. (Unrealized → Realized Profit)

25. Advance Accounting Vol. 2
Elimination Entries:
Reciprocal Accounts: Home Office xx
Investment in Branch xx
Transfer of Merchandise between Home Office & Branch
Shipments TO Branch xx
Allowance for Overvaluation
of Branch Inventory xx
Shipments FROM ho xx
To carry the Inventory (Branch) @ Cost
Inventory End (Income Statement) xx
Inventory End (Balance Sheet) xx

26. Advance Accounting Vol. 2
Observation
On the 1st year, the elimination of the intercompany
shipments requires the complete elimination of
Unrealized Profit account, because there's NO
Beginning Inventory.

27. Advance Accounting Vol. 2
TREATMENT OF BEGGINNING BILLED ABOVE COST
Tableinbringingthecost of inventory@COST
BILLEDPRICE COST OVERVALUATION
Beg.Inventory xx xx xx
Add:ShipmentsfromHomeOffice xx xx xx
AvailableForSale xx xx xx Unrealized Profit
Less:EndingInventory (xx) (xx) (xx)
Cost of GoodsSold xx xx xx Realized Profit

28. Advance Accounting Vol. 2
ApproachA
(GAS@BilledPrice-EndingInvty@BilledPrice)
REALIZEDPROFIT= CostofGoodsSoldbyBranch BalanceofAllowancefor
GoodAvailableforSale OvervaluationofBranchInventory
(acquiredfromHO) (UnrealizedProfit)
(Beg.Inventory@BilledPrice+
ShipmentsfromHO@BilledPrice)
X

29. Advance Accounting Vol. 2
Approach B
GAS Overvaluation xx
Less: Overvaluation of Ending Inventory(Branch)
Billed Price of Ending Inventory xx
Cost of Ending Inventory (xx) (xx)
Realized Profit xx

30. Advance Accounting Vol. 2
Observation
Realized Profit is the amount that Branch Net Income
is Understated
Concern means TRUE

31. Advance Accounting Vol. 2
TRANSACTIONS BETWEEN BRANCHES
Inter-branch Transfers of Cash
Accounting Rule: The Branch will clear such transfer
through its Home Office Account
Transactions:
HomeOffice BranchABooks BranchBBooks
Investmentin
BranchB xx HomeOffice xx Cash xx
Investmentin Cash xx HomeOffice xx
BranchA xx

32. Advance Accounting Vol. 2
Inter-branch Transfers of Merchandise
Accounting Rule:
Branches SHOULD NOT CARRY an account with another
branch but should be clear the transfer through its
Home Office account.
Freight on Goods received by the branch directly from HO
are properly included in the cost of branch inventory,
but the transfer of merchandise from one branch to
another does not justify increasing the inventory value
by the additional freight costs incurred because of the
indirect routing
Excess freight costs should be absorbed by the Home
Office and treated as Expense.

33. Advance Accounting Vol. 2
Explanation to the Accounting Rule:
Recording as an expense the excess freight cost on
merchandise transferred from one branch to
another is a manifestation of the accounting
principle that losses should be given prompt
recognition.
The excess freight cost arising from such shipments
generally is a result of inefficient planning of
original shipments and therefore should not be
included in inventories.

34. Transactions:
Home Office Branch X Books Branch Y Books
Shipment of Merchandise
Investment in Shipments from HO xx Shipments from HO xx
Branch X xx Freight-In xx Freight-In xx
Shipment to Home Office xx Home Office xx
Branch X xx
Cash (freight) xx
Order to Transfer
Shipment to xx Home Office xx
Branch X Shipments from HO xx
Shipment to xx Freight-In xx
Branch Y Cash xx
Investment in Brach Y xx
Interbranch Freight Expense xx
Investment in Brach Y xx

35. Advance Accounting Vol. 2
Branch True Income Statement (T-account)
Branch Beg. Inventory Sales xx
at Billed Price xx
Branch Ending Inventory
Purchases from Outsiders xx at Billed Price xx
Shipments from HO Branch Beg. Inventory
at Billed Price xx [Unrealized Profit] xx
Operating Expenses xx Shipments from HO
Freight-In xx [Unrealized profit] xx
Branch End Inventory xx
[Unrealized Profit]
TRUE LOSS TRUE PROFIT
Investment in Branch

36. Advance Accounting Vol. 2
Sales xx
Beginning Inventory xx Ending Inventory xx
Purchases xx Shipments to Branch xx
Freight-In xx Branch Income xx
Operating Expenses xx
Branch Loss xx
COMBINED LOSS COMBINED INCOME
HOME OFFICE

37. Advance Accounting Vol. 2
NOTE:
BILLED PRICE:
Shipments FROM Home Office
Shipments TO Branch
Realization of % mark-up xx Beginning Balance xx
on merchandise sold by branch (Mark-up on Beg. Inventory)
(mark up beg. & shipment from
HO inventories) Mark-up on merchandise xx
shipped to branch during
current year.
Ending Balance xx
(mark-up on ending inventory)
Allowance for Overvaluation of Branch Inventory

38. End Of Home and Branch Accounting