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GEORGIA KNOWLEDGE 
REPOSITORY MEETING 
COMO2014, Augusta 
Karen Calhoun 
October 2, 2014 
1 
Networking repositories 
Optimizing impact 
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd-nc/1.0/ 
Link to Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/amarintha/networking-repositories-optimizing-impact-georgia-knowledge-repository-meeting
Topics today 
Why repositories are important 
o Value/positive impact up to now 
oWhat is or could be in them 
o Reasons to get excited about repositories going forward 
Challenges of repositories 
o Content 
o Visibility and reach 
o Little to no “social life” 
Solutions / opportunities for repositories (optimizing 
impact) 
o “Networking” – recruiting content, enhancing visibility, interaction 
2
WHY REPOSITORIES ARE IMPORTANT 
3 
arXiv.org 
Source of traffic analysis: http://compete.com (US data only)
A lightning introduction to 
repositories 
Dictionary definition: 
◦ A place or container where things can be deposited for storage or 
safekeeping 
A key outcome of the first decade of digital library research 
and practice (1991-2001) 
Most are open access (online, free of charge, free of most 
copyright and licensing restrictions) 
Three kinds of repos: 
Subject-based (centered on a subject, discipline or a group of these) 
Institutionally-based (centered on the intellectual output of an 
institution) 
Meta-repositories (repository of repositories, like GKR) 
4
How Many Repositories 
Worldwide? 
We don’t know, 
but … 
Repository66.org 
(shown) tracks 
3,045 repos … 
containing 
12.3 million items 
ROAR.org tracks 
3,787 
OpenDOAR.org 
tracks 2,760 
5 
40% or more of registered repos use the DSpace repository platform
The Value of Repositories Up 
to Now 
Improved discoverability and public accessibility of scholarly 
information (broad access for more people) 
◦ Repos are routinely crawled and indexed by search engines (Google and Google 
Scholar) – Items reach a broad audience; downloaded often 
◦ Growing number of open access versions of articles 
◦ In a sample of 2500+ articles from subscription-based journals, 38% had open access versions – and 
Google/Google Scholar located over ¾ of them (Norris, Oppenheim, Rowland 2008) 
Open exchange between systems – interoperability, remixing, re-use, 
disclosure, dissemination (“networking”) 
Centralized, easier access to hard-to-find content 
◦ Repos contain not only pre-prints and post-prints of articles, but reports and working papers, teaching 
and learning materials, presentations, conference proceedings, media, student work … 
Long-term access to materials (preservation) 
6
7 
Networking repositories
Getting Attention on the Web 
8 
“You Are What You Link” 
Source: Adamic and Adar 2001
Discoverability: Integrated and 
Decentralized 
Integrated discoverability 
“The Libraries will need a [pre-indexed] system or service layer that 
integrates metadata from internal, external, owned, licensed, and 
freely-available data sources selected by library staff” (Hanson et al. 
2011) 
Decentralized discoverability 
“The Libraries should generate … metadata for local collections and 
data sources that can be exported, harvested, or made available for 
crawling by external systems.” (Hanson et al. 2011) 
9
An Example of Best Practice (you 
are what you link)! 
10
11
Integrated 
Discovery 
12 
Content 
from 
Creators 
and Their 
Agents 
Local Catalog 
Local 
Repositories 
Locally 
managed 
resources 
Feeds from 
other sources 
(fee or free) 
Local 
discovery 
layer 
Decentralized Discoverability 
Uploaded/harvested/crawled 
/indexed metadata & links 
Library 
cooperative 
commons 
services and 
registries 
GALILEO 
Search engines 
(Google, Google 
Scholar) 
National, 
National, 
international, and 
domain-specific 
collections and 
international, and 
domain-specific 
collections and 
National, 
international, 
and domain-specific 
services 
services 
collections and 
services 
GKR 
Georgia DL 
DPLA
What’s in repositories today? 
Source: Calhoun, K. (2014). Exploring Digital Libraries. p. 95. 13
Some additional reasons to get excited 
about repositories (and what they might 
contain) 
Support particular teaching and learning environments 
◦ Example: Science Education Resource Center at Carleton College (http://serc.carleton.edu) 
◦ Example: Seaside Research Portal at Notre Dame University (https://seaside.library.nd.edu/) 
Collect and showcase faculty, student or other local work or events 
◦ Example: Bucknell University institutional repository, e.g., Faculty Colloquia speaker series 
(http://digitalcommons.bucknell.edu/fac_coll/) 
◦ Example: Franklin & Marshall College student honors theses (https://dspace.fandm.edu/ Select 
“college library”) 
◦ Example: Hurricane Digital Memory Bank (http://hurricanearchive.org) 
Expose special collections of institutional significance to a larger 
audience 
◦ Example: Franklin & Marshall College yearbooks (https://dspace.fandm.edu/ Select “college 
library”) 
Expose and preserve Georgia local and family history 
◦ Georgia HomePLACE and the Digital Library of Georgia (http://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/; see also 
http://dp.la/info/hubs/) 
14
THE CHALLENGES OF REPOSITORIES 
15 
“If a network-based service’s 
intended communities do 
not actively engage and 
participate, the service will 
die.”* 
*Calhoun, K. (2014). Exploring Digital Libraries. p. 180.
A repository should not be a 
solution looking for a problem 
to solve 
16 
Source: Cf. Rieger 2008, under section 2
Problems of institutional 
repositories 
Visibility and reach (low awareness and 
recognition) 
Weak understanding of community needs and 
attitudes, work practices, motivators 
Difficulty articulating the value 
Difficulty recruiting content 
Read-only (“web 1.0”) 
Often conceived of as “destination sites” only 
(rather than as assets to be networked) 
17
Low awareness of institutional 
repository 
92.7% 
75.8% 
57.2% 
100.0% 
80.0% 
60.0% 
40.0% 
20.0% 
0.0% 
D-Scholarship@Pitt 
Unaware undergrads Unaware grad/PhD Unaware faculty 
18 
Source: Calhoun and Fudrow 2014, detail of slide 16; see also Moore 2011
Subject-Based Repositories 
In general, subject-based repositories have been more 
successful at attracting submissions and use 
World ranking of 
1,746 web 
repositories, January 
2014 
Source: 
repositories.webometrics.info 
19
Successful Subject 
Repositories: 
Are woven into the way their disciplines 
communicate: 
 Readers/researchers: where they look for information, 
see what’s been or will be published, look for 
collaborators 
 Writers/contributors: where they “register” their work 
(and establish claims to discoveries), where they first 
share their work with colleagues for comment/review 
Had a strong community orientation at inception and 
have a high degree of trust and participation at 
maturity 
20 
Cf. Erway 2012
Needs Assessment: the exception 
rather than the rule 
WHY DO IT 
Understand the context of potential 
use 
Understand workflows and work 
practices, preferences, beliefs of 
potential depositors 
Identify use cases 
Generate awareness 
Understand how to talk about 
repositories to those who will 
contribute content 
◦ (how does the repository solve their 
problems?) 
WHO HAS DONE IT 
Almost no one 
Exceptions: 
◦ St Jean et al. 2011 (the IR as a local 
resource) 
◦ Maness, Miaskiewicz and Sumner 
2008 (IR “personas”) 
◦ Moore 2011 (faculty attitudes and 
practices) 
◦ Palmer, Teffeau and Newton 2008 
(problems an IR might solve for 
faculty) 
21
Content recruitment: A critical measure of 
engagement and participation 
22 
Ratio of 
amount of content in 
the repository 
content that could 
reasonably be expected 
to be there
How big are they vs. how big 
should they be? 
“If all of the tenured academic research active staff at 
a UK university deposited all of their annual output 
(papers, presentations, learning materials, etc.) in the 
institutional repository, deposits would be in the 
range of 10,000 items per year” (Carr and Brody 
2007) 
23
Some Size Comparisons 
Name of Repository No. of items (year reported) World 
Ranking* 
arXiv.org 971,292 (2014) 1 
Research Papers in 
400,000 (2014) 4 
Economics (RePEc) 
University of California 
eScholarship 
74,678 (2014) 6 
AgEcon Search 78,467 (2014) 9 
DSpace@MIT 74,986 (2014) 18 
SMARTech (Georgia 
46,520 (2014) 67 
Tech) 
Athenaeum (U. of Ga.) 14,204 (2014) 587 
24 
Sources: Cybermetrics Lab, OpenDOAR 
http://repositories.webometrics.info/en/World; data as of July 2014; 1,983 
repositories tracked
“Social” repositories? 
People used to social sites bring their expectations with 
them when they approach repositories, but … 
Most repositories continue to operate from a traditional, 
collections-centered, “siloed” service model 
The social nature and roles of a library are typically lost – 
repositories and other digital libraries are mostly read-only 
(“web 1.0”) 
“Social” platforms are active, open, gregarious and “chatty” 
with people, organizations, other software, servers, apps … 
 A repository that incorporates social web approaches 
continues to be the exception rather than the rule 
25
An Experiment at Teachers 
College, Columbia University 
26 
“Institutional repositories may garner greater community 
participation by shifting the focus from library goals … 
to one that focuses on building localized teaching and 
learning communities …” (Cocciolo 2010)
Networking 
Repositories - Some Bad News 
Low Indexing Ratios (Google Scholar) 
A large proportion of repository traffic comes from 
Google Scholar 
AND 
“Search engine optimization (SEO) research 
conducted at the University of Utah has revealed that 
many institutional repositories have a low indexing 
ratio [average 30%] in Google Scholar.” (Arlitsch and 
O’Brien 2012) 
EEK! 
27
Networking 
Repositories - Some Good News 
GALILEO attracts a good deal of attention on the Web 
AND 
The inclusion of the Georgia Knowledge Repository in the 
GALILEO discovery environment should be A GOOD THING! 
28 
galileo.usg.edu 
Source: compete.com, 
9/24/2014 
Unique visitors per month 
Range from ~75K to ~200K
29 
Optimizing impact
The starting point: Working with a 
“mess” … holistically 
30 
“Repositories and services often exist in this sort of mess. Not as a 
result of any failing or sloppiness on the part of the managers or 
developers, but because … repositories exist in the midst of an 
extremely complex set of interactions and influences (only a small 
percentage of which are technical).” (Robertson, Mahey, and Barker 
2008)
Positive interdependence 
An element of cooperative and 
collaborative learning 
where members of a group who share 
common goals perceive 
that working together is individually and 
collectively beneficial 
and success depends on the participation of 
all members 
31
Solutions and Opportunities to 
Consider 
1. A strategy based on community engagement to… 
2. Recruit or aggregate content 
3. Visibility and reach (discoverability) 
All need to be understood 
at 3 levels simultaneously: 
32 
(Remember slide 14? 
Integrated AND 
decentralized discoverability)
1. Positive interdependence: 
Understanding and engaging with 
communities 
33
What to do? 
INVENTORY REPOSITORIES 
ASSESS NEEDS - UNDERSTAND 
AUDIENCES 
34 
Name 
Size 
Usage (stats, web analytics) 
Rankings 
Similar/related/competitor sites 
Last needs assessment? 
Benefits to target audiences 
Communications/outreach 
activities 
Potential for social features? 
What else? 
Audience segmentation 
Size 
Needs assessments 
Work practice studies 
Discipline-specific norms 
Funders, funding policies 
Value propositions (by audience 
segment) 
What else?
Improving value propositions to stakeholders 
and target audiences 
Hosting Library • Fostering open access to scholarship 
• Raising profile of library’s curatorial role in 
scholarly communication 
Parent Institution • Showcasing institution’s intellectual 
output/prestige 
• Source of institution-level metrics 
Institution’s End-Users • Discovering research conducted locally 
• Engaging with learners and teachers 
• Networking, finding collaborators 
Institution’s Faculty & 
Researchers 
• Increasing exposure to work 
• Solving visibility, management, or access 
problems 
Selected communities 
statewide, regionally, 
nationally, globally? 
• Demonstrating societal benefits of research 
and education 
• Supporting knowledge transfer and economic 
growth 
Adapted from: Calhoun, K. (2014). Exploring Digital Libraries. Table 8.1, p. 183 35
2. Positive interdependence: 
Recruiting or aggregating content 
36
Things to think about: 
recruiting content 
More “social,” interactive interface 
Understanding and articulating the 
value from THEIR perspectives 
Making it easy to get started 
Crowdsourcing 
Talking about open access … 
carefully and strategically 
Additional services (mediated 
deposit, automated deposit, 
copyright, author fees, altmetrics 
e.g. tracking downloads) 
Many more ideas: Exploring Digital 
Libraries, p. 197 (Table 8.2, “Barriers 
and Service Responses for IRs:”) 
Involving intended audiences in 
setting strategy/objectives 
Finding and working with 
“champions” 
New kinds of content 
Validating assumptions about 
intended audiences, needs, content, 
expectations 
Branding (or re-branding) and 
communications programs 
(including ones using liaison 
librarians to build relationships/get 
the word out) 
Raising awareness and recognition 
of value 
37
3. Positive interdependence: 
Enhancing visibility and reach 
(discoverability) 
38
Positive Interdependence: 
Integrated and Decentralized 
Discoverability 
Shared Values: 
Data 
Sharing, 
Syndication, 
Synchronization, 
Linking 
Local 
Authentication, 
Discovery/ Delivery 
Services 
Group 
Discovery/ 
Delivery 
Services 
(like 
GALILEO) 
Outward 
Integration, Exposure, 
and Linking 
(e.g., Search engines, 
other global aggregators) 
39
Things to think about: 
discoverability 
Web traffic analysis (at local and GKR/GALILEO level) 
Define and implement best practices for SEO/ASEO 
Provide stable identifiers and URLs 
Establish links from high traffic sites (e.g., learning management systems?) 
For certain types of collections, working with Wikipedia 
Participate in registries and interoperability frameworks (other repositories 
of repositories) 
New institutional repositories for local collections whose metadata can be 
exported, harvested, made available for crawling 
Discovery system indexing for GKR and/or for GALILEO as a whole (selected 
external repositories and outside sources like HathiTrust, Internet Archive, 
top-ranked subject repositories, other sources that are or could be indexed 
by EBSCO Discovery Service) 
40
Thank You! 
No man is an Island, 
entire of itself; every man 
is a piece of the Continent, 
a part of the main. 
Meditation XVII, John Donne 
karencal129@gmail.com 
41
References -1/3- 
Adamic, Lada A., and Eytan Adar. “You Are What You Link.” In 10th Annual 
International World Wide Web Conference, Hong Kong. 2001. 
http://www10.org/program/society/yawyl/YouAreWhatYouLink.htm 
Arlitsch, Kenning, and Patrick S. O’Brien. “Invisible Institutional Repositories: 
Addressing the Low Indexing Ratios of IRs in Google Scholar.” Library Hi Tech 30, no. 
1 (February 3, 2012): 60–81. doi:10.1108/07378831211213210 
Arlitsch, Kenning, and Patrick S. OBrien. 2013. Improving the Visibility and Use of 
Digital Repositories through SEO. LITA Guides. Chicago IL: ALA Editions. 
Calhoun, Karen. Exploring Digital Libraries: Foundations, Practice, Prospects. Chicago: 
ALA Neal-Schuman, An imprint of the American Library Association, 2014. 
http://www.amazon.com/Exploring-Digital-Libraries-Karen-Calhoun/dp/1555709850 
Calhoun, Karen, and John Fudrow. Highlights of ULS FY14 General Survey. University 
of Pittsburgh. University Library System, January 31, 2014. 
http://www.library.pitt.edu/other/files/pdf/assessment/ULS%20FY14%20General%2 
0Survey.pdf 
42
References -2/3- 
Carr, Leslie, and Tim Brody. “Size Isn’t Everything.” D-Lib Magazine 13, no. 7/8 (July 2007). 
doi:10.1045/july2007-carr. http://www.dlib.org/dlib/july07/carr/07carr.html 
Cocciolo, Anthony. “Can Web 2.0 Enhance Community Participation in an Institutional 
Repository? The Case of PocketKnowledge at Teachers College, Columbia University.” The 
Journal of Academic Librarianship 36, no. 4 (July 2010): 304–12. 
doi:10.1016/j.acalib.2010.05.004 
Erway, Ricky. Lasting Impact Sustainability of Disciplinary Repositories. Dublin, Ohio: OCLC 
Research, 2012. http://www.oclc.org/research/publications/library/2012/2012-03.pdf 
Hanson, Cody, Heather Hessel, Deborah Boudewyns, et al. Discoverability Phase 2 Final 
Report. Report, February 4, 2011. http://conservancy.umn.edu/handle/11299/99734 
Maness, J. M., T. Miaskiewicz, and T. Sumner. “Using Personas to Understand the Needs 
and Goals of Institutional Repository Users.” D-Lib Magazine 14, no. 9/10 (2008). 
http://dlib.org/dlib/september08/maness/09maness.html 
Moore, Gale. “Survey of University of Toronto Faculty Awareness, Attitudes, and Practices 
Regarding Scholarly Communication: A Preliminary Report,” March 3, 2011. 
https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/handle/1807/26446 
43
References -3/3- 
Norris, M., C. Oppenheim, and F. Rowland. “Finding Open Access Articles Using Google, 
Google Scholar, OAIster and OpenDOAR.” Online Information Review 32, no. 6 (2008): 
709–15. 
Palmer, C. L., L. C. Teffeau, and M. P. Newton. Identifying Factors of Success in CIC 
Institutional Repository Development-Final Report. Urbana, IL: Center for Informatics 
Research in Science and Scholarship, August 2008. 
http://www.ideals.illinois.edu/handle/2142/8981 
Rieger, O. Y. “Opening up Institutional Repositories: Social Construction of Innovation in 
Scholarly Communication.” Journal of Electronic Publishing 11, no. 3 (2008). 
http://quod.lib.umich.edu/j/jep/3336451.0011.301?rgn=main;view=fulltext 
Robertson, R. John, Maendra Mahey, and Phil Barker. “A Bug’s Life?: How Metaphors from 
Ecology Can Articulate the Messy Details of Repository Interactions.” Ariadne, no. 57 
(2008): 5. http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue57/robertson-et-al#19 
St. Jean, Beth, S. Y. Rieh, E. Yakel, and K. Markey. “Unheard Voices: Institutional Repository 
End-Users.” College & Research Libraries 72, no. 1 (2011): 21–42. 
44

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Networking Repositories, Optimizing Impact: Georgia Knowledge Repository Meeting

  • 1. GEORGIA KNOWLEDGE REPOSITORY MEETING COMO2014, Augusta Karen Calhoun October 2, 2014 1 Networking repositories Optimizing impact http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd-nc/1.0/ Link to Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/amarintha/networking-repositories-optimizing-impact-georgia-knowledge-repository-meeting
  • 2. Topics today Why repositories are important o Value/positive impact up to now oWhat is or could be in them o Reasons to get excited about repositories going forward Challenges of repositories o Content o Visibility and reach o Little to no “social life” Solutions / opportunities for repositories (optimizing impact) o “Networking” – recruiting content, enhancing visibility, interaction 2
  • 3. WHY REPOSITORIES ARE IMPORTANT 3 arXiv.org Source of traffic analysis: http://compete.com (US data only)
  • 4. A lightning introduction to repositories Dictionary definition: ◦ A place or container where things can be deposited for storage or safekeeping A key outcome of the first decade of digital library research and practice (1991-2001) Most are open access (online, free of charge, free of most copyright and licensing restrictions) Three kinds of repos: Subject-based (centered on a subject, discipline or a group of these) Institutionally-based (centered on the intellectual output of an institution) Meta-repositories (repository of repositories, like GKR) 4
  • 5. How Many Repositories Worldwide? We don’t know, but … Repository66.org (shown) tracks 3,045 repos … containing 12.3 million items ROAR.org tracks 3,787 OpenDOAR.org tracks 2,760 5 40% or more of registered repos use the DSpace repository platform
  • 6. The Value of Repositories Up to Now Improved discoverability and public accessibility of scholarly information (broad access for more people) ◦ Repos are routinely crawled and indexed by search engines (Google and Google Scholar) – Items reach a broad audience; downloaded often ◦ Growing number of open access versions of articles ◦ In a sample of 2500+ articles from subscription-based journals, 38% had open access versions – and Google/Google Scholar located over ¾ of them (Norris, Oppenheim, Rowland 2008) Open exchange between systems – interoperability, remixing, re-use, disclosure, dissemination (“networking”) Centralized, easier access to hard-to-find content ◦ Repos contain not only pre-prints and post-prints of articles, but reports and working papers, teaching and learning materials, presentations, conference proceedings, media, student work … Long-term access to materials (preservation) 6
  • 8. Getting Attention on the Web 8 “You Are What You Link” Source: Adamic and Adar 2001
  • 9. Discoverability: Integrated and Decentralized Integrated discoverability “The Libraries will need a [pre-indexed] system or service layer that integrates metadata from internal, external, owned, licensed, and freely-available data sources selected by library staff” (Hanson et al. 2011) Decentralized discoverability “The Libraries should generate … metadata for local collections and data sources that can be exported, harvested, or made available for crawling by external systems.” (Hanson et al. 2011) 9
  • 10. An Example of Best Practice (you are what you link)! 10
  • 11. 11
  • 12. Integrated Discovery 12 Content from Creators and Their Agents Local Catalog Local Repositories Locally managed resources Feeds from other sources (fee or free) Local discovery layer Decentralized Discoverability Uploaded/harvested/crawled /indexed metadata & links Library cooperative commons services and registries GALILEO Search engines (Google, Google Scholar) National, National, international, and domain-specific collections and international, and domain-specific collections and National, international, and domain-specific services services collections and services GKR Georgia DL DPLA
  • 13. What’s in repositories today? Source: Calhoun, K. (2014). Exploring Digital Libraries. p. 95. 13
  • 14. Some additional reasons to get excited about repositories (and what they might contain) Support particular teaching and learning environments ◦ Example: Science Education Resource Center at Carleton College (http://serc.carleton.edu) ◦ Example: Seaside Research Portal at Notre Dame University (https://seaside.library.nd.edu/) Collect and showcase faculty, student or other local work or events ◦ Example: Bucknell University institutional repository, e.g., Faculty Colloquia speaker series (http://digitalcommons.bucknell.edu/fac_coll/) ◦ Example: Franklin & Marshall College student honors theses (https://dspace.fandm.edu/ Select “college library”) ◦ Example: Hurricane Digital Memory Bank (http://hurricanearchive.org) Expose special collections of institutional significance to a larger audience ◦ Example: Franklin & Marshall College yearbooks (https://dspace.fandm.edu/ Select “college library”) Expose and preserve Georgia local and family history ◦ Georgia HomePLACE and the Digital Library of Georgia (http://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/; see also http://dp.la/info/hubs/) 14
  • 15. THE CHALLENGES OF REPOSITORIES 15 “If a network-based service’s intended communities do not actively engage and participate, the service will die.”* *Calhoun, K. (2014). Exploring Digital Libraries. p. 180.
  • 16. A repository should not be a solution looking for a problem to solve 16 Source: Cf. Rieger 2008, under section 2
  • 17. Problems of institutional repositories Visibility and reach (low awareness and recognition) Weak understanding of community needs and attitudes, work practices, motivators Difficulty articulating the value Difficulty recruiting content Read-only (“web 1.0”) Often conceived of as “destination sites” only (rather than as assets to be networked) 17
  • 18. Low awareness of institutional repository 92.7% 75.8% 57.2% 100.0% 80.0% 60.0% 40.0% 20.0% 0.0% D-Scholarship@Pitt Unaware undergrads Unaware grad/PhD Unaware faculty 18 Source: Calhoun and Fudrow 2014, detail of slide 16; see also Moore 2011
  • 19. Subject-Based Repositories In general, subject-based repositories have been more successful at attracting submissions and use World ranking of 1,746 web repositories, January 2014 Source: repositories.webometrics.info 19
  • 20. Successful Subject Repositories: Are woven into the way their disciplines communicate:  Readers/researchers: where they look for information, see what’s been or will be published, look for collaborators  Writers/contributors: where they “register” their work (and establish claims to discoveries), where they first share their work with colleagues for comment/review Had a strong community orientation at inception and have a high degree of trust and participation at maturity 20 Cf. Erway 2012
  • 21. Needs Assessment: the exception rather than the rule WHY DO IT Understand the context of potential use Understand workflows and work practices, preferences, beliefs of potential depositors Identify use cases Generate awareness Understand how to talk about repositories to those who will contribute content ◦ (how does the repository solve their problems?) WHO HAS DONE IT Almost no one Exceptions: ◦ St Jean et al. 2011 (the IR as a local resource) ◦ Maness, Miaskiewicz and Sumner 2008 (IR “personas”) ◦ Moore 2011 (faculty attitudes and practices) ◦ Palmer, Teffeau and Newton 2008 (problems an IR might solve for faculty) 21
  • 22. Content recruitment: A critical measure of engagement and participation 22 Ratio of amount of content in the repository content that could reasonably be expected to be there
  • 23. How big are they vs. how big should they be? “If all of the tenured academic research active staff at a UK university deposited all of their annual output (papers, presentations, learning materials, etc.) in the institutional repository, deposits would be in the range of 10,000 items per year” (Carr and Brody 2007) 23
  • 24. Some Size Comparisons Name of Repository No. of items (year reported) World Ranking* arXiv.org 971,292 (2014) 1 Research Papers in 400,000 (2014) 4 Economics (RePEc) University of California eScholarship 74,678 (2014) 6 AgEcon Search 78,467 (2014) 9 DSpace@MIT 74,986 (2014) 18 SMARTech (Georgia 46,520 (2014) 67 Tech) Athenaeum (U. of Ga.) 14,204 (2014) 587 24 Sources: Cybermetrics Lab, OpenDOAR http://repositories.webometrics.info/en/World; data as of July 2014; 1,983 repositories tracked
  • 25. “Social” repositories? People used to social sites bring their expectations with them when they approach repositories, but … Most repositories continue to operate from a traditional, collections-centered, “siloed” service model The social nature and roles of a library are typically lost – repositories and other digital libraries are mostly read-only (“web 1.0”) “Social” platforms are active, open, gregarious and “chatty” with people, organizations, other software, servers, apps …  A repository that incorporates social web approaches continues to be the exception rather than the rule 25
  • 26. An Experiment at Teachers College, Columbia University 26 “Institutional repositories may garner greater community participation by shifting the focus from library goals … to one that focuses on building localized teaching and learning communities …” (Cocciolo 2010)
  • 27. Networking Repositories - Some Bad News Low Indexing Ratios (Google Scholar) A large proportion of repository traffic comes from Google Scholar AND “Search engine optimization (SEO) research conducted at the University of Utah has revealed that many institutional repositories have a low indexing ratio [average 30%] in Google Scholar.” (Arlitsch and O’Brien 2012) EEK! 27
  • 28. Networking Repositories - Some Good News GALILEO attracts a good deal of attention on the Web AND The inclusion of the Georgia Knowledge Repository in the GALILEO discovery environment should be A GOOD THING! 28 galileo.usg.edu Source: compete.com, 9/24/2014 Unique visitors per month Range from ~75K to ~200K
  • 30. The starting point: Working with a “mess” … holistically 30 “Repositories and services often exist in this sort of mess. Not as a result of any failing or sloppiness on the part of the managers or developers, but because … repositories exist in the midst of an extremely complex set of interactions and influences (only a small percentage of which are technical).” (Robertson, Mahey, and Barker 2008)
  • 31. Positive interdependence An element of cooperative and collaborative learning where members of a group who share common goals perceive that working together is individually and collectively beneficial and success depends on the participation of all members 31
  • 32. Solutions and Opportunities to Consider 1. A strategy based on community engagement to… 2. Recruit or aggregate content 3. Visibility and reach (discoverability) All need to be understood at 3 levels simultaneously: 32 (Remember slide 14? Integrated AND decentralized discoverability)
  • 33. 1. Positive interdependence: Understanding and engaging with communities 33
  • 34. What to do? INVENTORY REPOSITORIES ASSESS NEEDS - UNDERSTAND AUDIENCES 34 Name Size Usage (stats, web analytics) Rankings Similar/related/competitor sites Last needs assessment? Benefits to target audiences Communications/outreach activities Potential for social features? What else? Audience segmentation Size Needs assessments Work practice studies Discipline-specific norms Funders, funding policies Value propositions (by audience segment) What else?
  • 35. Improving value propositions to stakeholders and target audiences Hosting Library • Fostering open access to scholarship • Raising profile of library’s curatorial role in scholarly communication Parent Institution • Showcasing institution’s intellectual output/prestige • Source of institution-level metrics Institution’s End-Users • Discovering research conducted locally • Engaging with learners and teachers • Networking, finding collaborators Institution’s Faculty & Researchers • Increasing exposure to work • Solving visibility, management, or access problems Selected communities statewide, regionally, nationally, globally? • Demonstrating societal benefits of research and education • Supporting knowledge transfer and economic growth Adapted from: Calhoun, K. (2014). Exploring Digital Libraries. Table 8.1, p. 183 35
  • 36. 2. Positive interdependence: Recruiting or aggregating content 36
  • 37. Things to think about: recruiting content More “social,” interactive interface Understanding and articulating the value from THEIR perspectives Making it easy to get started Crowdsourcing Talking about open access … carefully and strategically Additional services (mediated deposit, automated deposit, copyright, author fees, altmetrics e.g. tracking downloads) Many more ideas: Exploring Digital Libraries, p. 197 (Table 8.2, “Barriers and Service Responses for IRs:”) Involving intended audiences in setting strategy/objectives Finding and working with “champions” New kinds of content Validating assumptions about intended audiences, needs, content, expectations Branding (or re-branding) and communications programs (including ones using liaison librarians to build relationships/get the word out) Raising awareness and recognition of value 37
  • 38. 3. Positive interdependence: Enhancing visibility and reach (discoverability) 38
  • 39. Positive Interdependence: Integrated and Decentralized Discoverability Shared Values: Data Sharing, Syndication, Synchronization, Linking Local Authentication, Discovery/ Delivery Services Group Discovery/ Delivery Services (like GALILEO) Outward Integration, Exposure, and Linking (e.g., Search engines, other global aggregators) 39
  • 40. Things to think about: discoverability Web traffic analysis (at local and GKR/GALILEO level) Define and implement best practices for SEO/ASEO Provide stable identifiers and URLs Establish links from high traffic sites (e.g., learning management systems?) For certain types of collections, working with Wikipedia Participate in registries and interoperability frameworks (other repositories of repositories) New institutional repositories for local collections whose metadata can be exported, harvested, made available for crawling Discovery system indexing for GKR and/or for GALILEO as a whole (selected external repositories and outside sources like HathiTrust, Internet Archive, top-ranked subject repositories, other sources that are or could be indexed by EBSCO Discovery Service) 40
  • 41. Thank You! No man is an Island, entire of itself; every man is a piece of the Continent, a part of the main. Meditation XVII, John Donne karencal129@gmail.com 41
  • 42. References -1/3- Adamic, Lada A., and Eytan Adar. “You Are What You Link.” In 10th Annual International World Wide Web Conference, Hong Kong. 2001. http://www10.org/program/society/yawyl/YouAreWhatYouLink.htm Arlitsch, Kenning, and Patrick S. O’Brien. “Invisible Institutional Repositories: Addressing the Low Indexing Ratios of IRs in Google Scholar.” Library Hi Tech 30, no. 1 (February 3, 2012): 60–81. doi:10.1108/07378831211213210 Arlitsch, Kenning, and Patrick S. OBrien. 2013. Improving the Visibility and Use of Digital Repositories through SEO. LITA Guides. Chicago IL: ALA Editions. Calhoun, Karen. Exploring Digital Libraries: Foundations, Practice, Prospects. Chicago: ALA Neal-Schuman, An imprint of the American Library Association, 2014. http://www.amazon.com/Exploring-Digital-Libraries-Karen-Calhoun/dp/1555709850 Calhoun, Karen, and John Fudrow. Highlights of ULS FY14 General Survey. University of Pittsburgh. University Library System, January 31, 2014. http://www.library.pitt.edu/other/files/pdf/assessment/ULS%20FY14%20General%2 0Survey.pdf 42
  • 43. References -2/3- Carr, Leslie, and Tim Brody. “Size Isn’t Everything.” D-Lib Magazine 13, no. 7/8 (July 2007). doi:10.1045/july2007-carr. http://www.dlib.org/dlib/july07/carr/07carr.html Cocciolo, Anthony. “Can Web 2.0 Enhance Community Participation in an Institutional Repository? The Case of PocketKnowledge at Teachers College, Columbia University.” The Journal of Academic Librarianship 36, no. 4 (July 2010): 304–12. doi:10.1016/j.acalib.2010.05.004 Erway, Ricky. Lasting Impact Sustainability of Disciplinary Repositories. Dublin, Ohio: OCLC Research, 2012. http://www.oclc.org/research/publications/library/2012/2012-03.pdf Hanson, Cody, Heather Hessel, Deborah Boudewyns, et al. Discoverability Phase 2 Final Report. Report, February 4, 2011. http://conservancy.umn.edu/handle/11299/99734 Maness, J. M., T. Miaskiewicz, and T. Sumner. “Using Personas to Understand the Needs and Goals of Institutional Repository Users.” D-Lib Magazine 14, no. 9/10 (2008). http://dlib.org/dlib/september08/maness/09maness.html Moore, Gale. “Survey of University of Toronto Faculty Awareness, Attitudes, and Practices Regarding Scholarly Communication: A Preliminary Report,” March 3, 2011. https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/handle/1807/26446 43
  • 44. References -3/3- Norris, M., C. Oppenheim, and F. Rowland. “Finding Open Access Articles Using Google, Google Scholar, OAIster and OpenDOAR.” Online Information Review 32, no. 6 (2008): 709–15. Palmer, C. L., L. C. Teffeau, and M. P. Newton. Identifying Factors of Success in CIC Institutional Repository Development-Final Report. Urbana, IL: Center for Informatics Research in Science and Scholarship, August 2008. http://www.ideals.illinois.edu/handle/2142/8981 Rieger, O. Y. “Opening up Institutional Repositories: Social Construction of Innovation in Scholarly Communication.” Journal of Electronic Publishing 11, no. 3 (2008). http://quod.lib.umich.edu/j/jep/3336451.0011.301?rgn=main;view=fulltext Robertson, R. John, Maendra Mahey, and Phil Barker. “A Bug’s Life?: How Metaphors from Ecology Can Articulate the Messy Details of Repository Interactions.” Ariadne, no. 57 (2008): 5. http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue57/robertson-et-al#19 St. Jean, Beth, S. Y. Rieh, E. Yakel, and K. Markey. “Unheard Voices: Institutional Repository End-Users.” College & Research Libraries 72, no. 1 (2011): 21–42. 44

Hinweis der Redaktion

  1. And speaking a bit more about collection-building – even as libraries are now decades into digital library activity, in many cases we are still tremendously influenced, sometimes without realizing it, by a collections-based library worldview. To put it simply, we like to build things, and we often think that, having built something, its value is self-evident! However, despite our inclinations to build new digital library sites, collections, and repositories, doing so may not always be the right decision. Following from what we’ve already discussed about success factors and challenges, it is a risky and perhaps foolish approach to build a digital library first, and then hope that its value propositions to potential communities simply reveal themselves, much less be understood by those communities! We can summarize this by saying that a repository should not be a solution looking for a problem to solve! Next I will talk in a little more detail about how viewing digital libraries using a community-based lifecycle model can help in this sort of decision making and evaluation of digital library services, But before I do,
  2. Although this workshop focuses on community engagement, it is also focused on a particular segment of digital libraries: those that directly support the practice of scholarship and scholarly communication. So while digital libraries of cultural heritage are extremely significant when talking about community engagement broadly, we won’t be focusing on those repositories today. As already mentioned, Karen and I will be presenting a separate TechSource workshop in the fall that will examine community engagement specifically from the perspective of cultural heritage digital libraries. So, looking at digital libraries or repositories that contain primarily scholarly, often peer-reviewed content, let’s begin by considering the prospects of repositories, and different repository types. For several years, a division of the Spanish National Research Council, the largest public research body in Spain, has produced a ranking of worldwide repositories. The methodology used considers four factors: the raw size of the indexed pages in repository, its visibility, the amount of “rich” (e.g. full text) content, and the number of repository objects included in Google scholar. The ranking confirms what we also see in the literature about repositories and which is widely felt anecdotally: that is, subject-based repositories tend to have more visibility and impact when compared to institutional repositories. Looking at the top ten, we see it is led by Arxiv.org, followed by SSRN, the Social Science Research Network, and then the SmithsonianNASA Astrophysics data system in the third position. There are a few insitutional repositories included, the first of which is the University of California eScholarship repository at number 8, but if you go on to view the entire list, which is made up of over 1700 repositories, you will see a similar pattern of subject-based repositories clustered near the top. This begs the question of why this is so – why is that subject-based repositories tend to be bigger, hold more rich content, and have more visibility and impact?
  3. To begin to answer that question we can look to research that has been done investigating the characteristics of successful disciplinary repositories. This research has found some common success factors – however, and this is a point worth emphasizing, these factors are not the sort of things that many of us who build digital libraries have historically invested our time in. They have little to do with what technology stack is employed, the technical functionality of the site, or the elegance of the interfaces. Instead, these factors have to do with the central role the repository plays within the communication practices of one or more communities. To be more specific, these success factors show successful repositories function as a sort of community hub, where those seeking information – the readers and researchers – go to discover information, to see newly published content, and to identify collaborators or like-minded sub-communities of practice. Likewise, those who have information to publish or share also view the repository as an essential place to “register”, or establish their findings, in part specifically with the expectation or hope that colleagues will review, react, comment, and discuss the work. This topic is covered in Chapter 4 of Karen’s book, but for more detail about these findings, and for examples of how these practices play out in specific repositories, a good reference is Ricky Erway’s 2012 report called “Lasting Impact: Sustainability of Disciplinary Repositories”. In that report she covers several of the top repositories shown on the previous slide, including arxiv.org and SSRN. Her report, along with other works cited in this presentation is included in a list of references at the end of the presentation. Looking at how successful repositories develop over time, it’s also important to observe that there are some time-based, or lifecycle aspects to some of these success factors. I’ll pick back up on that soon, but for now let’s note that two of the success factors are a strong community orientation at the inception of the repository, and a high degree of trust and participation in its mature phase.
  4. If we’re looking for meaningful measures of participation in a community-deposit repository, we can’t just measure size alone; absolute numbers don’t reflect the differences in the communities that participate in repositories. We need a bit of a more nuanced measurement, and here is one: consider the ratio of the amount of content that is in a repository against the amount of content that could reasonably be expected to be there. The answer will be some kind of fraction. You may immediately say to yourself, “what’s a good number”? Of course a one-to-one ratio is the perfect ideal, but for most communities it isn’t very realistic. In practice, this ratio needs to be taken in context with the specifics of the community and the objectives of the repository. For example, a repository supporting students might have different objectives from one supporting faculty, and a repository supporting edge-case content in a discipline may have different objectives from one attempting to be a mainstream disciplinary hub. That said, it may be that the process of discovering this number, the number for “the content that could reasonably be expected to be there” is itself a very illuminating process that will teach you things about your community that you did not already know.
  5. For an example of the investigating the “how big should they be” question, Leslie Carr and Tim Brody looked to quantify the total annual research output at an average UK university, and found that it would number around 10,000 items per year. When you have a sense of the scale of the potential deposits that you can compare to the actual practice, it can be very powerful in helping to design strategies in response. To continue with this example, as institutional repository managers contrast the rather large number of 10,000 outputs a year against what may be a small fraction of these actually deposited, they can conclude that more sophisticated toolset supporting multiple deposit scenarios is needed. And indeed, many repository managers are now looking into automated deposit scenarios that make use of a developing scholarly infrastructure that includes researcher IDs like ORCID or ISNI, researcher profiling systems, and services offering researcher activity data feeds. Karen will continue the discussion of this emerging infrastructure around digital scholarship in a few minutes, but we’d like to pause now, thank you for your attention so far, and give you an opportunity to ask questions or make comments.
  6. All other repos with “Georgia” in the name are in the bottom two-thirds of the list.
  7. So, repositories have many challenges in the present environment. Time permits discussion of only a couple them today – those centered around a lack of engagement by the community or communities for whom they’re intended. What can be done to overcome these challenges? A large portion of chapter 8 is devoted to listing and discussing possible service responses to the challenges of repositories, and this slide provides a thumbnail guide to uncovering solutions. The slide illustrates a two-fold approach. On the one hand, it is possible to start by looking at the repositories themselves – doing an audit of what you have, how much it is being used, how discoverable it is on the network, how it stacks up against other resources of value to scholars in various disciplines, what repository managers have done over time in terms of communications and outreach, how, when and where they have articulated the value of the repository, and so on. This kind of audit can be extended by examining the potential for a larger social life (on the web, that is) for the repository’s content. An inventory or audit that starts with the repository will yield only partial solutions. More important, perhaps, is an simultaneous exploration of the needs, work practices, and if relevant, discipline-specific norms of the audience or audiences for whom the repository or repositories are intended.
  8. One of the people I interviewed when writing the book remarked “libraries have not put forward adequate value propositions for the repositories they host.” Numerous studies have confirmed this sentiment, and they go on to provide ideas for what do about it. This is a partial view of a table from the book that collects and synthesizes evidence-based results suggesting the value of institutional repositories to different stakeholders and target audiences. Many institutional repository managers can articulate the value of repositories to their own libraries. Many can also articulate the value to the parent institution. But value propositions need to be multi-threaded; one size does not fit all audiences. In this table you can see significantly abbreviated versions of possible value propositions that can be developed and articulated to an institution’s end users, its faculty and researchers, and for government agencies at state and federal levels. Before moving on, just a word or two about the value proposition centered on open access and the value of self-archiving. In preparing the book I examined many studies of faculty attitudes and behaviors and became more convinced than ever of the complexity of these issues. Repository managers need to be keenly aware that a single, simple message about open access is not going to be effective across all disciplines. I can only say, tread carefully there.
  9. What is happening here becomes possible through collective, light weight but deliberate cooperative metadata management involving thousands of loosely coupled systems. The key pieces are data sharing, sychronization, syndication, and linking protocols. At the global level, the collective collections of OCLC members become more visible on the WorldCat partner sites, for example Google Book Search, and WorldCat operates as a kind of giant metadata switch or bridge from where information seekers find things leading back to group and local collections. Strong independent national library collaboratives at the group level, like Libraries Australia and Te Puna, as well as other regional hubs, also play a role. I challenge you again, what would such large scale metadata management look like in the United States? What would we have to commit to in order to realize it? Many kinds of library partners, library service organizations, vendors, can also play important roles, if they are willing to collaborate and help libraries get more attention on the web in this way. Finally, the searcher making his way along these paths traverses the last mile and is connected to a local library. Now if this graphic doesn’t make you love and deeply appreciate library metadata, you are a hopeless case.
  10. Karen Calhoun