Weitere ähnliche Inhalte
Kürzlich hochgeladen (20)
Posters
- 1. 870612 _ 0001-0006.qxd 13/7/06 15:58 Página 1
Machines
Machines make work easier. They help us to do tasks with less effort. For example, levers change the intensity of a force. Other machines
All machines need energy to work. change the direction of a force. For example, when we pull
Some machines change the intensity of a force: when we apply on a pulley rope, we create a downward force; the object on the other
a little force, the machine produces a bigger force. end of the rope rises.
Simple Machines
A simple machine has few or no moving parts. There are six simple
machines, which can be grouped as inclined planes and levers.
Inclined Plane Group Lever Group
Inclined Planes Lever
An inclined plane is a sloping surface, such as a ramp. Inclined planes are used to move objects We use levers to lift things. A lever is a board or bar that rests on a turning point. This
up or down. The object moves farther than when it is lifted straight up or lowered straight down, turning point is called the fulcrum. The closer the object is to the fulcrum, the easier it
but less force is needed. Inclined planes change the intensity and direction of a force. is to move. When we apply a force at the effort point, the force is intensified at the
Examples: staircase, ramp, slide resistance point. Levers change both the intensity and direction of a force.
Examples: seesaw, hammer, bottle opener, crowbaw, human arm
Effort
Resistance
Fulcrum
Screws Pulley
Screws are used to hold objects together and to raise and lower things. A screw is an A pulley is made up of a wheel and a rope. The rope fits into a groove on the wheel.
inclined plane wrapped around a nail. The inclined plane of a screw is called the thread. Pulling down on one end of the rope lifts the object on the other end. Pulleys help move
When you put a screw into wood, the thread cuts a groove in the wood, making it hold very loads up, down or sideways. Pulleys change the direction of a force.
tightly. Screws change the direction and intensity of a force. Examples: flag pole, crane
Examples: bolt, Archimedes screw
Wedges Wheel and Axle
A wedge is made up of two inclined planes joined back to back. The edges of the planes An axle is a cylinder that goes through the center of a wheel. The axle allows the wheel
meet and form a sharp edge. Wedges can be used to hold things together, as in a nail, or to turn. Wheels and axles change the intensity of a force, making it easy to move things
to split things apart, as in a knife. Wedges change the direction of a force. from place to place.
Examples: ax, knife, nail Examples: door knob, wagon wheels
Compound Machines levers
A compound machine is made up of two or more simple machines.
Compound machines work together to make a task easier. wheel and axle
Examples: wheelbarrow, can opener, bicycle, shears
© Richmond Publishing 2006. Richmond Publishing is an imprint of Santillana Educación, S.L.
- 2. 870612 _ 0001-0006.qxd 18/7/06 14:53 Página 2
Animal and Plant Habitats
© Richmond Publishing 2006. Richmond Publishing is an imprint of Santillana Educación, S.L.
1
2
3 4 5 6
7
Key
8 9
1 Polar Bear
2 Walrus
3 Brown (Grizzly) Bear
4 Fir Tree
5 Grey Wolf
6 Red Deer
10 11 13 14 19 7 Reindeer
8 Killer Whale
9 Moose
17
12 10 Sea Lion
Activities 15 16 18 11 Saguaro Cactus
12 Rattlesnake
13 Bald Eagle
Habitats 14 Lynx
Have students identify the animals and plants according to their 15 Palm Tree
habitats: animals and plants which live in hot places (camel, 25
toucan, koala, rattlesnake, cactus), animals and plants which 23 24 16 Tiger
live in temperate places (moose, lynx, rhesus monkey and
21 17 Bamboo
ferns), animals and plants which live in cold places (peguin, 26 18 Giant Panda
polar bear, walrus, fir tree).
19 Rhesus Monkey
Then have students identify the animals which live in trees 20 22 20 Dolphin
(orangutan, koala, toucan), the animals which live on
the ground (lion, elephant, kangaroo) and animals which live
in water (whale, shark, sea lion). 30 31 21 Jaguar
22 Macaw
Movement 23 African Elephant
Students list animals under these headings: Animals that Run, 29 24 Baobab
Animals that Fly, Animals that Swim, Animals that Slither 25 Dromedary Camel
(e.g., run—lion, tiger, reindeer; fly—eagle, toucan, macaw;
swim—dolphin, whale, shark; slither—rattlesnake). Ask 27 28 26 Indian Elephant
individual students to imitate the movements of different 34 27 Llama
animals and have the class guess what they are. 28 Alligator
Birth 37 29 Lion
Have students draw and label animals that are born from 32 30 Giraffe
their mothers (the mammals, including the marine mammals), 31 Orangutan
and animals that are born from eggs: the birds, reptiles, and fish. 33 35 36 38 32 Toucan
Body Covering 33 Spider Monkey
Write these headings on the board: Hair, Scales, Feathers. Have 39 34 Rhinoceros
students list animals under the headings according to their body 35 Gorilla
covering (e.g., Hair—the mammals, even marine mammals have
some facial hair when they are born; Scales—shark, rattlesnake; 36 Shark
Feathers—eagle, toucan, parrot, penguin). 37 Kangaroo
38 Eucalyptus
Body Parts
Have students identify the animals which have four legs 40 39 Koala
(lion, rhinoceros, koala), the animals which have two legs 40 Ombu
and two wings (penguin, parrot), the animals which have fins
(shark, whale, dolphin) and the animals which do not have legs,
41 41 Whale
wings or fins (rattlesnake).
42 Penguin
42
- 3. 870612 _ 0001-0006.qxd 13/7/06 15:58 Página 3
The Water Cycle
the Sun
clouds
snow
rain water vapour
river
sea
Activities
The Water Cycle States of Water
Indicate the evaporation of the water with gestures going from the ocean Ask students to name all the water they see in the picture: (clouds, rivers, ice,
toward the sky. ocean, lake, groundwater, rain, snow).
Indicate the movement of the clouds with gestures going from the ocean Then ask students to say which water is solid: ice, snow and which is liquid:
to the land. clouds, rivers, sea, lake, groundwater, rain. Ask them to name characteristics
Indicate the fall of snow and rain with gestures going from the clouds of ice: it is cold, it is hard. Then ask them to name uses for ice: to preserve foods,
to the land. to cool drinks, etc.
Indicate the movement of the water with gestures going from the rivers Ask students to explain the difference between ice and water: ice is frozen water.
to the ocean.
The Weather
Review the water cycle. Ask different students to explain, with gestures,
Point to different areas of the map and encourage students to say what
what happens at each stage of the water cycle. Have other students correct
the weather is like. Point to sunny, snowy, cloudy and rainy areas. Ask students
them if necessary.
where they think it is hot and cold.
Labeling
Ask students to identify the following things on the poster: clouds, rain, snow,
ice, river, ocean, groundwater.
© Richmond Publishing 2006. Richmond Publishing is an imprint of Santillana Educación, S.L.
- 4. 870612 _ 0001-0006.qxd 13/7/06 15:58 Página 4
N Reykjavik
Political Map of Europe
W ICELAND
E Norwegian
S Sea
FINLAND
© Richmond Publishing 2006. Richmond Publishing is an imprint of Santillana Educación, S.L.
RUSSIA
SWEDEN
NORWAY
Helsinki
Oslo
Stockholm Tallinn
ESTONIA
a
A T L A N T I C
Se
Moscow
North Riga
UNITED LATVIA
ic
Sea
O C E A N DENMARK
lt
KINGDOM LITHUANIA
a
Dublin Copenhagen
B Vilnius
IRELAND Minsk
BELARUS
Amsterdam
Berlin Warsaw
London NETHERLANDS
GERMANY POLAND
BELGIUM Kiev
Brussels
LUXEMBOURG UKRAINE
Prague
Luxembourg
Paris CZECH REPUBLIC
SLOVAKIA Caspian
MOLDOVA
Bratislava
Vienna
Budapest Kishinev Sea
Bern LIECHTENSTEIN
FRANCE Vaduz AUSTRIA HUNGARY
SWITZERLAND ROMANIA Tbilisi Baku
SLOVENIA GEORGIA
Ljubljana Zagreb AZERBAIJAN
CROATIA Bucharest Black Sea ARMENIA
BOSNIA Yerevan
ITALY AND Belgrade
MONACO
HERZEGOVINA
ANDORRA SAN
Monaco SERBIA BULGARIA
AL
MARINO Sarajevo
Andorra la Vella Sofia
MONTENEGRO
UG
Madrid
Podgorica Skopje
Rome
Tirana MACEDONIA
RT
VATICAN Ankara
Lisbon CITY
SPAIN
PO
ALBANIA
SCALE
TURKEY 0 121 242
GREECE Kilometres
M e d i t e r r
a Athens
n
e Nicosia
a
n CYPRUS
Valletta
MALTA S e a
- 5. 870612 _ 0001-0006.qxd 13/7/06 15:58 Página 5
S ea
al tic
B
North
1 Sea The Roman Empire
B R I TA N N I A GERMANIA
2
Black Sea
A T L A N T I C GALLIA 10
© Richmond Publishing 2006. Richmond Publishing is an imprint of Santillana Educación, S.L.
O C E A N
5 I TA L I A ASIA 11 SYRIA
6
8 9
7
4
12 J U D A E A
H I S PA N I A 13
3 a n e a
e r r n
i t
d S e a
e 14
M AFRICA
7 sarcophagus
1 Hadrian´s Wall 2 baths 3 theatre 4 aqueduct 5 temple 6 Appian Way
Roman Empire Boundaries
8 statue 9 road 10 sarcophagus 11 theatre 12 aqueduct 13 theatre 14 temple
- 6. 870612 _ 0001-0006.qxd 13/7/06 15:59 Página 6
Air
© Richmond Publishing 2006. Richmond Publishing is an imprint of Santillana Educación, S.L.
The History of Transport
rocket
20th century
biplane
20th century aeroplane
hot-air balloon 20th century
18th century airship
20th century
Land
steam locomotive
19th century high-speed train
stagecoach steam train 20th century
18th century 19th century
four-wheel drive car
21th century
car
20th century
motorcycle
20th century
car
cart wagon
19th century
Antiquity 19th century
cruise ship
Sea steamer
20th century
19th century
boat
Antiquity galley
17th century
caravel frigate submarine
15th century 17th century 19th century