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Minerals
CHARACTERISTICS ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Macrominerals Microminerals Calcium Phosphorus Potassium Sodium Magnesium Sulfur Chlorine Iron Iodine Cobalt Copper Zinc Manganese Molybdenum Selenium Chromium Flourine
Bioavailibility ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Low bioavailability - result from soap formation - binding of Ca and magnesium to free  fatty acids - from precipitation when one pair of ions  in the lumen in very high concentration - mineral-mineral interactions - Fe, Ca and Magnesium High bioavailability - Na, K, Cl, I and F Medium bioavailability - Ca, Mn
General functions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Macrominerals
CALCIUM ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Functions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Absorption ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Regulation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Hormones ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Excretion ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Deficiency ,[object Object],[object Object]
Toxicity ,[object Object]
Phosphuros ,[object Object],[object Object]
Functions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Toxicity  ,[object Object],Deficiency Dietary inadequacy is not likely if protein and calcium intake are adequate
Magnesium ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Functions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Deficiency ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Toxicity ,[object Object]
Sulfur ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Deficiency ,[object Object]
ELECTROLYTES
Characteristics ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],WMSU BSND Review 2007
Functions of Electrolytes ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],WMSU BSND Review 2007
Mechanisms Controlling    Electrolyte Balance in the Body ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],WMSU BSND Review 2007
Sodium ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Asborption and excretion ,[object Object],[object Object]
Regulation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Deficiency ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Toxicity ,[object Object],[object Object]
Potassium ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Deficiency ,[object Object],Toxicity Occurs only from supplementation Symptoms are similar to those of deficiency: muscle weakness, vomiting cardiac arrest
Chloride ,[object Object],[object Object],Deficiency Rare, only during  if severe vomiting occur Toxicity FVD
Microminerals
They are… ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
ESSENTIAL MICROMINERALS ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
IRON
Distribution  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
FUNCTIONS ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
UTILIZATION  ,[object Object]
Factors affecting the absorption of Fe ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Sources of iron ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Recommended Nutrient intakes ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
DEFICIENCY ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object]
Toxicity ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
ZINC
Distribution ,[object Object],[object Object]
Functions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
utilization ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Food sources ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Deficiency  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
SELENIUM
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
2 major forms of Se ,[object Object],[object Object]
Food sources ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Recommended Nutrient Intakes ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Absorption  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Deficiency ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Toxicity  ,[object Object],[object Object]
Manganese
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Absorption  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Food sources  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Recommended nutrient intakes  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Deficiency  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Toxicity  ,[object Object]
COBALT
FXNS & DISTRIBUTIONS ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Food sources ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Requirements  ,[object Object]
Deficiency & toxicity ,[object Object],[object Object]
CHROMIUM
FXNs & Distribution ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Food sources  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Requirement  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Deficiency  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Toxicity  ,[object Object],[object Object]
FLUORINE
FXNs & distribution ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Sources & requirement  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Other sources ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Philippine Recommendation for safe & adequate daily dietary intake ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Deficiency & toxicity ,[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
MOLYBDENUM
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Food sources & requirements ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Deficiency & Toxicity  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
OTHER TRACE ELEMENTS
OTHER TRACE ELEMENTS
LEAD ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
BORON ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
ALUMINUM ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
CADMIUM ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
ARSENIC ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
WATER
Characteristics and Facts About Water ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Percentage of Body Weight  as Water and Location ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Percentage of Body Weight  as Water and Location ,[object Object],Body weight % of Total Body Weight composed of H 2 0 Normal-weight person 60 Obese person 50 Lean person 70
Water is located in fluid compartments ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Functions of Water in the Body H 2 O Transport Agent Reactant Tissue Lubricant Helps maintain body temp Solvent
Movement of Water Between  Fluid Compartments ,[object Object],[object Object]
Mechanisms Responsible for the    Shifting of Fluids Between    Compartments ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Mechanisms Responsible for the    Shifting of Fluids Between    Compartments
Osmolality of Body Fluids ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Table 1. Water Balance    (Average figures in ml) Source Water Intake Fluids 1400 Water in food 700 Water from cellular oxidation of food 200 1 g CHO = 0.6 g water 1 g CHON = 0.4 g water 1 g Fat = 1.0 g water TOTAL 2300
Water Balance ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Table 2. Water Balance    (Average output in ml) Normal Temp Hot Weather Prolonged Exercise Urine 1400 1200 500 Water in Feces 100 100 100 Skin (sweat) 100 1400 5000 Insensible loss Skin Respiratory Tract 350 350 350 250 250 650 TOTAL 2300 3300 6600
Water Balance ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Water Balance
Water Balance ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Water Output ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Allowances for Water Note : + 15 ml/kg in excess of 20 kg at age > 50 Method of Estimation Fluid Requirements, ml/kg Body Weight Adults, y ml/kg Young active, 15-30 40 Average, 25-55 35 Older, 55-65 30 Elderly, > 65 25
Allowances for Water Method of Estimation Fluid Requirements, ml/kg Body Weight Children, kg 1-10 100 11-20 + 50 ml/kg in excess of 10 kg 21 or more + 20 ml/kg in excess of 20 kg
Allowances for Water Reference: 2002 RENI Method of Estimation Fluid Requirements, ml/kg Energy Intake 1 ml/kcal for adults 1.5 ml/ kcal for infants Nitrogen + energy intake 100 ml/g Nitrogen intake plus 1 ml/kcal Body Surface Area 1500 ml/m
Daghang salamat!! XOXO

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Minerals, water and electrolytes

  • 2.
  • 3. Macrominerals Microminerals Calcium Phosphorus Potassium Sodium Magnesium Sulfur Chlorine Iron Iodine Cobalt Copper Zinc Manganese Molybdenum Selenium Chromium Flourine
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  • 42. IRON
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  • 52. ZINC
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  • 61.
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  • 100.
  • 101.
  • 102.
  • 103.
  • 104.
  • 105. WATER
  • 106.
  • 107.
  • 108.
  • 109.
  • 110. Functions of Water in the Body H 2 O Transport Agent Reactant Tissue Lubricant Helps maintain body temp Solvent
  • 111.
  • 112.
  • 113.
  • 114.
  • 115. Table 1. Water Balance (Average figures in ml) Source Water Intake Fluids 1400 Water in food 700 Water from cellular oxidation of food 200 1 g CHO = 0.6 g water 1 g CHON = 0.4 g water 1 g Fat = 1.0 g water TOTAL 2300
  • 116.
  • 117. Table 2. Water Balance (Average output in ml) Normal Temp Hot Weather Prolonged Exercise Urine 1400 1200 500 Water in Feces 100 100 100 Skin (sweat) 100 1400 5000 Insensible loss Skin Respiratory Tract 350 350 350 250 250 650 TOTAL 2300 3300 6600
  • 118.
  • 119.
  • 120.
  • 121.
  • 122. Allowances for Water Note : + 15 ml/kg in excess of 20 kg at age > 50 Method of Estimation Fluid Requirements, ml/kg Body Weight Adults, y ml/kg Young active, 15-30 40 Average, 25-55 35 Older, 55-65 30 Elderly, > 65 25
  • 123. Allowances for Water Method of Estimation Fluid Requirements, ml/kg Body Weight Children, kg 1-10 100 11-20 + 50 ml/kg in excess of 10 kg 21 or more + 20 ml/kg in excess of 20 kg
  • 124. Allowances for Water Reference: 2002 RENI Method of Estimation Fluid Requirements, ml/kg Energy Intake 1 ml/kcal for adults 1.5 ml/ kcal for infants Nitrogen + energy intake 100 ml/g Nitrogen intake plus 1 ml/kcal Body Surface Area 1500 ml/m