This document provides information on plant protection equipment used for applying pesticides and herbicides to crops. It discusses different types of sprayers and dusters, including manually operated, engine powered, and airplane models. The key components of sprayers are described, such as pumps, tanks, agitators, and nozzles. Different types of nozzles are outlined and factors for selecting the proper nozzles are explained. Safety precautions for operating plant protection equipment are also reviewed to prevent operator exposure to toxic chemicals.

1. Plant Protection Equipment(PPE)
Prepared by
Er.Uttam Raj Timilsina(MSc.Engineering,IIT Roorkee)
Professor of Agricultural Engineering,AFU
uttamrajtimilsina@gmail.com, 9841684994
For
Batch 2069/2070,BSc.Ag,4th semester(071/7/16-071/10/15)
Course Code:AEN-301,Farm Power and achinery(1+1

2. Plant Protection Equipment(PPE)
 Types of Sprayers and Dusters
 Working principle and components of sprayers
 Nozzles used on sprayers and their selection
 Safety in handling plant protection machines

3. PP Equipment
 Plant Protection Equipment(PPE):-These equipments are
used to apply insecticides,pesticides,herbicides to the crops to
protect from insects pests and plant diseases.The most
common equipments are sprayers and dusters.
 Classification of sprayers and dusters
 Manually operated sprayers and dusters:-Suitable for small
holdings and are operated at pressure ranging from 1-7
kg/sqcm
 Engine operated sprayers and dusters:-Suitable for large
areas and are operated at pressure ranging 20-50 kg/sqcm
 Tractor PTO operated sprayers and dusters:-Suitable for large
scale works with higher working pressure of 20-50 kg/sqcm
 Air plane operated sprayers and Dusters:-Suitable for large
scale commercial farming with proper working pressure

4.  Requirements of a good Sprayers
It should distribute the chemical uniformly on
plant surface
It should have provision to increase or
decrease the quantity of insecticides
application
It should break the liquid into fine droplets
It should have provision to control or regulate
the size of droplets

5. PPE
• Parts of sprayers:-
 Pump:-plunger type pump , centrifugal type pump,rotary type
pump are in use
 Tank:-Metal tanks or fiber glass tanks of capacity variation of
400-1500 litres are in use with suction pipe and drain plug
 Agitator:-To mix the chemicals before spraying or during
operation.Mehnanical and hydraulic agitators are in use
 Air chamber:-It is provided with plunger to create working
pressure
 Pressure gauge:- To measure working pressure
 Pressure regulator:-To regulate working pressure
 Pipes and nozzles:-To distribute the chemical under working
pressure with metallic or rubber pipes

6. PPE
 Types of Sprayers:-
 Bucket type Sprayers:- It consists of a single or double
acting pump, placed into any ordinary bucket
containing spraying solution to create required
pressure to spray small garden and low trees
 Knapsack Sprayer:-It consists of pump and large air
chamber mounted in a 9-22 litres tank.It is quite useful
for spraying small trees,shrubs, and row crops
maintaining a uniform pressure by keeping the pump in
operation.It generally carried on the back of the
operator and one man can spray about 0.4 ha in a day
spraying about 90 litres of liquid

7. Bucket type sprayer

8. Knapsack sprayer

9. Knapsack sprayer

10. Knapsack sprayer

12. PPE
Compression Sprayers:-These are of
common/utility types of hand compression as
well as foot compression sprayers and consists of
parts like pump,pump handle,airtight
chamber,pipe ,nozzle etc.Pump is mounted in an
airtight chamber which is filled three quarters full
with spraying liquid.Pressure is develop by
pumping air into the tank and the spray is forced
out under pressure.The tank capicity is usually 14
litres.Frequent pumping must be done to
maintain the pressure.

13. Hand Compression sprayer

15. Foot Compression sprayer

16. Foot sprayer

18. PPE
Hand Atomizer :-It is the smallest type of hand
sprayer used to treat the plants in home
garden or nursery and to apply fly spray in the
house.It consists of compression pump and
compressed air is allowed to pass over the
end of the tube of which the other end dips
into the spray material.Blowing air sucks the
materials through the tube and blows it out of
the nozzle as a mist

22. PPE
Engine Powered sprayers:- These are usually
portable types .Since the sprayer pump is
driven by an engine, there is no variation in
output,pressure and performance of the
sprayer.These powered sprayer are also
operated by the PTO shaft of tractor, mounted
on tractor.Mostly gear pump is used in the
sprayer for pressure regulation.

24. Engine powered sprayer

25. Engine powered Sprayer

26. PTO shaft operated Boom Sprayer

31. PPE
• Air plane sprayer:-It consists of gear pump or
centrifugal pump to force/ to spray liquid
through the nozzle with the pressure range of
3-8.5 kg /sqcm.The pump gets its drive from a
wind driven propeller having 4-6 blades.Light
weight aluminium tank of capacity of 450-
2200 litres is used to store the liquid
depending upon the size of plane.

50. PPE
• Dusting Machines:-Dusters are classified as-
 Plunger type hand duster:-It consists of a chamber for the dust,
outlet,a cylinder with piston,piston rod and handle.By moving the
piston back and forward in the cylinder dust is forced through the
outlet.This type of duster is suitable for dusting a small areas.
 Rotary type hand and power Duster:- In case of hand duster it
consists of a enclosed fan, geared to a hand crank and a hopper
holding the dust.It is equiped with an agitator and a regulator to
control and regulate the discharge opening.The capacity varies
3.6-4.5 kg of dust and can cover 0.4-0.6 ha in a day. In case of
powered duster it consists of cylindrical container,blower, high
speed engine and hose pipe.The blower is directly connected
with a high speed(4000rpm) air cooled engine and dust can be
blown up to 6m height and can cover 1 ha in a day

51. Hand rotary duster

52. PPE
• Air plane Duster:- It is used to cover large
areas in a short time and consists of a
hopper,agitator and feeding device.The
capacity ranges from 220-900 kg.The agitator
and feeding device are operated by a small
wind driven propeller mounted under the
lower wing

54. Air plane duster

57. PPE
 Nozzles used and their selection :-It is the main and
important part of sprayer to spray an accurate amount
of pesticides uniformly over a large areas with higher
distribution efficiency as well as higher performance of
uniformity in standing crops. Nozzles perform the
following function
 It meter liquid at certain flow rate (maximum 9
Litres/min)
 Automize liquid into droplets
 Disperse the droplets in specific pattern
 Propells the droplets for proper impact

58. PPE
 The selection of nozzles at single operation or in multi
nozzle boom:- It depends upon the following:
 Type of spray job whether for insecticides,horbicides and
other pesticides
 Amount of spray solution to be applied per ha for each
spraying
 Row spacing and number of nozzles to be used per row for
row crops
 Nozzle spacing at boom for entire areas to be sprayed
 Type of spray pattern desired such as hollow cone
spray,solid cone spray, flat spray,even spray,flooding spray
 Speed of travel for tractor drawn spraying(4.8-8 km/h)
 Pressure to be used in spraying-for field crops spraying
pressure varies from 3-8kg/sq cm as low pressure and for
orchard spraying 3-5 times higher of that as high pressure
.

59. PPE
 Type of Nozzles:-
 Centrifugal nozzle
 Flooding nozzle
 Two fluid atomizer
 Rotary atomizer
 Nozzles mainly consists of important parts as nozzle body,
nozzle tip,washer,strainer, nozzle cap
 The selection of nozzle type mostly depends upon spray
patterns of different nozzles which are hollow cone
spray,solid cone spray, flat spray,even spray,flooding spray
matching with condition of crops ,and situation of damage.

60. PPE
 Safety in handling plant protection machines:-Some of the spray
materials are poisonous and highly dangerous to the operators
unless very great care is taken in handling them.Small amount of
poison taken into body may produce no ill effect at first but being
cumulating may suddenly give rise to serious poisoning.Therefore
some of the protection measures are as follows:-
 Protective clothing must be worn during spraying
 Operators should avoid absorbing poison through the mouth,nose
or skin
 The spray should always be shut off when nozzles are to be cleaned
or changed
 Spraying in windy weather should be avoided
 When mixing poisonous chemicals ,care should be taken to avoid
splashing them into the skin
 Operators should not eat anything during spraying the insecticides
 Children should be kept away from the pesticides as well as away
from the plant protection equipment during operation as well
during storing .

61. •Thank you