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Imaging in abdominal trauma
Abdominal trauma
 Trauma causes I0% of deaths worldwide
 The third commonest cause of death after malignancy
and vascular disease
Blunt abdominal trauma
 Vehicular trauma (75%)
 Blow to the abdomen (15%)
 Fall from height (6-9%)
 Others
 Domestic accidents
 Fights
 Iatrogenic cardiopulmonary resuscitation
Mechanism of injury
 Direct impact or
movement of organs
 Compressive, stretching
or shearing forces
 Solid Organs > Blood
Loss
 Hollow Organs > Blood
Loss and Peritoneal
Contamination
 Retroperitoneal >
Often asymptomatic
initially
Penetrating abdominal injury
 Accidental
 Homicidal
 Iatrogenic
 Stab wounds
 Gun shot wounds
 Shrapnel wounds
 Impalements
Vectors of Force - Trauma
"Packages"
Right-sided Midline Left-sided
R hepatic
lobe
R kidney
Diaphragm
pancreatic
head
duodenum
IVC
Left hepatic
lobe
Pancreatic
body
Aorta
Transverse
colon
Duodenum
Small bowel
Spleen
L kidney
Diaphragm
Pancreatic
tail
Right-sided Trauma
"Packages"
ACR Appropriateness Criteria
Category A
Hemodynamically unstable
Clinically obvious major abdominal trauma
Unresponsive profound hypotension
Resuscitation with volume replacement.
Not respond to resuscitation
Operating room without imaging
UNSTABLE
INVESTIGATION AVAILABILITY
F A S T D P L
FREE
FLUID
BLOOD
NO YES
CONTINUE
RESUSCITATION LAPAROTOMY
HEMODYNAMIC STABILITY ?
Category B
Hemodynamically stable
Mild to moderate responsive hypotension
Significant trauma and have at least
moderate suspicion of intra-abdominal injury
based on clinical signs and symptoms
These patients should be evaluated by
imaging
Category C
Hemodynamically stable
Patients with hematuria after blunt
abdominal trauma
All patients with gross hematuria and
pelvic fracture require additional imaging
of the bladder to exclude bladder rupture
STABLE
CONSCIOUS , RESPONSIVE
YES NO
SUSPICION OF
ABDOMINAL INJURY
YESNO C T
CLINICAL FOLLOW-
UP
What is FAST?
A focused, goal directed, sonographic
examination of the abdomen
Goal is presence of haemoperitoneum or
haemopericardium
Can be integrated into the primary or
secondary survey and can be performed
quickly, without removing patients from the
clinical arena
Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma
What FAST is NOT
A definitive diagnostic investigation
A substitute for CT
The ABCDE of Trauma
A - Airway
B - Breathing
C - Circulation (FAST)
D - Disability
E - Environment and Exposure
The FAST examination
FAST examines four areas for free fluid:
 Perihepatic & hepato-renal
space
 Perisplenic
 Pelvis
 Pericardium
The perihepatic scan
The hepatorenal
space (pouch of
Morison)
most dependent
part of the upper
peritoneal cavity
The probe is placed
in the right mid- to
posterior axillary
line at the level of
the 12th ribs.
The perihepatic scan
The perihepatic scan
Blood shows as a hypoechoic black stripe between the
capsule liver and the fatty fascia of the kidney
Perihepatic
scan
Perisplenic window
 Transducer
positioned in left
posterior axillary line
between 10th and
11th ribs with beam
in coronal plane.
 Demonstrates
spleen, kidney and
diaphragm
 May be marred by
acoustic shadows
from ribs
 May be improved by
imaging patient
whilst in full
inspiration.
Abnormal perisplenic window
The pelvic scan
 The pelvic examination
visualises the cul-de-sac:
the Pouch of Douglas in
females and the
rectovesical pouch in the
male
 Most dependent portion
of the lower abdomen
and pelvis, where fluid
will collect
 The transducer is placed
midline just superior to
the symphysis pubis
The pericardial scan
For the subxiphoid view, the transducer-
probe should be placed in the subxiphoid
area and directed into the chest toward
the left shoulder so as to view the
diaphragm and heart. This view can be
difficult to obtain if the patient is
experiencing significant abdominal pain.
Subxiphoid view of cardiac anatomy
Subxiphoid view
Normal subcostal view of pericardium
Positive FAST demonstrating
pericardial effusion
FAST: Strengths and Limitations
Strengths
Rapid (~2 mins)
Portable
Inexpensive
Technically simple,
easy to train
Can be performed
serially
Useful for guiding
triage decisions in
trauma patients
Limitations
Does not typically
identify source of
bleeding
Requires extensive
training to assess
parenchyma reliably
Limited in detecting
<250 cc
intraperitoneal fluid
Particularly poor at
detecting bowel and
mesentery damage
Difficult to assess
retroperitoneum
Limited by habitus
in obese patients
CT in Abdominal Trauma
Initial evaluation of
blunt trauma
penetrating trauma
Follow up of non-operative management
Rule out Injury
The findings to look for in abdominal trauma
are the following:
Hemoperitoneum
Pneumoperitoneum
Contrast blush consistent with active extravasation
Subcapsular hematomas
Laceration
Contusions
Devascularization of organs or parts of organs
Hemoperitoneum
Hyperdense intraperitoneal fluid collection
0–20HU Preexisting ascites
Bile
Urine
Digestive fluid
Diluted or old blood
30–45HU Free Unclotted
intraperitoneal blood
45–70HU Clotted blood/sentinel clot
sign hematoma
>100 HU Extravasation of contrast
medium
(vascular or urinary)
SENTINEL CLOT SIGN
• Clotted blood
adjacent to the site
of injury is of higher
attenuation value
than unclotted blood
which flows away .
• When the source of
intraperitoneal bleed
not evident, the
location of highest
attenuating blood
clot is a clue to the
most likely source
Spleen
The spleen is the most commonly
injured organ in blunt abdominal trauma
40% of all solid organ injuries
Plain film findings for spleen
trauma
left lower rib fracture
The classic triad indicative of acute
splenic rupture
Left hemidiaphragm
elevation
Left lower lobe atelectasis
Pleural effusion
Parenchymal
Contusion
Hypodense intraparenchymal area
with irregular contours
Parenchymal Laceration
Superficial, linear
hypodensity, usually
less than 3 cm in
length
Fracture - involves
two visceral surfaces,
or if its length is
more than 3 cm
Multiple fractures -
Scattered spleen
Subcapsular Hematoma
• Crescent-shaped perisplenic hematoma
Compresses the splenic parenchyma
Vascular Trauma
The most dangerous vascular traumatic
lesions are arterial lesions
Irregular area of increased density relative
to background spleen
Typically the attenuation value is within 10
HU of the adjacent artery
Delayed splenic rupture
Bleeding due to splenic injury occurring
more than 48 h after blunt trauma
following an apparently normal CT
examination
Due to ruptures of subcapsular splenic
haematomas.
Splenic CT Injury Grading Scale
Grade I Laceration(s) < 1 cm deep
Subcapsular hematoma < 1cm diameter
Grade
II
Laceration(s) 1-3 cm deep
Subcapsular or central hematoma l-3cm
diameter
Grade
III
Laceration(s) 3-10 cm deep
Subcapsular or central hematoma 3-10
cm diameter
Grade
IV
Laceration(s) > 10 cm deep
Subcapsular or central hematoma >
10cm diameter
Grade
V
Splenic tissue maceration or
devascularization
Simply :
Grade 1 is less than 1 cm.
Grade 2 is about 2 cm (1-3 cm).
Grade 3 is more than 3 cm.
Grade 4 is more than 10 cm.
Grade 5 is total devascularization or
maceration.
Contrast blush
 A contrast blush is defined as an area of high density
with density measurements within 10 HU compared
to the nearby vessel (or aorta).
 The differential diagnosis is:
 Active arterial extravasation
 Post-traumatic pseudoaneurysm
 Post-traumatic AV fistula
Contrast-enhanced CT:
there is frank arterial
bleeding
from the splenic artery
associated with a
fragmented spleen.
Extensive
haemoperitoneum is
also present
SPLENIC INJURIES - Management
Grade I-III:Often arterial hemorrhage, therefore
nonoperative management less successful
Grade IV-V: almost invariably require operative
intervention
Delayed hemorrhage (hours to weeks post-injury):
8-21%
Liver
The liver is the second most commonly
injured organ in abdominal trauma.
Between 70 and 90% of hepatic injuries are
minor
Right lobe most commonly affected
Abdominal Trauma Protocol
 Blunt injury -deceleration, crush, weapon (e.g.
bat)
 venous phase ~70 secs
 Delayed scan if injury present; ~3-5 mins
 Penetrating injury: knives, gun
 Same as blunt
 Additional scan after rectal contrast material
 Associated injuries:
2/3 have hemoperitoneum
45% have associated splenic injury
33% have rib fractures
Duodenal or pancreatic injury
Biliary injury: hematobilia, biloma, biliary
ascites, bile duct disruption
 Ultrasound sensitive for grade 3 or
greater
Radiological overview of liver injury:
 Right lobe> left lobe; 3:1
 Posterior segment most common (fixed by
coronary ligament)
 CT imaging method of choice
Features with impact on the
management and the prognosis
 Number of segments involved by the lacerations
(significant if at least three segments are involved)
 Central or subcapsular location of the lacerations
and contusions
 Extension of lesions within the porta hepatis or the
gallbladder fossa
 Importance of the hemoperitoneum
 Vascular lesions with active bleeding or sentinel
clot sign
Green arrow: oval shaped hypodense area consistent with
hematoma
Yellow arrow: linear shaped hypodense area consistent
with laceration.
Notice that this laceration crosses the left portal vein
Blue arrow: vague ill defined hypodense area consistent
with contusion
Fluid around the liver
There is almost a transsection of the liver, but both lobes
do enhance so there is still normal vascular supply.
Classification
(AAST)
I-Subcapsular hematoma<1cm, superficial
laceration<1cm deep.
II-Parenchymal laceration 1-3cm
deep, subcapsular hematoma1-3 cm
thick.
III-Parenchymal laceration> 3cm
deep and subcapsular hematoma>
3cm diameter.
IV-Parenchymal/supcapsular
hematoma> 10cm in diameter, lobar
destruction,
V- Global destruction or
devascularization of the liver.
VI-Hepatic avulsion
Periportal Edema
Periportal hypodensities running in parallel
to the portal branches
Causes
Diffusion from intraparenchymal bleeding
Dilatation of periportal lymph vessels
Vascular or focal bile duct dissection
PERI-PORTAL EDEMA
Multiple right lobe lacerations. This configuration
has been described as a 'bear claw' appearance
Complications
Biloma
Delayed hemorrhage
Hemobilia
Hepatic infarcts
Pseudoaneurysm
AV fistula
Indications for surgical treatment in liver
trauma
Shock
Active venous bleeding
Trauma of the gallbladder
Abdominal surgery necessary for other causes
Retroperitoneal Hemorrhage
 Retroperitoneal hemorrhage may arise from
injuries to major vascular structures, hollow
viscera, solid organs, or musculoskeletal structures
or a combination
Small zone I (central) retroperitoneal
hematoma
Large zone I (central) retroperitoneal
hematoma with active extravasation
Large zone II (lateral) retroperitoneal
hematoma
Pancreas
 Uncommon injury
 1.1% incidence in penetrating trauma and only 0.2%
in blunt trauma.
 Rarely an isolated injury.
 Usually part of a 'package injury‘
 Difficult to detect pancreatic injury on CT and one has
to rely on ancillary findings
 Pancreatic duct injury cannot be directly visualized on
CT.
 Deeper the laceration more likely that duct is injured
Laceration of the pancreatic neck
without duct injury
Pancreatic transection (neck)
with duct injury
Indirect Signs
Edema with global pancreatic enlargement
and loss of lobulation
Peripancreatic fat infiltration
Peripancreatic fluid, especially if it is located
around the SMA or the omental bursa
Thickening of the left anterior pararenal
fascia or fluid in the anterior pararenal space
Concomitant duodenal injury
Hematic fluid between the dorsal surface of
pancreas- Considered a DIRECT SIGN
AAST GRADING OF PANCREAS INJURY
Grade
Type of
Injury Description of Injury
I Hematoma Minor contusion without duct injury
Laceration Superficial injury without duct injury
II Hematoma Major contusion without duct injury or
tissue loss
Laceration Major laceration without duct injury or
tissue loss
III Laceration Distal transection or parenchymal injury
with duct injury
IV Laceration Proximal transection or parenchymal
injury with probable duct injury (not
involving ampulla)
Imaging of Renal Trauma
 Computed tomography (CT) is the modality of
choice in the evaluation of blunt renal injury
 Injury to the kidney is seen in approximately 8%–
10% of patients with blunt or penetrating
abdominal injuries
Renal criteria for performing CT
in abdominal trauma
Macroscopic hematuria
Microscopic hematuria with shock
Important renal ecchymosis or fracture
of the lumbar transverse process
Open trauma involving the
retroperitoneum
Mechanism of deceleration (risk of
pedicle injury)
In children all types of posttraumatic
hematuria
Computed Tomography
 Early and delayed CT scans through the kidneys
are necessary
 Excretory-phase contrast (3min)
 The preferred technique
 Helical CT performed from the dome of the
diaphragm
 Scanning parameters include
 Collimation of 7 mm,
 Pitch of 1.3,
 Image reconstruction intervals of 7 mm.
Subcapsular hematoma (category I)
Crescent shaped hyperdensity, located
in the periphery of the kidney
Laceration
Hypodense, irregularly linear areas,
typically distributed along the vessels and
filled with blood.
They are best analyzed at arterial phase
Superficial (<1 cm from the renal cortex)
Deep (>1 cm from the renal cortex)
Renal medulla
Collecting tubule system
Simple renal laceration (category I)
Major renal laceration without involvement
of the collecting system (category II)
Major renal laceration involving the
collecting system (category II)
Multiple renal lacerations
(category III)
Shattered kidney (category III)
Segmental Infarct
Triangular parenchymal area, with a
widest part at the cortex, which is not
enhanced during the different phases,
with clear delineation
Segmental renal infarction (category
II)
Traumatic occlusion of
the main renal artery
(category III)
Active arterial extravasation
(category III)
Vein Pedicle Injury
Incomplete or absent opacification of the
renal vein
Persistent nephrogram
Reduction in excretion
Nephromegaly
Laceration of the renal vein
(category III)
Urinoma/Urohematoma
Presence of a more or less significant
breach of the collecting tube system, with
urine escape reflected by extravasation of
contrast medium on delayed imaging, in an
extrarenal location
Avulsion of the ureteropelvic junction
(category IV)
AAST organ injury severity scale grading system for
kidney injury
Grade 1 Contusion or contained and non -expanding
subcapsular haematoma, without parenchymal
laceration; haematuria
Grade 2 Non -expanding, confined, perirenal
haematoma or cortical laceration less than 1 cm
deep; no urinary extravasation
Grade 3 Parenchymal laceration extending more than 1
cm into cortex; no collecting system rupture or
urinary extravasation
Grade 4 Parenchymal laceration extending through the
renal cortex, medulla and collecting system
Grade 5 Pedicle injury or avulsion of renal hilum that
devascularizes the kidney; completely shattered
kidney;
Abdominal trauma
CT Cystography
 Empty the bladder
 Instill the contrast retrograde through the Foley
catheter of avg. 350-400 cc of contrast
 Image the pelvis
BLADDER INJURY
CT classification
TYPES
1. Bladder contusion
2. Intraperitoneal rupture
3. Interstitial bladder injury
4. Extraperitoneal rupture
A. simple
B. complex (bladder neck involved)
5. Combined bladder injury
Intraperitoneal rupture (type 2)
 Cystography
 Contrast in paracolic gutters, around bowel loops,
pouch of Douglas and intraperitoneal viscera
 ± Pelvic fracture
 CT cystography
 Contrast in paracolic gutters, around bowel loops,
pouch of Douglas and intraperitoneal viscera
Cystogram of intraperitoneal bladder
rupture
Extraperitoneal rupture
Cystography
Simple: Flame-shaped extravasation around
bladder
Complex Extravasation extends beyond the
pelvis
Extravasation best seen on post-drainage films
CT of extraperitoneal bladder rupture
Type 5
(combined) rupture.
Intestinal and Mesenteric
Traumas
Bowel or mesentery injury occurs in 5% of
patients with abdominal blunt trauma
More common following open trauma,
especially in injuries caused by firearms
Four CT findings should alert the
radiologist
1. Focal fat infiltration
2. Interloop hematoma (sentinel clot
sign)
3. Bowel wall thickening
4. Free intraperitoneal air
Small Bowel Injury
 Diffuse circumferential thickening
 Hypoperfused "shock" bowel
 Focal thickening
 Usually non-transmural injury
 Specific findings, rare
 Bowel content extravasation
 Focal bowel wall discontinuity
 Most common finding
 Unexplained non-physiologic free fluid (84%)
 Mesenteric stranding
 Focal bowel thickening
 Interloop fluid
 If in combination, strongly suggestive
Indirect findings of traumatic
bowel perforation
Peritoneal findings
Sentinel clot
Focal mesenteric infiltration
GI findings
Pneumoperitoneal air bubbles localized within
the mesentery
Focal wall thickening
Traumatic duodenal intramural
hematoma
Periduodenal hemorrhage
Causes of bowel thickening related to
trauma
Contusion/hematoma
Perforation
Distal ischemia due to mesenteric lesion
Bowel shock
Secondary to peritonitis
Bowel spasm
GI Ischemia
 Bowel ischemia
 Segmental (distal branch vessel injury)
 Diffuse thickening of small bowel wall - hypotensive
shock bowel
 Typical CT signs
 Lack of parietal enhancement
 Thickening of bowel wall
 Parietal pneumatosis with presence of air inside the
bowel wall
 Air in the mesentery and portal venous system
Role of Interventional Radiology
Embolization
Spleen
Liver
Pelvis
Angioplasty + Stent
Renal artery dissection
Agents for embolizations
 Gelfoam
 Soaked in an antibiotic solution
 restorable
 Can be cut in variable size
 May result in too distal embolization
 Risks for tissue infarction or late abscess
formation
 Coils
 Have variable size, length, diameter
 Precise targeted delivery
 Expensive
 Need normal coagulation
 Metal stents
 Large-caliber patent artery
Advantages
Embolization can decrease the
amount of resuscitation fluid to
maintain vital sign.
Embolization can decrease shock
index
Operation with adjunct embolization
can decrease the mortality rate
Embolization is a promising way for
stopping bleeding
Spleen Embolization
Role of MR Imaging in trauma
 demonstrated to be a near-equivalent technique to
CT in the accurate appraisal of individual organ
injuries
 The use of MRI at present confers no additional
advantages in the initial trauma evaluation
 Limited access to patients for monitoring and
resuscitation and the need for MR-compatible
equipment pose major disadvantages.
 At present MRI is reserved for problem solving
after the acute phase of trauma has passed
Take home messages:
Abdominal injuries are often underappreciated
radiologically either because of difficulty in
assessment caused by condition of patient or because
some signs take time to develop.
CT , mdct in particular has revolutionized the
management of trauma patient.
One should be aware of indirect signs of trauma on CT
Angiography has an increasing role in non operative
management of abdominal trauma
Thank you

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Abdominal trauma

  • 2. Abdominal trauma  Trauma causes I0% of deaths worldwide  The third commonest cause of death after malignancy and vascular disease
  • 3. Blunt abdominal trauma  Vehicular trauma (75%)  Blow to the abdomen (15%)  Fall from height (6-9%)  Others  Domestic accidents  Fights  Iatrogenic cardiopulmonary resuscitation
  • 4. Mechanism of injury  Direct impact or movement of organs  Compressive, stretching or shearing forces  Solid Organs > Blood Loss  Hollow Organs > Blood Loss and Peritoneal Contamination  Retroperitoneal > Often asymptomatic initially
  • 5. Penetrating abdominal injury  Accidental  Homicidal  Iatrogenic  Stab wounds  Gun shot wounds  Shrapnel wounds  Impalements
  • 6. Vectors of Force - Trauma "Packages" Right-sided Midline Left-sided R hepatic lobe R kidney Diaphragm pancreatic head duodenum IVC Left hepatic lobe Pancreatic body Aorta Transverse colon Duodenum Small bowel Spleen L kidney Diaphragm Pancreatic tail
  • 8. ACR Appropriateness Criteria Category A Hemodynamically unstable Clinically obvious major abdominal trauma Unresponsive profound hypotension Resuscitation with volume replacement. Not respond to resuscitation Operating room without imaging
  • 9. UNSTABLE INVESTIGATION AVAILABILITY F A S T D P L FREE FLUID BLOOD NO YES CONTINUE RESUSCITATION LAPAROTOMY HEMODYNAMIC STABILITY ?
  • 10. Category B Hemodynamically stable Mild to moderate responsive hypotension Significant trauma and have at least moderate suspicion of intra-abdominal injury based on clinical signs and symptoms These patients should be evaluated by imaging
  • 11. Category C Hemodynamically stable Patients with hematuria after blunt abdominal trauma All patients with gross hematuria and pelvic fracture require additional imaging of the bladder to exclude bladder rupture
  • 12. STABLE CONSCIOUS , RESPONSIVE YES NO SUSPICION OF ABDOMINAL INJURY YESNO C T CLINICAL FOLLOW- UP
  • 13. What is FAST? A focused, goal directed, sonographic examination of the abdomen Goal is presence of haemoperitoneum or haemopericardium Can be integrated into the primary or secondary survey and can be performed quickly, without removing patients from the clinical arena Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma
  • 14. What FAST is NOT A definitive diagnostic investigation A substitute for CT
  • 15. The ABCDE of Trauma A - Airway B - Breathing C - Circulation (FAST) D - Disability E - Environment and Exposure
  • 16. The FAST examination FAST examines four areas for free fluid:  Perihepatic & hepato-renal space  Perisplenic  Pelvis  Pericardium
  • 17. The perihepatic scan The hepatorenal space (pouch of Morison) most dependent part of the upper peritoneal cavity The probe is placed in the right mid- to posterior axillary line at the level of the 12th ribs.
  • 19. The perihepatic scan Blood shows as a hypoechoic black stripe between the capsule liver and the fatty fascia of the kidney
  • 21. Perisplenic window  Transducer positioned in left posterior axillary line between 10th and 11th ribs with beam in coronal plane.  Demonstrates spleen, kidney and diaphragm  May be marred by acoustic shadows from ribs  May be improved by imaging patient whilst in full inspiration.
  • 23. The pelvic scan  The pelvic examination visualises the cul-de-sac: the Pouch of Douglas in females and the rectovesical pouch in the male  Most dependent portion of the lower abdomen and pelvis, where fluid will collect  The transducer is placed midline just superior to the symphysis pubis
  • 24. The pericardial scan For the subxiphoid view, the transducer- probe should be placed in the subxiphoid area and directed into the chest toward the left shoulder so as to view the diaphragm and heart. This view can be difficult to obtain if the patient is experiencing significant abdominal pain.
  • 25. Subxiphoid view of cardiac anatomy
  • 26. Subxiphoid view Normal subcostal view of pericardium Positive FAST demonstrating pericardial effusion
  • 27. FAST: Strengths and Limitations Strengths Rapid (~2 mins) Portable Inexpensive Technically simple, easy to train Can be performed serially Useful for guiding triage decisions in trauma patients Limitations Does not typically identify source of bleeding Requires extensive training to assess parenchyma reliably Limited in detecting <250 cc intraperitoneal fluid Particularly poor at detecting bowel and mesentery damage Difficult to assess retroperitoneum Limited by habitus in obese patients
  • 28. CT in Abdominal Trauma Initial evaluation of blunt trauma penetrating trauma Follow up of non-operative management Rule out Injury
  • 29. The findings to look for in abdominal trauma are the following: Hemoperitoneum Pneumoperitoneum Contrast blush consistent with active extravasation Subcapsular hematomas Laceration Contusions Devascularization of organs or parts of organs
  • 30. Hemoperitoneum Hyperdense intraperitoneal fluid collection 0–20HU Preexisting ascites Bile Urine Digestive fluid Diluted or old blood 30–45HU Free Unclotted intraperitoneal blood 45–70HU Clotted blood/sentinel clot sign hematoma >100 HU Extravasation of contrast medium (vascular or urinary)
  • 31. SENTINEL CLOT SIGN • Clotted blood adjacent to the site of injury is of higher attenuation value than unclotted blood which flows away . • When the source of intraperitoneal bleed not evident, the location of highest attenuating blood clot is a clue to the most likely source
  • 32. Spleen The spleen is the most commonly injured organ in blunt abdominal trauma 40% of all solid organ injuries
  • 33. Plain film findings for spleen trauma left lower rib fracture The classic triad indicative of acute splenic rupture Left hemidiaphragm elevation Left lower lobe atelectasis Pleural effusion
  • 35. Parenchymal Laceration Superficial, linear hypodensity, usually less than 3 cm in length Fracture - involves two visceral surfaces, or if its length is more than 3 cm Multiple fractures - Scattered spleen
  • 36. Subcapsular Hematoma • Crescent-shaped perisplenic hematoma Compresses the splenic parenchyma
  • 37. Vascular Trauma The most dangerous vascular traumatic lesions are arterial lesions Irregular area of increased density relative to background spleen Typically the attenuation value is within 10 HU of the adjacent artery
  • 38. Delayed splenic rupture Bleeding due to splenic injury occurring more than 48 h after blunt trauma following an apparently normal CT examination Due to ruptures of subcapsular splenic haematomas.
  • 39. Splenic CT Injury Grading Scale Grade I Laceration(s) < 1 cm deep Subcapsular hematoma < 1cm diameter Grade II Laceration(s) 1-3 cm deep Subcapsular or central hematoma l-3cm diameter Grade III Laceration(s) 3-10 cm deep Subcapsular or central hematoma 3-10 cm diameter Grade IV Laceration(s) > 10 cm deep Subcapsular or central hematoma > 10cm diameter Grade V Splenic tissue maceration or devascularization
  • 40. Simply : Grade 1 is less than 1 cm. Grade 2 is about 2 cm (1-3 cm). Grade 3 is more than 3 cm. Grade 4 is more than 10 cm. Grade 5 is total devascularization or maceration.
  • 41. Contrast blush  A contrast blush is defined as an area of high density with density measurements within 10 HU compared to the nearby vessel (or aorta).  The differential diagnosis is:  Active arterial extravasation  Post-traumatic pseudoaneurysm  Post-traumatic AV fistula
  • 42. Contrast-enhanced CT: there is frank arterial bleeding from the splenic artery associated with a fragmented spleen. Extensive haemoperitoneum is also present
  • 43. SPLENIC INJURIES - Management Grade I-III:Often arterial hemorrhage, therefore nonoperative management less successful Grade IV-V: almost invariably require operative intervention Delayed hemorrhage (hours to weeks post-injury): 8-21%
  • 44. Liver The liver is the second most commonly injured organ in abdominal trauma. Between 70 and 90% of hepatic injuries are minor Right lobe most commonly affected
  • 45. Abdominal Trauma Protocol  Blunt injury -deceleration, crush, weapon (e.g. bat)  venous phase ~70 secs  Delayed scan if injury present; ~3-5 mins  Penetrating injury: knives, gun  Same as blunt  Additional scan after rectal contrast material
  • 46.  Associated injuries: 2/3 have hemoperitoneum 45% have associated splenic injury 33% have rib fractures Duodenal or pancreatic injury Biliary injury: hematobilia, biloma, biliary ascites, bile duct disruption  Ultrasound sensitive for grade 3 or greater
  • 47. Radiological overview of liver injury:  Right lobe> left lobe; 3:1  Posterior segment most common (fixed by coronary ligament)  CT imaging method of choice
  • 48. Features with impact on the management and the prognosis  Number of segments involved by the lacerations (significant if at least three segments are involved)  Central or subcapsular location of the lacerations and contusions  Extension of lesions within the porta hepatis or the gallbladder fossa  Importance of the hemoperitoneum  Vascular lesions with active bleeding or sentinel clot sign
  • 49. Green arrow: oval shaped hypodense area consistent with hematoma Yellow arrow: linear shaped hypodense area consistent with laceration. Notice that this laceration crosses the left portal vein Blue arrow: vague ill defined hypodense area consistent with contusion Fluid around the liver There is almost a transsection of the liver, but both lobes do enhance so there is still normal vascular supply.
  • 51. II-Parenchymal laceration 1-3cm deep, subcapsular hematoma1-3 cm thick.
  • 52. III-Parenchymal laceration> 3cm deep and subcapsular hematoma> 3cm diameter.
  • 53. IV-Parenchymal/supcapsular hematoma> 10cm in diameter, lobar destruction,
  • 54. V- Global destruction or devascularization of the liver.
  • 56. Periportal Edema Periportal hypodensities running in parallel to the portal branches Causes Diffusion from intraparenchymal bleeding Dilatation of periportal lymph vessels Vascular or focal bile duct dissection
  • 58. Multiple right lobe lacerations. This configuration has been described as a 'bear claw' appearance
  • 60. Indications for surgical treatment in liver trauma Shock Active venous bleeding Trauma of the gallbladder Abdominal surgery necessary for other causes
  • 61. Retroperitoneal Hemorrhage  Retroperitoneal hemorrhage may arise from injuries to major vascular structures, hollow viscera, solid organs, or musculoskeletal structures or a combination
  • 62. Small zone I (central) retroperitoneal hematoma
  • 63. Large zone I (central) retroperitoneal hematoma with active extravasation
  • 64. Large zone II (lateral) retroperitoneal hematoma
  • 65. Pancreas  Uncommon injury  1.1% incidence in penetrating trauma and only 0.2% in blunt trauma.  Rarely an isolated injury.  Usually part of a 'package injury‘  Difficult to detect pancreatic injury on CT and one has to rely on ancillary findings  Pancreatic duct injury cannot be directly visualized on CT.  Deeper the laceration more likely that duct is injured
  • 66. Laceration of the pancreatic neck without duct injury
  • 68. Indirect Signs Edema with global pancreatic enlargement and loss of lobulation Peripancreatic fat infiltration Peripancreatic fluid, especially if it is located around the SMA or the omental bursa Thickening of the left anterior pararenal fascia or fluid in the anterior pararenal space Concomitant duodenal injury Hematic fluid between the dorsal surface of pancreas- Considered a DIRECT SIGN
  • 69. AAST GRADING OF PANCREAS INJURY Grade Type of Injury Description of Injury I Hematoma Minor contusion without duct injury Laceration Superficial injury without duct injury II Hematoma Major contusion without duct injury or tissue loss Laceration Major laceration without duct injury or tissue loss III Laceration Distal transection or parenchymal injury with duct injury IV Laceration Proximal transection or parenchymal injury with probable duct injury (not involving ampulla)
  • 70. Imaging of Renal Trauma  Computed tomography (CT) is the modality of choice in the evaluation of blunt renal injury  Injury to the kidney is seen in approximately 8%– 10% of patients with blunt or penetrating abdominal injuries
  • 71. Renal criteria for performing CT in abdominal trauma Macroscopic hematuria Microscopic hematuria with shock Important renal ecchymosis or fracture of the lumbar transverse process Open trauma involving the retroperitoneum Mechanism of deceleration (risk of pedicle injury) In children all types of posttraumatic hematuria
  • 72. Computed Tomography  Early and delayed CT scans through the kidneys are necessary  Excretory-phase contrast (3min)  The preferred technique  Helical CT performed from the dome of the diaphragm  Scanning parameters include  Collimation of 7 mm,  Pitch of 1.3,  Image reconstruction intervals of 7 mm.
  • 73. Subcapsular hematoma (category I) Crescent shaped hyperdensity, located in the periphery of the kidney
  • 74. Laceration Hypodense, irregularly linear areas, typically distributed along the vessels and filled with blood. They are best analyzed at arterial phase Superficial (<1 cm from the renal cortex) Deep (>1 cm from the renal cortex) Renal medulla Collecting tubule system
  • 75. Simple renal laceration (category I)
  • 76. Major renal laceration without involvement of the collecting system (category II)
  • 77. Major renal laceration involving the collecting system (category II)
  • 80. Segmental Infarct Triangular parenchymal area, with a widest part at the cortex, which is not enhanced during the different phases, with clear delineation
  • 81. Segmental renal infarction (category II)
  • 82. Traumatic occlusion of the main renal artery (category III)
  • 84. Vein Pedicle Injury Incomplete or absent opacification of the renal vein Persistent nephrogram Reduction in excretion Nephromegaly
  • 85. Laceration of the renal vein (category III)
  • 86. Urinoma/Urohematoma Presence of a more or less significant breach of the collecting tube system, with urine escape reflected by extravasation of contrast medium on delayed imaging, in an extrarenal location
  • 87. Avulsion of the ureteropelvic junction (category IV)
  • 88. AAST organ injury severity scale grading system for kidney injury Grade 1 Contusion or contained and non -expanding subcapsular haematoma, without parenchymal laceration; haematuria Grade 2 Non -expanding, confined, perirenal haematoma or cortical laceration less than 1 cm deep; no urinary extravasation Grade 3 Parenchymal laceration extending more than 1 cm into cortex; no collecting system rupture or urinary extravasation Grade 4 Parenchymal laceration extending through the renal cortex, medulla and collecting system Grade 5 Pedicle injury or avulsion of renal hilum that devascularizes the kidney; completely shattered kidney;
  • 90. CT Cystography  Empty the bladder  Instill the contrast retrograde through the Foley catheter of avg. 350-400 cc of contrast  Image the pelvis BLADDER INJURY
  • 91. CT classification TYPES 1. Bladder contusion 2. Intraperitoneal rupture 3. Interstitial bladder injury 4. Extraperitoneal rupture A. simple B. complex (bladder neck involved) 5. Combined bladder injury
  • 92. Intraperitoneal rupture (type 2)  Cystography  Contrast in paracolic gutters, around bowel loops, pouch of Douglas and intraperitoneal viscera  ± Pelvic fracture  CT cystography  Contrast in paracolic gutters, around bowel loops, pouch of Douglas and intraperitoneal viscera
  • 93. Cystogram of intraperitoneal bladder rupture
  • 94. Extraperitoneal rupture Cystography Simple: Flame-shaped extravasation around bladder Complex Extravasation extends beyond the pelvis Extravasation best seen on post-drainage films
  • 95. CT of extraperitoneal bladder rupture
  • 97. Intestinal and Mesenteric Traumas Bowel or mesentery injury occurs in 5% of patients with abdominal blunt trauma More common following open trauma, especially in injuries caused by firearms
  • 98. Four CT findings should alert the radiologist 1. Focal fat infiltration 2. Interloop hematoma (sentinel clot sign) 3. Bowel wall thickening 4. Free intraperitoneal air
  • 99. Small Bowel Injury  Diffuse circumferential thickening  Hypoperfused "shock" bowel  Focal thickening  Usually non-transmural injury  Specific findings, rare  Bowel content extravasation  Focal bowel wall discontinuity  Most common finding  Unexplained non-physiologic free fluid (84%)  Mesenteric stranding  Focal bowel thickening  Interloop fluid  If in combination, strongly suggestive
  • 100. Indirect findings of traumatic bowel perforation Peritoneal findings Sentinel clot Focal mesenteric infiltration GI findings Pneumoperitoneal air bubbles localized within the mesentery Focal wall thickening
  • 103. Causes of bowel thickening related to trauma Contusion/hematoma Perforation Distal ischemia due to mesenteric lesion Bowel shock Secondary to peritonitis Bowel spasm
  • 104. GI Ischemia  Bowel ischemia  Segmental (distal branch vessel injury)  Diffuse thickening of small bowel wall - hypotensive shock bowel  Typical CT signs  Lack of parietal enhancement  Thickening of bowel wall  Parietal pneumatosis with presence of air inside the bowel wall  Air in the mesentery and portal venous system
  • 105. Role of Interventional Radiology Embolization Spleen Liver Pelvis Angioplasty + Stent Renal artery dissection
  • 106. Agents for embolizations  Gelfoam  Soaked in an antibiotic solution  restorable  Can be cut in variable size  May result in too distal embolization  Risks for tissue infarction or late abscess formation  Coils  Have variable size, length, diameter  Precise targeted delivery  Expensive  Need normal coagulation  Metal stents  Large-caliber patent artery
  • 107. Advantages Embolization can decrease the amount of resuscitation fluid to maintain vital sign. Embolization can decrease shock index Operation with adjunct embolization can decrease the mortality rate Embolization is a promising way for stopping bleeding
  • 109. Role of MR Imaging in trauma  demonstrated to be a near-equivalent technique to CT in the accurate appraisal of individual organ injuries  The use of MRI at present confers no additional advantages in the initial trauma evaluation  Limited access to patients for monitoring and resuscitation and the need for MR-compatible equipment pose major disadvantages.  At present MRI is reserved for problem solving after the acute phase of trauma has passed
  • 110. Take home messages: Abdominal injuries are often underappreciated radiologically either because of difficulty in assessment caused by condition of patient or because some signs take time to develop. CT , mdct in particular has revolutionized the management of trauma patient. One should be aware of indirect signs of trauma on CT Angiography has an increasing role in non operative management of abdominal trauma