1. Chapter 1 4
Recons tructi on Era
1 867- 1 877

2. Essential Questions
What factors contributed
to the failure of
Reconstruction?

3. 14.1 - Topics
 What is Reconstruction?
 South after the war.
 Congressional and Presidential plans for
Reconstruction.
 Lincoln’s assassination.
 Radical Republicans.

4. Reconstruction
 The period (1867-1877) during
which the former states of the
Confederacy were ruled by the
Federal government or by local
Republican governments.

5. What did Reconstruction
address?
 How the eleven seceding states
would regain self-government and
be reseated in Congress
 The civil status of the former
leaders of the Confederacy

7. What did Reconstruction
address?
 The Constitutional and legal status of
freedmen(freed slaves), especially their
civil rights and whether they should be
given the right to vote.
 Violent controversy erupted throughout
the South over these issues

8. Devastation to the South
 Unconditional Surrender of the South
 The Confederacy had 297 towns and
cities with a population of 835,000
 Of these, 162 cities and 681,000 people
were at one point occupied by the
Union armies.
 Some cities were totally destroyed.

9. Devastation to the South
 2/3 of Southern railroads were reached
by Union forces.
 2/5 of the South’s livestock was killed,
and farm equipment was damaged.
 With the emancipation of the slaves the
entire economy of the South had to be
rebuilt.

10. Devastation to the South
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11. Plans for Reconstruction
 Lincoln’s Ten-Percent Plan -
 Proclamation of amnesty and
reconstruction.
 Declared slavery was abolished.
 After 10% of those on the 1860 voting
list took an oath of allegiance, the
state could form a new state
government and gain representation in
congress.

12. Plans for Reconstruction
 Lincoln was more concerned with
the future, then the past.
 This moderate or lenient approach
angered many Radical Republican
that thought the South should
receive a harsher punishment.

13. Plans for Reconstruction
 Radical Republicans - A minority of
Republicans who wanted to destroy
the political power of former slave
holders and give African-Americans
full citizenship and the right to
vote.

14. Radical Republicans
 Argued that secession had destroyed
statehood but the Constitution still
extended its authority and its protection
over individuals, as in existing U.S.
territories.

15. Radical Republicans
 They viewed secession as having left
the states in a status like new territories.
 The Republicans sought to prevent
Southern politicians from "restoring the
historic subordination of Negroes".

16. Radical Republicans
 Since slavery was abolished, the 3/5
Compromise no longer applied to
counting the population of blacks.
 After the 1870 census, the South would
gain numerous additional
representatives in Congress, based on
the population of freedmen.

17. Radical Republicans
 Some thought if the South were allowed
to simply restore its previous
established powers, that the reward of
treason will be an increased
representation.

19. Plans for Reconstruction
 Wade-Davis Bill-
 Proposed by Benjamin Wade- OH &
Henry Winter Davis of Maryland
 Supported by Radical Republicans
 Proposed Congress be in charge of
Reconstruction, not the president.

20. Plans for Reconstruction
 Wade-Davis Bill-
 Declared a majority(over 50%)had to
take an ironclad oath to the Union.
 President Lincoln pocket vetoed this bill,
which enraged Radical Republicans.

21. Radical Republicans
 Thaddeus Stevens Charles Sumner
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22. Assassination of Lincoln
 April 14, 1865.
 Occurred 5 days after Confederate
General Robert E. Lee surrendered.
 First U.S. president to be assassinated.
 Took place at the Ford’s Theatre in
Washington DC.

23. Assassination of Lincoln

24. Assassination of Lincoln
 Assassinated by John Wilkes Booth
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25. 14.1 Quiz
 What was the purpose of
Reconstruction?
 Name one Radical Republican. How did
Radical Republicans think the South
should be dealt with after the Civil War?
 Name 2 plans for reconstruction and
explain how they were different.

26. 14.2 Topics
 Andrew Johnson & Reconstruction
 Black Codes
 13th & 14th Amendment.
 Civil Rights Bill
 Freedman’s Bureau

27. 13th Amendment
 December 1865
 The Thirteenth Amendment finalized the
abolition of slavery in the United States,
which had begun with President Lincoln
issuing the Emancipation in 1863.

28. Andrew Johnson
 Johnson took over, Lincoln’s VP, in April of
1865.
 Former Democrat and slave owner, from
Tennessee, identified with poor white
Southerners.
 Had little influence within the Republican
Party.
 Lacked the political skills of Lincoln.

29. Andrew Johnson
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30. Andrew Johnson
 Like Lincoln, Johnson was lenient on
letting the South back into the Union.
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31. Andrew Johnson
 Johnson plan, like Lincoln’s failed to
address needs of former slaves - land,
voting right, equal protection under the
law.
 Johnson suggested that Southern state
should refuse to pay their war debts,
nullify their secessions and adopt the
13th Amendment.

32. Andrew Johnson
 Johnson did not demand these terms.
 South Carolina repealed rather then
nullified its ordinance of secession.
 Mississippi refused to adopt the 13th
Amendment.
 Both of these states refused to
repudiate their war time debts.

33. Andrew Johnson
 Southerners who were willing to start
anew under the Union felt abandoned.
 Johnson pardoned many political
leaders of the Confederacy, allowing for
most of them to take part in the federal
government.
 Both African- Americans and Radical
Republican were furious.

34. Black Codes
 Soon the new Southern state governments
began to adopt “Black Codes”.
 Based on old slave codes, Black Codes were
meant to deal with newly freed slaves in the
South.
 They strictly limited freedom of African-
Americans.

35. Black Codes
 African- Americans could not vote.
 Were not allowed to marry whites.
 In some states they could only be
witness to only trials involving other
blacks and could not bring up charges
on whites.
 It restricted African-Americans to
agricultural jobs or domestic service.

36. Black Codes
 Northerners
began to
wonder if the
Civil War had
been fought
merely to
preserve
slavery under a
new name.

38. Confederates in Office
 By the time Congress met in December
of 1865, Johnson had been president
for 7 months.
 10 of the 11 Southern states had
formed new governments.
 Southern States would return to
Congress with more members then
when they left the Union.

39. Confederates in Office
 When congressmen from the
“reformed” states tried to take their
seats in Congress, Moderate and
Radical Republicans joined together and
shut them out.
 They were not members of congress
because Southern States were not
states at all since they left the Union.

40. Confederates in Office
 Republicans said, that even if the
Southern states followed the president’s
plan, he did not have the power to
make the rules.
 Only Congress(a Republican congress)
had the power to make the rules.

41. Confederates in Office
 Congress set up a Committee of
Reconstruction, to draw up its own
plan.
 This would address problems faced by
both the North and the South.

42. Freedmen’s Bureau
 The first bill extended and enlarged the
Freedmen’s Bureau.
•The Bureau had been set
up 6 weeks before Lincoln’s
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•Meant to help get Southern
farms back in order and help
freedmen start a new life.

43. Freedmen’s Bureau
 Handed out millions of free meals to
black and white war refugees.
 Built hospitals in the South.
 Helped bring thousands of white
Southerners back onto farms.
 Helped freedmen find jobs.

44. Freedmen’s Bureau
 Most importantly it built schools and
provided teachers to give African-
Americans the education they were
denied under slavery.
 Set up more than 4,000 schools, 40
hospitals, 61 industrial institutions and
74 teacher training centers.

45. Freedmen’s Bureau
 In February 1866 President Johnson
vetoed it because it gave the Bureau
the power, through military courts, to
deal with any question concerning
discrimination or infringement of civil
rights.

46. Civil Right’s Bill
 Wanted to protect blacks in the South.
 It allowed the federal government to
intervene in state’s affairs to protect the
rights of all U.S. citizens.
 Johnson believed in State rights, and
vetoed the bill, stating these affairs
could be left to the states.

48. Civil Rights Bill
 With this veto and his personal attacks
on Radical leaders, Johnson drove
moderate Republicans and strengthen
the Radical Republicans.

49. 14th Amendment
 It defined U.S. citizenship and forbade
any state from depriving citizens of
their rights and privileges.
 It reduced the representation of any
state that did not allow it adult male
citizens to vote.

50. 14th Amendment
 It ruled no state should pay should
choose to pay its Confederate debt.
 It stated no one who had held state or
federal office under the Union(US), and
then supported the Confederacy, could
not hold office with out being pardoned
by a vote of 2/3 of Congress.

51. 14th Amendment
 Finally, the North had given the South
clear terms on how to reenter the
Union.

52. 14th Amendment
 Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in
the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction
thereof, are citizens of the United States and of
the State wherein they reside. No State shall
make or enforce any law which shall abridge
the privileges or immunities of citizens of the
United States; nor shall any State deprive any
person of life, liberty, or property, without due
process of law; nor deny to any person within
its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

53. 14th Amendment
 Section 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among
the several States according to their respective numbers,
counting the whole number of persons in each State,
excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at
any election for the choice of electors for President and
Vice President of the United States, Representatives in
Congress, the Executive and Judicial officers of a State, or
the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of
the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years
of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way
abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other
crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced
in the proportion which the number of such male citizens
shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one
years of age in such State.

54. 14th Amendment
 Section 3. No person shall be a Senator or
Representative in Congress, or elector of President
and Vice President, or hold any office, civil or military,
under the United States, or under any State, who,
having previously taken an oath, as a member of
Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a
member of any State legislature, or as an executive or
judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution
of the United States, shall have engaged in
insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid
or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may,
by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such
disability.

55. 14th Amendment
 Section 4. The validity of the public debt of the United
States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for
payment of pensions and bounties for services in
suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be
questioned. But neither the United States nor any
State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation
incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the
United States, or any claim for the loss or
emancipation of any slave; but all such debts,
obligations and claims shall be held illegal and void.

56. 14th Amendment
 Section 5. The Congress shall have
power to enforce, by appropriate
legislation, the provisions of this article.

57. Carpetbagger: Northerners who went to
the South to acquire wealth or power
during Reconstruction, after the Civil
War
Scalawag:An insulting name for white
Southerners who were Republican
during the Reconstruction era.