Integrated approaches to restore degraded multifunctional landscapes in Ethiopia
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What are the drivers of land degradation? Why restoration? How to restore? How to evaluate and monitor change? What knowledge gap?
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Integrated approaches to restore degraded multifunctional landscapes in Ethiopia
- 1. Integrated approaches to restore degraded multifunctional landscapes in Ethiopia Ermias Betemariam, Leigh Winowiecki, Tor-Gunnar Vagen Sant’Anna Pisa , 22 Jan 2019
- 2. • What are the drivers of land degradation? • Why restoration? • How to restore? • How to evaluate and monitor change? • What knowledge gap? 1 Outline
- 3. • How can drivers of degradation can be reversed, • What function is to be restored for whom (objectives), • Who has rights, obligations (responsibilities) and stakes? (including restoration after planned destruction in the case of mining contracts), • What means are appropriate (do nothing, support natural processes, or plant and manage), • What incentives and investment is needed and how can this be sourced, • How all of the above can be managed in a multi-stake-holder process, supported by monitoring and evaluation 2 Key questions in land degradation
- 4. 3 Uncertainty in land degradation Gibbs & Salmon, 2015 Ermias Betemariam, ICRAF, 22 Jan 2019, Santa’Anna Uncertainty about defining and assessing land degradation have played a major role in lack of policy action
- 5. Risk framework 4Ermias Betemariam, ICRAF, 22 Jan 2019, Santa’Anna
- 6. “Yield gaps as poverty traps” Tittonell and Giller (2013) Shifting cultivation as driver for forest loss in Africa Classifying drivers of global forest loss (Curtis et al. 2018) Poor soil fertility and nutrient availability are the major biophysical limitations 5Ermias Betemariam, ICRAF, 22 Jan 2019, Santa’Anna
- 7. • Maintain or improve the sustainable delivery of ecosystem services; • Maintain or improve productivity, in order to enhance food security; • Increase resilience of the land and populations dependent on the land; • Seek synergies with other social, economic and environmental objectives; and • Reinforce responsible and inclusive governance of land 6Ermias Betemariam, ICRAF, 22 Jan 2019, Santa’Anna Why restoration?
- 8. 7Ermias Betemariam, ICRAF, 22 Jan 2019, Santa’Anna Why restoration? Global Land Restoration Agenda
- 9. The LDN Logic Model 8Ermias Betemariam, ICRAF, 22 Jan 2019, Santa’Anna How? Restoration approach Avoiding degradation of non-degraded Lands - enhancing the productivity of cropland and pastoral land per unit area, time and input rather than expanding the area of land in production
- 10. • Start with the big picture • Consider all available information, including expert knowledge, in making a causal decision model • Project ranges (probability distributions) of decision outcomes that acknowledge our uncertainties • Quantify which knowledge gains would be most valuable for decision-makers • Fill these gaps to improve decisions • Focus monitoring on “sensitive” variables & model updating as a learning process 9Ermias Betemariam, ICRAF, 22 Jan 2019, Santa’Anna Decision focused restoration
- 11. The use of land resources, including soils, water, animals and plants, for the production of goods to meet changing human needs, while simultaneously ensuring the long-term productive potential of these resources and the maintenance of their environmental functions. Source: WOCAT 10Ermias Betemariam, ICRAF, 22 Jan 2019, Santa’Anna Sustainable Land Management
- 12. 11 Evidence: effects of SLM on the environment Holistic valuation of SLM impacts on ecosystem services is important Understanding the local context Increase in NDVI (proxy to land productivity) could mean land degradation - bush encroached grazing lands in Boraran area Ermias Betemariam, ICRAF, 22 Jan 2019, Santa’Anna
- 13. 12 Restore land for multi-functionality
- 14. Learn from restoration successes – Tanzania, Shinyanga: Ngitili as a local practice of enclosing degraded areas as a collective property boosting the supply of wood and non-wood products to the agropastoral community – Ethiopia and Kenya: grazing land restoration by exclosures Top-down Bottom-up Closing the gap between topdown and bottomup perspectives on ‘restoratation’ 13Ermias Betemariam, ICRAF, 22 Jan 2019, Santa’Anna
- 15. Spectroscopy Rapid Low cost Reproducible Predicts many soil functional properties 14 Precision Soil and Plant Health Measurement: Driving Agricultural Transformation Capacity development is a priority in Africa (15 countries have soil spectral labs) • Africa Soil Information Service (AfSIS) • EthioSIS, GhaSIS, NiSIS, TanSIS Ermias Betemariam, ICRAF, 22 Jan 2019, Santa’Anna Land health evaluation and monitoring
- 16. 15 Improving small-holder Agricultural statistics through the integration of soil health data into the household socio- economic panel surveys Ermias Betemariam, ICRAF, 22 Jan 2019, Santa’Anna
- 17. Africa Soil Information Service Consistent field protocol Soil spectroscopy Coupling with remote sensingPrevalence, Risk factors, Digital mapping Sentinel sites Randomized sampling schemes 16Ermias Betemariam, ICRAF, 22 Jan 2019, Santa’Anna
- 19. 18Ermias Betemariam, ICRAF, 22 Jan 2019, Santa’Anna
- 20. National Soil Organic Carbon Stock Estimates Winowiecki, L., Vågen, T.-G., & Huising, J. (2014). Effects of land cover on ecosystem services in Tanzania: A spatial assessment of soil organic carbon. Geoderma, 263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2015.03.010 19Ermias Betemariam, ICRAF, 22 Jan 2019, Santa’Anna
- 21. Mapping SOC stocks at 30 m resolutions and assessing the impact of land degradation Vågen&and&Winowiecki,&2013.&Mapping&of&SOC&stocks& for&spa>ally&explicit&assessments&of&climate&change& mi>ga>on&poten>al.&Environmental&Research&LeHers.&8& Lower SOC stocks in highly eroded especially in grasslands 20Ermias Betemariam, ICRAF, 22 Jan 2019, Santa’Anna
- 22. 21 Using a time series improved accuracy of land cover classification and tree cover prediction in comparison to the single images
- 23. Demand for science • UNCCD – LDN at the nexus of SGDs: Extending LDN Indicators to address synergies trade-offs – Soil Carbon Gap analysis for targeting interventions – Tools/Methods for monitoring LDN • Lack of accurate baselines for LDN & estimates of soil carbon changes are associated with large uncertainties – Counterbalancing future land degradation • More attention to address past land degradation • But we rarely anticipate (forecast, model, project) likely NEW degradation • GEF • How to use restoration for multiple-benefits: climate, land and biodiversity? • How to monitor change? • AFR100 • Understanding drivers of land degradation • Monitoring progress & learning for adaptive management 22Ermias Betemariam, ICRAF, 22 Jan 2019, Santa’Anna
- 24. CGIAR • The “How” of Restoration- Practices, Tools, Methods • Economics and political ecology of restoration – Benefit-cost ratio for grazing land (75) > tropical forest (37) [International Institute for Sustainability) • Policies and Governance of Restoration Demand for science 23Ermias Betemariam, ICRAF, 22 Jan 2019, Santa’Anna
- 25. Too many oxpeckers?, Not enough herbivores? Not enough grass? Oxpecker Egret Feeding on ticks, two-way benefits Feeding on insects stirred up; mostly one-way benefits… Embrace complexity as an opportunity for success! 23Ermias Betemariam, ICRAF, 22 Jan 2019, Santa’Anna
- 26. Grazie Ermias Betemariam (e.betemariam@cgiar.org) Leigh Winowiecki (L.A.WINOWIECKI@CGIAR.ORG) Tor-Gunnar Vagen (T.VAGEN@CGIAR.ORG)
Editor's Notes
- Causal chains Lessons from public health surveillance - Only a few risk factors account for most of the disease burden Central to the surveillance approach is a risk-based framework. Outcomes such as soil fertility decline are associated with process causes such as soil fertility depletion, which in turn are the result of proximal causes such as low nutrient input use, which in turn are associated with more distal drivers, such as poverty, poor market access and policies. Much of the focus is currently on project-scale rehabilitation interventions, but our work points to the importance of not ignoring preventive opportunities, which need to address interventions higher up the causal chain.
- Food demand increase by 60% by 2050 compared with 2005/07 Sub Sahara Africa may have the highest food security risk to feed its increasing population (demand for cereals could triple) 3/4 of the world’s poorest people get their food and income by farming small plots of land Poor soil fertility and nutrient availability are the major biophysical limitations
- landscape perspective; emphasise landscape approach, planning Using SLM practices as a rewarding mechanism, behavioral change
- Black red light/white/yellow Fine, medium, coarse
- We implement those science principles through a set of tools, which encompass use of randomized, landscape level sampling schemes. The use of consistent field sampling protocols so we collect data on land health indicators in the same way everywhere. The use of soil spectroscopy methods to provide high throughput low cost analysis of key soil health metrics, centred on soil functional properties. Coupling of the field and lab observations with remote sensing data, to provide consistent data on the population distributions and prevalence of land health problems, associated risk factors and digital mapping of indicators.
- Have we really made the case for the role of agroforestry in SLM? What is our evidence base and what is agroforestry’s added value in LDN What approaches & tools could help planning and implementation of LDN?