2. Introduction
DEFINITION OF CLIMATE
• From World Meteorological Organization (WMO) (2013)
defined climate as, ‘nature forces of “average weather”,
driven by sun over a period of time ranging from months
to thousands or millions of years’.
• The classical period – 30 years.
• Influenced by :
a) Temperature
b) Precipitation
c) Shifting of season and wind
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4. Global Climatic Factors
1) The location of earth facing the sun directly or
indirectly. Earth getting sun ray in solar radiation
quantity form :
Ultraviolet radiation - it produce photochemical like
sunburn and skin radiation.
Visible light – produce glare that if it over 380nm Violet,
prone to blindness.
Short infra-red radiation – not all the radiation can
penetrate into the earth. 35% of the radiation may
change due to the changes of the sun distance from
earth.
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5. Legends:
A – Long Wave Radiation
B – Evaporation
C - Convection
Distribution of solar radiation to Earth
Heat released from Earth
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6. 2) Location of Earth Latitude
Closely related to earth rotation through its orbit
in elliptical orbit.
A full whole orbit take 365 days, 5 hours, 48
minutes, 46 seconds.
3) Location of Longitude, North
Hemisphere, and South Hemisphere
Existing of the season on north hemisphere
and south hemisphere.
Climat change because of the orbit rotation.
The earth rotate 23.5 degree on inclined plane.
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7. Scientific Evidence of Climate
Change
From the website ‘Climate Change : Impacts
and Responses’ (2013) stated that the
evidence of climate change are :
• Ice cap reduction and glacial melt
• Sea level change
• Floods, drought, forest fires, hurricanes
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8. Elements of Change
Temperature
• Higher maximum temperatures and more hot days in nearly all land
areas
Precipitation
• More intense precipitation events over many northern hemisphere
middle to high latitude land areas
Ice and snow
• Higher minimum temperatures and fewer cold days and frost over
virtually all land areas
Sea level rise
• Reduced diurnal(daily) temperature range across most land areas
• Summer continental drying in some areas and associated drought
risks
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10. Global Warming
DEFINITION OF Global Warming :
‘Global warming is defined as an increase in the average
temperature of the Earth's atmosphere, especially a sustained
increase great enough to cause changes in the global climate’.
Detailed researches of climatic events of the past 150 years
have revealed that the temperatures have risen all over the
globe, with the warming occurring in two phases.
The first phase was from 1919 to 1940, with an average
temperature gain of 0.35°C.
The second phase was from 1970 to the present, exhibiting
temperature gains of 0.55°C.
Records show that the past 25 years have been the warmest
time of the past 5 centuries.
The global warming has resulted in the warming of the oceans,
rising of the sea levels, melting of glaciers, and diminished
snow cover in the Northern Hemisphere
Hayanah Husain 2006,What is Global Warming,
Bob De Waay 2008, Global Warming and the Definition
Mark Marlin 2004, Global Warming
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11. Explanation the Causes of Global
Warming
Popular usage definition: Warming caused by human activity.
Technical term for this: Anthropogenic global warming.
Definition of Greenhouse Gas: A gas, like CO2, which traps the sun's heat.
Human Causes: Carbon dioxide (CO2), e.g. exhaust from cars and power plants.
Natural causes: Some claim the sun is getting hotter.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming
www.sciencedaily.com/global warming
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12. What causes global warming?
• Carbon dioxide + other air pollution
• like a thickening blanket, trapping the sun's
heat
Source:
• Coal-burning power plants are the largest
U.S. -- they produce 2.5 billion tons CO2
every year.
• Automobiles, the second largest source,
create nearly 1.5 billion tons of
CO2 annually.
From household:
• Vehicles
• Home Heating
• Electricity
http://www.time.com/time/health/articl
e/0,8599,1841125,00.html
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13. • Impact of Global Warming
• 2009 Indian floods
• The 2009 India floods affected various states
of India in July 2009. The most affected
states were Karnataka, Orissa, Kerala,
Gujarat and North-East Indian states, with
over 200 people reported dead, and a million
homes destroyed.
• 2002,
CAUSING BAD
Colorado,
THINGS
Arizona and
Oregon
endured
• floods
•
worst wildfire • dust
storms in
hundreds of
seasons ever
Montana,
millions of
Colorado
dollars in
and
damage in
Kansas
Texas,
Montana and
North Dakota
snow
accumula
tion has
declined
60
• winter
seasons
shortened in
Cascade
Range in
Oregon and
Washington
Sunil Chauhan ,Climate Change, Disasters and
Security, 2010
Michael Northcott, A Moral Climate: the ethics of
global warming, 2007
http://www.climatecrisis.net/
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14. Explanation of the effects of
global warming in
both MEDCs and LEDCs
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15. HURRICANES WORSE
•the ocean is getting warmer,
tropical storms can pick up more
energy and become more powerful.
Country the largest source of global warming
pollution.
•
The United States.
produce 25 ° of the carbon
•
dioxide pollution from
fossilfuel burning.
1
REG
Michael Northcott, A Moral Climate: the ethics of global warming,
2007
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16. put existing
technologies for
building, cleaner cars
and
reducing
pollution from
vehicles and
power plants
Hybrid gaselectric engines
manufacture
more efficient
appliances and
conserve energy
How can
we cut
global
warming
pollution
renewable
more modern
electricity
generators into
widespread use
energy sources
such as wind,
sun and
geothermal
choose a compact
fluorescent light bulb over
an incandescent bulb
DO TO HELP
FIGHT GLOBAL
WARMING
http://earthtrends.wri.org
http://nl.wikipedia.org
fluorescent light bulb
opting for a refrigerator
with the Energy Star
label
refrigerator
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17. Simple Things To Do
• Turn off your computer or the TV
when you're not using it.
• Take shorter showers. Heating water
uses energy.
• Keep rooms cool by closing the
blinds, shades, or curtains.
•
• Turn off the lights when you leave a
room.
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18. • Dress lightly when it’s hot instead of turning up the air
conditioning. Or use a fan.
• Dress warmly when it’s cold instead of turning
up the heat.
• Offer to help your parents keep the air filters on your AC
and furnace clean.
• Walk short distances instead of asking for a ride in the
car.
• Plant a tree.
http://earthtrends.wri.org
http://nl.wikipedia.org
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19. BESIDE THAT :
• HYBRID CARS. These still cost more than they save, but not too
much, and lots of people like the idea of polluting less. We will
eventually switch over almost completely and the sooner the better-there's lots of room for savings here.
• NUCLEAR POWER. Nuclear power still has problems, but makes
no C02. A high priority needs to be placed on solving the nuclearwaste problem.
• PUMPING C02 UNDERGROUND. It seems incredible, but they do
it all the time to force oil out of oil wells. US DOE has a big project
to study this. It may turn out to be too expensive, but it is considered
to be one of the best options by those in the know.
• WIND POWER. Facts will be studying this option soon. It is nearly
break-even but how much could be installed? Is 5% of total power
realistic? Right now that seems very far off.
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21. ENERGY POLICY OF MALAYSIA
The energy policy of Malaysia is determined by the Malaysian Government,
which address issues of energy production, distribution, and consumption.
The Department of Electricity and Gas Supply acts as the regulator while
other players in the energy sector include energy supply and service
companies, research and development institutions and consumers.
Government-linked companies Petronas and Tenaga Nasional Berhad are
major players in Malaysia's energy sector.
Governmental agencies that contribute to the policy are the Ministry of
Energy, Green Technology and Water, Energy Commission (Suruhanjaya
Tenaga), and the Malaysia Energy Centre (Pusat Tenaga Malaysia).
Among the documents that the policy is based on are the 1974 Petroleum
Development Act, 1975 National Petroleum Policy, 1980 National Depletion
Policy, 1990 Electricity Supply Act, 1993 Gas Supply Acts, 1994 Electricity
Regulations, 1997 Gas Supply Regulation and the 2001 Energy Commission
Act.
23. YPES OF ENERGY:
1. kinetic energy - energy of a moving object.
2. light energy - energy transferred through waves and light particles
(photons).
3. electrical energy - energy transferred by an electric current.
4. sound energy - energy transferred via sound waves.
5. thermal (heat) energy - energy of an object due to its temperature.
This is partly because of the random kinetic energy of the particles of
the object.
6. elastic (strain) potential energy - energy stored in an object that is
being stretched, squashed, twisted.
7. chemical energy - energy stored in fuel (ie. food) which is released
when chemical reactions take place.
8. gravitational potential energy (GPE) - energy an object contains
due to its position.
9. nuclear energy - energy stored in an atom’s nucleus.
25. ISSUES OF THE ENERGY
INDUSTRY
1. Climate change
a. Bio-diesel
2. Biofuel use
b. Firewood
a. Coal
b. Petroleum
3. Fossil fuel use
c. Gas
4. Electricity generation
5. Reservoirs
6. Nuclear power
7. Wind power
26. I. Climate change and global warming happen
due to human activity and caused by
anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions.
II. The majority of greenhouses gas emissions are
due to burning fossil fuels with most of the rest
due to deforestation.
Climate change will cause shortages of food
and water and increased risk of flooding that
will affect billions of people, particularly
those living in poverty.
The IPCC report Climate Change 2007: Climate Change Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
28. Biofuel is defined as solid, liquid or gaseous fuel
obtained from relatively recently lifeless or living
biological material.
Various plants and plant-derived
materials are used for biofuel
manufacturing
There are 2 types of Biofuel use:
a. Bio-diesel
b. Firewood
29. a. Bio-diesel
Environmental impact of
biodiesel
1. Greenhouse gas emissions
2. Pollution
3. Biodegradation
4. Biodegradation in Aquatic Environments
5. Carbonyl Emissions
30. b. Firewood
Firewood is a renewable resource. However,
demand for this fuel can outpace its ability to
regenerate on local and regional level. For
example in some places in the world and
through history, the demand has led to
desertification.
Unsustainable firewood harvesting can
lead to loss of biodiversity and erosion
due to loss of forest cover.
31. a. Coal
3 types of fossil fuel are :
b. Petroleum
c. Gas
In 2006 primary sources of energy consisted
of petroleum 36.8%, coal 26.6%, natural gas
22.9%, amounting to an 86% share for fossil
fuels in primary energy production in the
world.
Estimated by the Energy Information Administration
Burning of fossil fuels produces around 21.3 billion tonnes
of carbon dioxide per year.
Carbon dioxide is one of the greenhouse gases that
enhances radiative forcing and contributes to global
warming, causing the average surface temperature of the
Earth to rise
32. Malaysia is the second largest oil and natural gas
producer in Southeast Asia, the second largest
exporter of liquefied natural gas globally, and is
strategically located amid important routes for
seaborne energy trade.
Source from Energy Information Administration
Malaysia‘s heavy reliance on
oil and natural gas to sustain
its
economic growth is
causing the government to
emphasize fuel diversification
through coal imports and to
promote
investments in
renewable energy .
33. a. Coal
Environmental impact of the coal
industry
1. Water management
2. Land use management
3. Greenhouse gas emissions
4. Air pollution
5. Radiation exposure
6. Dangers to miners
I. Impact to land and
surroundings
II. Waste management
III.River water pollution
IV.Wildlife
I. Air emissions
II. Mercury emissions
III.Annual excess deaths
IV.Economic costs
34. b. Petroleum
Environmental impact of petroleum
industry
ISSUES
1. Toxicity
2. Exhaust
3. Acid rain
4. Climate change
5. Oil spills
6. Volatile organic compounds
7. Waste oil
35. c. Gas
Natural gas is often described as the cleanest
fossil fuel, producing less carbon dioxide than
coal or oil and far fewer pollutants than other
fossil fuels but it produced greenhouse gas to
the atmosphere.
In 2004 natural gas produced about 5,300 Mt/yr of
CO2 emissions, while coal and oil produced 10,600 and
10,200 respectively.
IPCC Fourth Assessment Report
By 2030, according to an updated version of the SRES
B2 emissions scenario, natural gas would be the source
of 11,000 Mt/yr, with coal and oil now 8,400 and
17,200 respectively.
36. Electrical power is normally
generated at power plants that
convert some other kind of
energy.
Environmental impact of electricity
generation
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Water usage
Fossil fuels
Nuclear power
Hydroelectric power
Tidal power
Biomass
7. Wind power
8. Geothermal power
9. Solar power
10. Concentrated solar power
11. Negawatt power
37. Environmental impact of reservoirs is increasing as
the world demand for water and energy increases
and the number and size of reservoirs increases
Dams and the reservoirs can be used to supply drinking
water generate hydroelectric power, increasing the
water supply for irrigation, provide recreational
opportunities and to improve certain aspects of the
environment.
However, adverse environmental and sociological
impacts have also been identified during and after many
reservoir constructions.
38. energy stored in an atom’s nucleus
1. Waste streams
2. Radioactive waste
High-level waste
Other waste
3. Power plant emissions
I.Radioactive gases and effluents
•Risk of cancer
•Comparison to coal-fired generation
•Contrast of radioactive accident
emissions with industrial emissions
•Waste heat
Environmental impact
of nuclear power results
from the nuclear fuel
cycle, operation, and
the effects of nuclear
accidents.
4. Environmental
effects of accidents
Fukushima disaster
Chernobyl disaster
SL-1 meltdown
5. Greenhouse gas
emissions
6. Decommissioning
39. The wind energy is a clean energy resource that may
contribute to the usual energy production as an
energy resource under suitable conditions.
Energy to be obtained from wind completely
depends on the speed of wind and blowing period.
The wind is a reliable, continuous and determinant
resource.
The wind plants may require a wide area
for turbines.
They are noisy and cause bird deaths
and make parasites on radio and TV receivers.
40. Environmental impact of wind
power
1. Carbon dioxide emissions and pollution Environmental
2. Net energy gain
impact of wind
power is
3. Ecology
relatively
Land use
Impact on wildlife
minor, slightly
Birds
higher than the
Bats
environmental
Weather and climate change
impact of hydro
4. Impacts on people
power on a lifeSafety
cycle basis.
Aesthetics
Noise annoyance
5. Offshore
41. Energy industry are the main cause of climate
change, global warming and greenhouse
effect around the world and it give a bad
impact to the biodiversity.
CONCLUSION
49. Impact of Greenhouse
Environment
• Overall average annual temperatures are expected to
increase
• Global Warming will decrease snow, sea ice & glacier
coverage, resulting in rising sea levels & increase coastal
flooding.
• Rising temperatures will also thaw permafrost in the artic
• Storm & heat waves are likely to increase in frequency &
severity.
• Many wild species will have difficulty adapting to a warmer
climate & will likely experience greater stress from disease
and invasive species
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52. Ways to Reduce Greenhouse
Effect
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Reduce, Reuse, Recycle
Use less heat and air conditioning
Drive less and drive smart
Factory install smoke filters
Plant a tree
Vehicles use unleaded petrol
Enforce the law on behalf of polluting the
environment
• Environmental campaign
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54. EARTH SUMMIT (Jun’92)
• Also known as Rio Conference and United Nations
Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED)
• 172 Government parties, 2400 NGO’s
• Aims:
– Reduce production of toxic components
– Alternative source of energy to replace fossil fuels
– Reliance on public transportation systems
• Documents produced:
– Agenda21
– Rio Declaration
– Forest Principles
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55. AGENDA 21
• Named because it is an action agenda of the UN
with regards to sustainable development
• No. 21 refers to the 21st century
• Published: April 23, 1993
• 300-page document with 40 chapters
• Divided into 4 sections:
I.
Social & Economic Dimensions:
combatting poverty
achieving more sustainable population
I.
Conservation & Management of Resources for
Development:
Conserving biodiversity
Pollution control management and preventing deforestation
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56. III. Strengthening the Role of Major Groups:
Including roles of youth, NGO’s and local
authorities
III. Means of implementation:
In education, technology research, etc.
Development & Revolution
•Rio+10 (2002): Introducing World Summit on
Sustainable Development as UN’s commitment
to full implementation of Agenda 21
•Rio+20 (2012): Members reaffirmed their
commitment to Agenda 21, produced a
document called “The Future We Want"
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57. RIO DECLARATION
•
Consisted of 27 Principles intended to guide future sustainable
development around the world
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58. FOREST PRINCIPLES
• A non-legally-binding authoritative statement of
principles for a global agreement on the management,
conservation and sustainable development of all types of
forest
• Divided into 5 program areas:
1. Securing multiple roles for trees, forest
and forest lands
2. Protecting forests and promoting
afforestation and reforestation
3. Promoting better utilization and value of
trees, forests and forest lands
4. Assessment and monitoring of forestrelated programs and processes
5. International and regional cooperation
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60. UNFCCC
• An agreement signed by 154 parties in 1992,
as up to 195 parties recorded in 2011
• Main objective: to stabilize greenhouse gas
(GHG) concentrations in the atmosphere at a
level that would prevent dangerous
interference with the climate system
• Participating countries have decided on
meeting annually since 1995 in Conferences
of the Parties (COP) to assess progress in
dealing with climate change
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61. Lists of COP’s (1995-2012)
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62. Kyoto Protocol (COP3)
• Protocol prepared during the
3rd COP held in Kyoto, Japan in 1997
• Decisions decided upon:
i.
Emission-reduction targets of greenhouse gasses
(GHG) for 37 industrialized countries
ii. Recognizing which developed country responsible
for the current high levels of GHG emissions in the
atmosphere
iii. Hold future meetings to set penalties for violators of
the established targets
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63. Copenhagen Summit (COP15)
• 2009 Conference held in Copenhagen,
Denmark
• Adopting the Kyoto Protocol (COP3)
successfully
• Aims:
– Limit temperature rises to 1.5°C and cut CO2
emissions by 80% in 2050
– Agreement pledges US$30 billion to help poor
countries to adapt to climate change
– Reduce deforestation in return for cash for
developed countries
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65. References
•
•
•
•
World Meteorogical Organization. (n.d.) Climate Change. [Online] Available from :
http://www.wmo.int/pages/themes/climate/causes_of_climate_change.php
[Accessed 4th October 2013]
United Nations Environment Programme. (n.d.) Helping Communities and Ecosystems
Adapt to Climate Change. [Online] Available from :
http://www.unep.org/climatechange/adaptation/ScienceandAssessments/tabid/29573/D
efault.aspx
[Accessed 5th October 2013]
Michael Pirdwirny. (2010) Causes of Climatic Change. Available from :
http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/150960/
[Accessed 4th October 2013]
The University of Cambridge. (1996) Climate Change 1995 : The Science of Climate
Change. Available from : http://books.google.com.my/books?
hl=en&lr=&id=k9n8v_7foQkC&oi=fnd&pg=PR5&dq=causes+of+climate+change&ots=
Oy_FQClSq2&sig=bfzMU7qIdpCqfhIDRdYwn4XwU58&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=ca
uses%20of%20climate%20change&f=false
[Accessed 5th October 2013]
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66. References
•
•
Government of Canada. (2012) Canada’s Action on Climate Change. [Online]
Available from : http://www.climatechange.gc.ca/default.asp?lang=En&n=65CD73F41
[Accessed 4th October 2013]
Climate Change : Impact and Responses. (n.d.) Scientific Evidence. [Online]
Available from : http://on-climate.com/our-focus/theme
[Accessed 4th October 2013]
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