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Treediversityday2012vannoordwijk.ppt
The Lorax: Yes, I am the Lorax who speaks for the
                                        trees, which you seem to be chopping as fast as
                                        you please.
                                        But I'm also in charge of the brown Bar-ba-loots,
                                        who played in the shade in their Bar-ba-loot suits
                                        and happily lived eating truffula fruits.
                                        Now, thanks to your hacking my trees to the
                                        ground,
                                          there's not enough truffula fruit to go 'round!
The Lorax: I am the Lorax. I speak for the trees.
I speak for the trees, for the trees have no tongues.
And I'm asking you sir, at the top of my lungs
- that thing! That horrible thing that I see!
- What's that thing you've made out of my truffula tree?
The Once-ler: Look, Lorax, calm down. There's no cause for alarm.
- I chopped just one tree, I'm doing no harm.
- This thing is most useful! This thing is a "thneed."
- A theed, a fine something-that-all-people-need!
…..
The Lorax: Sir, you're crazy. You're crazy with greed.
There's no one on earth who will buy that fool thneed!
[a man drives by, buys the thneed and pays the Once-ler]
The Once-ler: The birth of an industry, you poor, stupid guy!
You telling me what the public will buy?
Tree	
  Diversity	
  Day	
  2012	
  
      •  CBD	
  COP11	
  Hyderabad	
  




Wellcome,	
  there	
  are	
  s.ll	
  empty	
  
      seats	
  at	
  the	
  front…	
  
Treediversityday2012vannoordwijk.ppt
Tree	
  Diversity	
  Day	
  2012	
  
     •  CBD	
  COP11	
  Hyderabad	
  
Handling Climate Change
Tree diversity visualizations ranked by GOOGLE
Many symbolic representations
   Very few of the visualizations of biodiversity
directly associate people and trees trees…
      at this meeting do not include


                                      UNDP
Why	
  Tree	
  Diversity	
  Day	
  
     •  YnoT	
  said	
  TonY	
  looking	
  in	
  the	
  mirror?	
  
     •  Grass	
  diversity	
  day,	
  microbe	
  diversity	
  day,	
  
        worm	
  diversity	
  day,	
  vulture	
  diversity	
  day,	
  
        livestock	
  diversity	
  day,	
  lizard	
  diversity	
  day?	
  
Trees are
•  Shaping	
  vegeta.on	
  and	
  forming	
  habitat	
  for	
  
   lots	
  of	
  plants	
  and	
  animals	
  (keystone)	
  
•  Long-­‐lived,	
  adap.ng	
  slowly	
  (vulnerable)	
  
•  Source	
  of	
  Provisioning,	
  Regula;ng,	
  Spiritual	
  
   and	
  Suppor;ng	
  func.ons	
  (anthropocentric	
  ES)	
  
Treediversityday2012vannoordwijk.ppt
Treediversityday2012vannoordwijk.ppt
Forest	
  and	
  tree	
  cover	
  transi7ons:	
  a	
  unifying	
  concept	
  
 1 Choice	
                  across	
  CRP6	
  
           of	
  Y-­‐axis	
  
                                            6




Core	
  


     2                          3                  4                        5
Temporal	
                      Spa7al	
   Ins7tu7onal	
   X-­‐linkage	
  of	
  
paBern,	
  X-­‐                 paBern,	
   challenge	
  at	
   ac7ons	
  in	
  
   axis	
                        X-­‐axis	
   turning	
  point	
   landscape	
  
A.	
  Trees	
  for	
  Products




      fruit          firewood              medicine            income          sawnwood       fodder
B.	
  Trees	
  for	
  Services




       soil	
            carbon	
  	
        control	
  soil	
     watershed	
     shade   biodiversity
     fer7lity         sequestra7on             erosion	
           protec7on
                                                                                              Figure E.1
Fruits as
healthy
 part of
  diets
Zooming in…
Trees and services in urban environments…




Delhi, Nov 2011
Harini
 Nagendra
  ATREE
research in
urban India
Beyond	
  varia.on	
  in	
  tree	
  cover,	
  we	
  also	
  need	
  varia.on	
  in	
  
‘paHern’:	
  




                                                         çre-­‐	
  and	
  afforesta;on	
  
                Fields,fallow,	
  forest	
  mosaic	
  
Farm	
  fo-­‐




                                                                                                       Planta.ons	
  
  restry,	
                                                                                                             Fields,	
  
 agrofo-­‐                                                                                                              Forests	
  
    rests	
  	
                                                                                                         &	
  Parks	
  


                                                         deforesta;onè	
  

      Sharing                                                                                Sparing
         Integrate	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  Segregate                                    	
  
Tree-based resi-
lience of people and
their livelihoods

Dec 2004 Tsunami,
Aceh Indonesia

http://
www.worldagroforestry.org/
sea/Publications/files/book/
BK0149-11.PDF
Plant	
  Taxonomy	
  of	
  Trees	
  (250	
  families)	
  
Flowering	
  plants	
                                 Tree is a life
Broadleaf	
  or	
  hardwood	
  trees	
                form of plants,
    –  About	
  210	
  Eudicots	
  families	
  include	
  trees	
  
                                                      not a taxono-
    –  17	
  Magnoliids	
  	
  families	
  include	
  trees	
  
                                                      mic entity;
About	
  10	
  Monocotyledon	
  	
  families	
  include	
  trees	
  
   (such	
  as	
  palms,	
  bamboos)	
   many families
Non-­‐flowering	
  plants	
                            contain trees +
SoGwood	
  trees:	
                                   non-trees.
•  All	
  7	
  families	
  of	
  Conifers	
  	
  include	
  trees	
  a tree
                                                      Being
•  Ginkgoaceae	
  (Ginkgo	
  family):	
  has1benefits only	
   	
  species...	
  
•  2	
  families	
  of	
  Cycadophyta	
   and costs…
With an estimated
…over 8,000 tree species, 10% of the       100,000 species, the
world's total, are threatened with         number of trees
                                           worldwide might total
extinction. Even more worryingly 1,002     twenty-five percent of
species are listed as critically           all living
endangered – likely to go extinct unless   plant species.
urgent action is taken now to save them.   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
http://www.globaltrees.org/about.htm       Tree
(Inaugural…)	
  Tree	
  Diversity	
  Day
                                       	
  
             Keynote speech
                                      Tree diversity & CBD syn-
                                       ergies: forest, agric, …//
                                            Aichi targets

                   Joint fact finding sessions…
Diversifying &       Human               Tree        Tree diver-
   restoring     benefits from         diversity     sity (genes-
  landscape      tree diversity           and        to-landsca-
   mosaics          for food,           climate         pes) &
 through tree       health &            change       sustainable
   diversity        nutrition         mitigadapt          use

      Tree Diversity Day: key messages and outcomes
Dr. M.S.Swaminathan
CBD	
  evolu.on	
  from               	
  
                      	
  
•  Islands	
  &	
  coasts	
                       Trees matter
•  Biodiversity	
  &	
  climate	
  change	
  
                      	
                          Trees matter
•  Forests	
  
                      	
                          Trees matter
•  Agriculture	
                                  Trees matter
                      	
  
•  Plant	
  conserva.on	
                         Trees matter
                      	
  
•  Global	
  taxonomy	
  ini.a.ve	
               Trees matter
•  Biofuels	
         	
                          Trees matter
•  Agriculture,	
  f	
  
                      orests	
  &	
  health	
     Trees matter

   towards	
  integra.ve	
  
            approaches           	
  
Strategic Goal A:
Address the underlying
causes of biodiversity
loss by mainstreaming…
                                            Aichi	
  targets
                                                           	
  
(targets 1…4)
                Strategic Goal B:
                Reduce the direct pres-
                sures on biodiversity and
                promote sustainable use
    (targets 5…10)
                         Strategic Goal C:
                        Improve the status of biodiver-
                        sity by safeguarding ecosys-
        (targets 11…13) tems, species and genetic div

                                      Strategic Goal D:
                                      Enhance the benefits to
                                      all from biodiversity and
                      (targets 14…16) ecosystem services

                                                Strategic Goal E:
                                               Enhance implementation through
                                               participatory planning, knowledge
                               (targets 17…20) management and capacity buildi..
Strategic Goal A:
Address the underlying
causes of biodiversity
          tree diversity
loss by mainstreaming…
                                            Aichi	
  targets
                                                           	
  
(targets 1…4)
                Strategic Goal B:
                Reduce the direct pres-
                sures on biodiversity an&
                         tree diversity
                promote sustainable use
    (targets 5…10)
                         Strategic Goal C:
                                               tree diver-
                        Improve the status of biodiver-
                        sity by safeguarding ecosys-
        (targets 11…13) tems, species and genetic div

                                      Strategic Goal D:
                                      Enhance the benefits to
                                      all from biodiversity an &
                                                tree diversity
                      (targets 14…16) ecosystem services

                                                Strategic Goal E:   tree diversity
                                               Enhance implementation through
                                                             planting
                                               participatory planning, knowledge
                               (targets 17…20) management and capacity buildi..
Trees have historically been the primary source of
            sustainable bioenergy capture
Diversifying &
   restoring
  landscape
   mosaics
 through tree
   diversity
 Trees shelter food crops from harsh climates and can
 buffer soil water supply through hydraulic equilibration
             from stored groundwater supplies

                                                 Jatropha –
                                                 local medicine

                                                 Ziziphus fruits
                                                 – local
                                                 source of
                                                 vitamins
Diversity	
  in	
  tree	
  species,	
  sizes,	
  shapes,	
  phenology
                                                                    	
  
    Human
benefits from
tree diversity
   for food,
   health &
   nutrition
Trees, forests and agroforestry ~
  mitigation of & adaptation to
         climate change
    Tree
  diversity
     and
   climate
   change
 mitigadapt
Tree diver-
sity (genes-
to-landsca-
   pes) &
sustainable
     use




        Teff, Ethiopia’s preferred staple food
(Inaugural…)	
  Tree	
  Diversity	
  Day
                                       	
  

             Tree Diversity
             Keynote speech           Tree diversity & CBD syn-
                                       ergies: forest, agric, …//
                                            Aichi targets

                   Joint fact finding sessions…
Diversifying &       Human               Tree        Tree diver-
   restoring     benefits from         diversity     sity (genes-
  landscape      tree diversity           and        to-landsca-
   mosaics          for food,           climate         pes) &
 through tree       health &            change       sustainable
   diversity        nutrition         mitigadapt          use

      Tree Diversity Day: key messages and outcomes
Treediversityday2012vannoordwijk.ppt
Aichi	
  goals	
  and	
  targets	
                           Specific	
  conclusions	
  and	
  
	
                                                           re-­‐commenda.ons	
  from	
  
Strategic Goal A: Address the underlying causes of
biodiversity loss by mainstreaming biodiversity              Tree	
  Diversity	
  Day	
  
across government and society	
  
Target 1. By 2020, at the latest, people are aware of the
values of biodiversity and the steps they can take to
conserve and use it sustainably.	
  
Target 2. By 2020, at the latest, biodiversity values have
been integrated into national and local development and
poverty reduction strategies and planning processes and
are being incorporated into national accounting, as
appropriate, and reporting systems. 	
  
Target 3. By 2020, at the latest, incentives, including
subsidies, harmful to biodiversity are eliminated, phased
out or reformed in order to mini-mize or avoid negative
impacts, and positive incentives for the conservation and
sustainable use of biodiversity are developed and applied,
consistent and in harmony with the Convention and other
relevant international obligations, taking into account
national socio economic conditions. 	
  
Target 4. By 2020, at the latest, Governments, business
and stakeholders at all levels have taken steps to achieve
or have implemented plans for sustainable production and
consumption and have kept the impacts of use of natural
resources well within safe ecological limits.	
  
Strategic Goal B: Reduce the direct pressures on                  Specific	
  conclusions	
  	
  from	
  Tree	
  
biodiversity and promote sustainable use 	
                        Diversity	
  Day	
  
Target 5. By 2020, the rate of loss of all natural habitats,
including forests, is at least halved and where feasible brought
close to zero, and degradation and fragmentation is significantly
reduced.	
  
Target 6. By 2020 all fish and invertebrate stocks and aquatic
plants are managed and harvested sustainably, legally and
applying ecosystem based approaches, so that overfishing is
avoided, recovery plans and measures are in place for all
depleted species, fisheries have no significant adverse impacts
on threatened species and vulnerable ecosystems and the
impacts of fisheries on stocks, species and ecosystems are
within safe ecological limits.	
  
Target 7. By 2020 areas under agriculture, aquaculture and
forestry are managed sustainably, ensuring conservation of
biodiversity.	
  
Target 8. By 2020, pollution, including from excess nutrients, has
been brought to levels that are not detrimental to ecosystem
function and biodiversity.	
  
Target 9. By 2020, invasive alien species and pathways are
identified and prioritized, priority species are controlled or
eradicated, and measures are in place to manage pathways to
prevent their introduction and establishment. 	
  
Target 10. By 2015, the multiple anthropogenic pressures on
coral reefs, and other vulnerable ecosystems impacted by
climate change or ocean acidification are minimized, so as to
maintain their integrity and functioning.	
  
Strategic Goal C: To improve the status of                           Specific	
  conclusions	
  	
  from	
  Tree	
  
biodiversity by safeguarding ecosystems,                             Diversity	
  Day	
  
species and genetic diversity	
  
Target 11. By 2020, at least 17 per cent of terrestrial and inland
water, and 10 per cent of coastal and marine areas, especially
areas of particular importance for biodiversity and ecosystem
services, are conserved through effectively and equitably
managed, ecologically representative and well connected
systems of protected areas and other effective area-based
conservation measures, and integrated into the wider
landscapes and seascapes. 	
  
Target 12. By 2020 the extinction of known threatened species
has been prevented and their conservation status, particularly of
those most in decline, has been improved and sustained.	
  
Target 12. By 2020 the extinction of known threatened species
has been prevented and their conservation status, particularly of
those most in decline, has been improved and sustained.	
  
Target 13. By 2020, the genetic diversity of cultivated plants and
farmed and domesticated animals and of wild relatives, including
other socio-economically as well as culturally valuable species,
is maintained, and strategies have been developed and
implemented for minimizing genetic erosion and safeguarding
their genetic diversity.	
  
Strategic Goal D: Enhance the benefits to all                       Specific	
  conclusions	
  	
  from	
  Tree	
  
from biodiversity and ecosystem services 	
                          Diversity	
  Day	
  
Target 14. By 2020, ecosystems that provide essential services,
including services related to water, and contribute to health,
livelihoods and well-being, are restored and safeguarded, taking
into account the needs of women, indigenous and local
communities, and the poor and vulnerable.	
  
Target 15. By 2020, ecosystem resilience and the contribution of
biodiversity to carbon stocks has been enhanced, through
conservation and restoration, including restoration of at least 15
per cent of degraded ecosystems, thereby contributing to climate
change mitigation and adaptation and to combating
desertification. 	
  
Target 16. By 2015, the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic
Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits
Arising from their Utilization is in force and operational,
consistent with national legislation.	
  
Strategic Goal E: Enhance implementation through
participatory planning, knowledge management and                    Specific	
  conclusions	
  	
  from	
  Tree	
  
capacity building	
                                                 Diversity	
  Day	
  
Target 17. By 2015 each Party has developed, adopted as a
policy instrument, and has commenced implementing an
effective, participatory and updated national biodiversity strategy
and action plan. 	
  
Target 18. By 2020, the traditional knowledge, innovations and
practices of indigenous and local communities relevant for the
conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, and their
customary use of biological resources, are respected, subject to
national legislation and relevant international obligations, and
fully integrated and reflected in the implementation of the
Convention with the full and effective participation of indigenous
and local communities, at all relevant levels.	
  
Target 19. By 2020, knowledge, the science base and
technologies relating to biodiversity, its values, functioning,
status and trends, and the consequences of its loss, are
improved, widely shared and transferred, and applied.	
  
Target 20. By 2020, at the latest, the mobilization of financial
resources for effectively implementing the Strategic Plan for
Biodiversity 2011-2020 from all sources, and in accordance with
the consolidated and agreed process in the Strategy for
Resource Mobilization, should increase substantially from the
current levels. This target will be subject to changes contingent
to resource needs assessments to be developed and reported
by Parties.	
  

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Treediversityday2012vannoordwijk.ppt

  • 2. The Lorax: Yes, I am the Lorax who speaks for the trees, which you seem to be chopping as fast as you please. But I'm also in charge of the brown Bar-ba-loots, who played in the shade in their Bar-ba-loot suits and happily lived eating truffula fruits. Now, thanks to your hacking my trees to the ground, there's not enough truffula fruit to go 'round! The Lorax: I am the Lorax. I speak for the trees. I speak for the trees, for the trees have no tongues. And I'm asking you sir, at the top of my lungs - that thing! That horrible thing that I see! - What's that thing you've made out of my truffula tree? The Once-ler: Look, Lorax, calm down. There's no cause for alarm. - I chopped just one tree, I'm doing no harm. - This thing is most useful! This thing is a "thneed." - A theed, a fine something-that-all-people-need! ….. The Lorax: Sir, you're crazy. You're crazy with greed. There's no one on earth who will buy that fool thneed! [a man drives by, buys the thneed and pays the Once-ler] The Once-ler: The birth of an industry, you poor, stupid guy! You telling me what the public will buy?
  • 3. Tree  Diversity  Day  2012   •  CBD  COP11  Hyderabad   Wellcome,  there  are  s.ll  empty   seats  at  the  front…  
  • 5. Tree  Diversity  Day  2012   •  CBD  COP11  Hyderabad  
  • 7. Tree diversity visualizations ranked by GOOGLE
  • 8. Many symbolic representations Very few of the visualizations of biodiversity directly associate people and trees trees… at this meeting do not include UNDP
  • 9. Why  Tree  Diversity  Day   •  YnoT  said  TonY  looking  in  the  mirror?   •  Grass  diversity  day,  microbe  diversity  day,   worm  diversity  day,  vulture  diversity  day,   livestock  diversity  day,  lizard  diversity  day?   Trees are •  Shaping  vegeta.on  and  forming  habitat  for   lots  of  plants  and  animals  (keystone)   •  Long-­‐lived,  adap.ng  slowly  (vulnerable)   •  Source  of  Provisioning,  Regula;ng,  Spiritual   and  Suppor;ng  func.ons  (anthropocentric  ES)  
  • 12. Forest  and  tree  cover  transi7ons:  a  unifying  concept   1 Choice   across  CRP6   of  Y-­‐axis   6 Core   2 3 4 5 Temporal   Spa7al   Ins7tu7onal   X-­‐linkage  of   paBern,  X-­‐ paBern,   challenge  at   ac7ons  in   axis   X-­‐axis   turning  point   landscape  
  • 13. A.  Trees  for  Products fruit firewood medicine income sawnwood fodder B.  Trees  for  Services soil   carbon     control  soil   watershed   shade biodiversity fer7lity sequestra7on erosion   protec7on Figure E.1
  • 16. Trees and services in urban environments… Delhi, Nov 2011
  • 17. Harini Nagendra ATREE research in urban India
  • 18. Beyond  varia.on  in  tree  cover,  we  also  need  varia.on  in   ‘paHern’:   çre-­‐  and  afforesta;on   Fields,fallow,  forest  mosaic   Farm  fo-­‐ Planta.ons   restry,   Fields,   agrofo-­‐ Forests   rests     &  Parks   deforesta;onè   Sharing Sparing Integrate                                  Segregate  
  • 19. Tree-based resi- lience of people and their livelihoods Dec 2004 Tsunami, Aceh Indonesia http:// www.worldagroforestry.org/ sea/Publications/files/book/ BK0149-11.PDF
  • 20. Plant  Taxonomy  of  Trees  (250  families)   Flowering  plants   Tree is a life Broadleaf  or  hardwood  trees   form of plants, –  About  210  Eudicots  families  include  trees   not a taxono- –  17  Magnoliids    families  include  trees   mic entity; About  10  Monocotyledon    families  include  trees   (such  as  palms,  bamboos)   many families Non-­‐flowering  plants   contain trees + SoGwood  trees:   non-trees. •  All  7  families  of  Conifers    include  trees  a tree Being •  Ginkgoaceae  (Ginkgo  family):  has1benefits only    species...   •  2  families  of  Cycadophyta   and costs…
  • 21. With an estimated …over 8,000 tree species, 10% of the 100,000 species, the world's total, are threatened with number of trees worldwide might total extinction. Even more worryingly 1,002 twenty-five percent of species are listed as critically all living endangered – likely to go extinct unless plant species. urgent action is taken now to save them. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ http://www.globaltrees.org/about.htm Tree
  • 22. (Inaugural…)  Tree  Diversity  Day   Keynote speech Tree diversity & CBD syn- ergies: forest, agric, …// Aichi targets Joint fact finding sessions… Diversifying & Human Tree Tree diver- restoring benefits from diversity sity (genes- landscape tree diversity and to-landsca- mosaics for food, climate pes) & through tree health & change sustainable diversity nutrition mitigadapt use Tree Diversity Day: key messages and outcomes
  • 24. CBD  evolu.on  from     •  Islands  &  coasts   Trees matter •  Biodiversity  &  climate  change     Trees matter •  Forests     Trees matter •  Agriculture   Trees matter   •  Plant  conserva.on   Trees matter   •  Global  taxonomy  ini.a.ve   Trees matter •  Biofuels     Trees matter •  Agriculture,  f   orests  &  health   Trees matter towards  integra.ve   approaches  
  • 25. Strategic Goal A: Address the underlying causes of biodiversity loss by mainstreaming… Aichi  targets   (targets 1…4) Strategic Goal B: Reduce the direct pres- sures on biodiversity and promote sustainable use (targets 5…10) Strategic Goal C: Improve the status of biodiver- sity by safeguarding ecosys- (targets 11…13) tems, species and genetic div Strategic Goal D: Enhance the benefits to all from biodiversity and (targets 14…16) ecosystem services Strategic Goal E: Enhance implementation through participatory planning, knowledge (targets 17…20) management and capacity buildi..
  • 26. Strategic Goal A: Address the underlying causes of biodiversity tree diversity loss by mainstreaming… Aichi  targets   (targets 1…4) Strategic Goal B: Reduce the direct pres- sures on biodiversity an& tree diversity promote sustainable use (targets 5…10) Strategic Goal C: tree diver- Improve the status of biodiver- sity by safeguarding ecosys- (targets 11…13) tems, species and genetic div Strategic Goal D: Enhance the benefits to all from biodiversity an & tree diversity (targets 14…16) ecosystem services Strategic Goal E: tree diversity Enhance implementation through planting participatory planning, knowledge (targets 17…20) management and capacity buildi..
  • 27. Trees have historically been the primary source of sustainable bioenergy capture Diversifying & restoring landscape mosaics through tree diversity Trees shelter food crops from harsh climates and can buffer soil water supply through hydraulic equilibration from stored groundwater supplies Jatropha – local medicine Ziziphus fruits – local source of vitamins
  • 28. Diversity  in  tree  species,  sizes,  shapes,  phenology   Human benefits from tree diversity for food, health & nutrition
  • 29. Trees, forests and agroforestry ~ mitigation of & adaptation to climate change Tree diversity and climate change mitigadapt
  • 30. Tree diver- sity (genes- to-landsca- pes) & sustainable use Teff, Ethiopia’s preferred staple food
  • 31. (Inaugural…)  Tree  Diversity  Day   Tree Diversity Keynote speech Tree diversity & CBD syn- ergies: forest, agric, …// Aichi targets Joint fact finding sessions… Diversifying & Human Tree Tree diver- restoring benefits from diversity sity (genes- landscape tree diversity and to-landsca- mosaics for food, climate pes) & through tree health & change sustainable diversity nutrition mitigadapt use Tree Diversity Day: key messages and outcomes
  • 33. Aichi  goals  and  targets   Specific  conclusions  and     re-­‐commenda.ons  from   Strategic Goal A: Address the underlying causes of biodiversity loss by mainstreaming biodiversity Tree  Diversity  Day   across government and society   Target 1. By 2020, at the latest, people are aware of the values of biodiversity and the steps they can take to conserve and use it sustainably.   Target 2. By 2020, at the latest, biodiversity values have been integrated into national and local development and poverty reduction strategies and planning processes and are being incorporated into national accounting, as appropriate, and reporting systems.   Target 3. By 2020, at the latest, incentives, including subsidies, harmful to biodiversity are eliminated, phased out or reformed in order to mini-mize or avoid negative impacts, and positive incentives for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity are developed and applied, consistent and in harmony with the Convention and other relevant international obligations, taking into account national socio economic conditions.   Target 4. By 2020, at the latest, Governments, business and stakeholders at all levels have taken steps to achieve or have implemented plans for sustainable production and consumption and have kept the impacts of use of natural resources well within safe ecological limits.  
  • 34. Strategic Goal B: Reduce the direct pressures on Specific  conclusions    from  Tree   biodiversity and promote sustainable use   Diversity  Day   Target 5. By 2020, the rate of loss of all natural habitats, including forests, is at least halved and where feasible brought close to zero, and degradation and fragmentation is significantly reduced.   Target 6. By 2020 all fish and invertebrate stocks and aquatic plants are managed and harvested sustainably, legally and applying ecosystem based approaches, so that overfishing is avoided, recovery plans and measures are in place for all depleted species, fisheries have no significant adverse impacts on threatened species and vulnerable ecosystems and the impacts of fisheries on stocks, species and ecosystems are within safe ecological limits.   Target 7. By 2020 areas under agriculture, aquaculture and forestry are managed sustainably, ensuring conservation of biodiversity.   Target 8. By 2020, pollution, including from excess nutrients, has been brought to levels that are not detrimental to ecosystem function and biodiversity.   Target 9. By 2020, invasive alien species and pathways are identified and prioritized, priority species are controlled or eradicated, and measures are in place to manage pathways to prevent their introduction and establishment.   Target 10. By 2015, the multiple anthropogenic pressures on coral reefs, and other vulnerable ecosystems impacted by climate change or ocean acidification are minimized, so as to maintain their integrity and functioning.  
  • 35. Strategic Goal C: To improve the status of Specific  conclusions    from  Tree   biodiversity by safeguarding ecosystems, Diversity  Day   species and genetic diversity   Target 11. By 2020, at least 17 per cent of terrestrial and inland water, and 10 per cent of coastal and marine areas, especially areas of particular importance for biodiversity and ecosystem services, are conserved through effectively and equitably managed, ecologically representative and well connected systems of protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures, and integrated into the wider landscapes and seascapes.   Target 12. By 2020 the extinction of known threatened species has been prevented and their conservation status, particularly of those most in decline, has been improved and sustained.   Target 12. By 2020 the extinction of known threatened species has been prevented and their conservation status, particularly of those most in decline, has been improved and sustained.   Target 13. By 2020, the genetic diversity of cultivated plants and farmed and domesticated animals and of wild relatives, including other socio-economically as well as culturally valuable species, is maintained, and strategies have been developed and implemented for minimizing genetic erosion and safeguarding their genetic diversity.  
  • 36. Strategic Goal D: Enhance the benefits to all Specific  conclusions    from  Tree   from biodiversity and ecosystem services   Diversity  Day   Target 14. By 2020, ecosystems that provide essential services, including services related to water, and contribute to health, livelihoods and well-being, are restored and safeguarded, taking into account the needs of women, indigenous and local communities, and the poor and vulnerable.   Target 15. By 2020, ecosystem resilience and the contribution of biodiversity to carbon stocks has been enhanced, through conservation and restoration, including restoration of at least 15 per cent of degraded ecosystems, thereby contributing to climate change mitigation and adaptation and to combating desertification.   Target 16. By 2015, the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization is in force and operational, consistent with national legislation.  
  • 37. Strategic Goal E: Enhance implementation through participatory planning, knowledge management and Specific  conclusions    from  Tree   capacity building   Diversity  Day   Target 17. By 2015 each Party has developed, adopted as a policy instrument, and has commenced implementing an effective, participatory and updated national biodiversity strategy and action plan.   Target 18. By 2020, the traditional knowledge, innovations and practices of indigenous and local communities relevant for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, and their customary use of biological resources, are respected, subject to national legislation and relevant international obligations, and fully integrated and reflected in the implementation of the Convention with the full and effective participation of indigenous and local communities, at all relevant levels.   Target 19. By 2020, knowledge, the science base and technologies relating to biodiversity, its values, functioning, status and trends, and the consequences of its loss, are improved, widely shared and transferred, and applied.   Target 20. By 2020, at the latest, the mobilization of financial resources for effectively implementing the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 from all sources, and in accordance with the consolidated and agreed process in the Strategy for Resource Mobilization, should increase substantially from the current levels. This target will be subject to changes contingent to resource needs assessments to be developed and reported by Parties.