Running head: SOCIAL MEDIA AND CHILDREN DEVELOPMENT 1 SOCIAL MEDIA AND CHILDREN DEVELOPMENT 13 Social Media’s Effect on the Development and Learning Stages of A Child Nisha Cunningham Felician University Social Media’s Effect on the Development and Learning Stages of A Child Annotated Bibliography Best, P., Manktelowa, R., & Taylor, B. (2014). Online communication, social media, and adolescent wellbeing: A systematic narrative review. Children and Youth Services Review, 27-36. The article looks into the growing debate about the effects of online social technologies on children and teenagers. Through an in-depth analysis of empirical research, the authors identify both the benefits and harmful effects of social media on young people. The article gives recommendations on how to minimize adverse impacts and increase the positive effects of social media. Loureiro, K., Solnet, D., Bolton, R. P., Hoefnagels, A., Migchels, N., & Kabadayi, S. (2013). Understanding Generation Y and their use of social media: a review and research agenda. Journal of Service Management, 245-267. Social media use has several implications for young people. This article refers to today's younger generation as Generation Y. The authors collect information to show the effects of social media on society, organizations, and individuals. Several research questions are derived to explain social media use in a better way. Hutter, K., Hautz, J., Dennhardt, S., & Füller, J. (2013). The impact of user interactions in social media on brand awareness and purchase intention: the case of MINI on Facebook. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 342-351. The article analyzes how social media influences the purchase of products. Through an online survey, the authors indicate how individuals can be talked into buying products over the internet. The authors use a mixed-method research method to show how social media has influenced the marketing of products. Schwendler, I. L., & Trude, A. (2018). Implementation of Text-Messaging and Social Media Strategies in a Multilevel Childhood Obesity Prevention Intervention: Process Evaluation Results. The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing, 187-198. Social media has been highly attributed to the increase in obesity in young children. Children are spending more time on social media platforms. Physical exercise has dramatically reduced as more children embrace social media and their major entertainment. The article reviews the use of social media in both increasing and lowering obesity prevalence. Lewin, C., & Greenhow, C. (2016). Social media and education: reconceptualizing the boundaries of formal and informal learning. Journal of Learning, Media and Technology, 6-30. Social media has several effects on society. Some people have argued that social media has the potential of creating a bridge between formal and informal learning. Social media affects learning at both levels. This article analyzes the use of .

1. Running head: SOCIAL MEDIA AND CHILDREN
DEVELOPMENT 1
SOCIAL MEDIA AND CHILDREN DEVELOPMENT 13
Social Media’s Effect on the Development and Learning Stages
of A Child
Nisha Cunningham
Felician University
Social Media’s Effect on the Development and Learning Stages
of A Child
Annotated Bibliography
Best, P., Manktelowa, R., & Taylor, B. (2014). Online
communication, social media, and adolescent wellbeing: A
systematic narrative review. Children and Youth Services
Review, 27-36.
The article looks into the growing debate about the effects of
online social technologies on children and teenagers. Through
an in-depth analysis of empirical research, the authors identify
both the benefits and harmful effects of social media on young
people. The article gives recommendations on how to minimize

2. adverse impacts and increase the positive effects of social
media.
Loureiro, K., Solnet, D., Bolton, R. P., Hoefnagels, A.,
Migchels, N., & Kabadayi, S. (2013). Understanding Generation
Y and their use of social media: a review and research agenda.
Journal of Service Management, 245-267.
Social media use has several implications for young people.
This article refers to today's younger generation as Generation
Y. The authors collect information to show the effects of social
media on society, organizations, and individuals. Several
research questions are derived to explain social media use in a
better way.
Hutter, K., Hautz, J., Dennhardt, S., & Füller, J. (2013). The
impact of user interactions in social media on brand awareness
and purchase intention: the case of MINI on Facebook. Journal
of Product & Brand Management, 342-351.
The article analyzes how social media influences the purchase
of products. Through an online survey, the authors indicate how
individuals can be talked into buying products over the internet.
The authors use a mixed-method research method to show how
social media has influenced the marketing of products.
Schwendler, I. L., & Trude, A. (2018). Implementation of Text-
Messaging and Social Media Strategies in a Multilevel
Childhood Obesity Prevention Intervention: Process Evaluation
Results. The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision,
and Financing, 187-198.
Social media has been highly attributed to the increase in
obesity in young children. Children are spending more time on
social media platforms. Physical exercise has dramatically
reduced as more children embrace social media and their major
entertainment. The article reviews the use of social media in
both increasing and lowering obesity prevalence.
Lewin, C., & Greenhow, C. (2016). Social media and education:
reconceptualizing the boundaries of formal and informal
learning. Journal of Learning, Media and Technology, 6-30.
Social media has several effects on society. Some people have

3. argued that social media has the potential of creating a bridge
between formal and informal learning. Social media affects
learning at both levels. This article analyzes the use of social
media in terms of its effects on learning both formally and
informally. The authors give suggestions on how social media
platforms can be used to deliver better learning outcomes.
Raut, V., & Patil, P. (2016). Use of Social Media in Education:
Positive and Negative impact on the students. International
Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and
Communication, 281-285.
Social media use has dramatically increased. In most cases,
human activities are reliant on the internet. While social media
improves communication, it has both negative and positive
effects on the learning of students. The article looks into how
social media has influenced education both in good and bad
ways. The authors focus on unhealthy addiction to social media
and its effects on development.
Akram, W., & Kumar, R. (2017). A Study on Positive and
Negative Effects of Social Media on Society. International
Journal of Computer Sciences and Engineering, 347-357.
The article gathers data to show the positive and negative
effects of social media on society. The authors outline the
position held by social media in our community. While its
significance cannot be ignored, it is essential to consider how
social media has negatively contributed to education, culture,
morals, and society at large.
Aksoy, L., Van Riel, A., Kandampully, J., Bolton, R. N.,
Parasuraman, A., Hoefnagels, A., ... & Solnet, D. (2013).
Understanding Generation Y and their use of social media: a
review and research agenda. Journal of service management.
This article discusses the use of social media by Generation Y.
It provides a review of the usage tendencies of social media and
seeks to explain the frequencies. It also explains the effect of
branding on social media to this generation and whether they
are affected by influenced by buying trends.

4. Chassiakos, Y. L. R., Radesky, J., Christakis, D., Moreno, M.
A., & Cross, C. (2016). Children and adolescents and digital
media. Pediatrics, 138(5), e20162593.
This article provides the growth stages of children and the
alteration of these stages when children interact with digital
media. It also looks into the shift from childhood to adolescence
and the impediments that may arise if social media affected the
children at an early age.
Coombes, B. (2009). Generation Y: Are they really digital
natives or more like digital refugees. Synergy, 7(1), 31-40
This article augments the article on generation Y by explaining
the difference of this generation being digital natives or digital
refugees.
Desmottes, L., Meulemans, T., & Maillart, C. (2016). Later
learning stages in procedural memory are impaired in children
with specific language impairment. Research in developmental
disabilities, 48, 53-68.
Desmottes et al. try to explain how the learning stages in
procedural memory of children are impaired by use of social
media. The article explains that subject to the early addiction of
children to social media, the learning of languages in children
shall be impaired.
Dorfberger, S., Adi-Japha, E., & Karni, A. (2007). Reduced
susceptibility to interference in the consolidation of motor
memory before adolescence. PLoS One, 2(2).
Dorfberger et al. provides a study on the diminishing
susceptibility to the inference that occurs in the consolidation
of motor-memory prior to adolescence. It explains the various
stages of motor learning and the effort of cognitive effort to the
same and similarly expounds on the effect of addiction to social
media on the cognitive effort.
Dudai, Y., Karni, A., & Born, J. (2015). The consolidation and
transformation of memory. Neuron, 88(1), 20-32.
This article provides an explanation of how memory is
consolidated by the human brain. It gives the supporting factors
to the consolidation and how these supporting factors can be

5. affected by the “reward-system”
Elster, J. (1990). Marxism, functionalism, and game
theory. DEBATES IN CONTEMPORARY POLITICAL
PHILOSOPHY, 22.
This article provides an explanation of various sociological
theories. Particularly it explains functionalism and such it
becomes instrumental to this study.
Griffiths, M. (2000). Does Internet and computer" addiction"
exist? Some case study evidence. CyberPsychology and
Behavior, 3(2), 211-218.
Griffiths questions whether social media addiction is extant in
this article. It delves into a case study to propound the fact that
while it seems impossible, social media addiction exists and
affects a lot of people.
Hamm, M. P., Newton, A. S., Chisholm, A., Shulhan, J., Milne,
A., Sundar, P., ... & Hartling, L. (2015). Prevalence and effect
of cyberbullying on children and young people: A scoping
review of social media studies. JAMA pediatrics, 169(8), 770-
777.
This article provides an explanation to the prevalence of cyber
bulling on children and young people. It provides an
explanation as to why there is an increase in cyber bullying
cases with regards to use of social media as well as gives the
effects of social media on the self-esteem of children.
Leung, L. (2014). Predicting Internet risks: a longitudinal panel
study of gratifications-sought, Internet addiction symptoms, and
social media use among children and adolescents. Health
Psychology and Behavioral Medicine: An Open Access
Journal, 2(1), 424-439.
Is it possible to predict the risks which are present in the
internet while being covered with good things? This article
delves into the study of how various characteristics of social
media use may be harmful to the growth of children and
adolescents.
Lichy, J., & Kachour, M. (2017). Insights into the Culture of
Young Internet Users: Emerging Trends–Move Over Gen Y,

6. Here Comes Gen Z!. In Research Paradigms and Contemporary
Perspectives on Human-Technology Interaction(pp. 84-115).
IGI Global.
This article provides an insight to the trends of social media use
among generation Y and Generation Z.
Mulkay, M. (2014). Functionalism, Exchange and Theoretical
Strategy (RLE Social Theory). Routledge.
Mulkay provides an explanation of the functionalism theory and
show it applies to this study as a sociological theory
O'Keeffe, G. S., & Clarke-Pearson, K. (2011). The impact of
social media on children, adolescents, and families. Pediatrics,
127(4), 800-804.
O’Keeffe &Clarke-Pearson study the impact that social media
has on both children and adolescents and try to relate these
impacts to the relationship of children with their parents.
Sampasa-Kanyinga, H., & Lewis, R. F. (2015). Frequent use of
social networking sites is associated with poor psychological
functioning among children and adolescents. Cyberpsychology,
Behavior, and Social Networking, 18(7), 380-385.
These authors seek to associate poor psychological functioning
in children and adults with the frequent use of social media
networking sites.
Swist, T., Collin, P., McCormack, J., & Third, A. (2015). Social
media and the wellbeing of children and young people: A
literature review.
This article provides for social media a literature review of the
wellbeing of children and young people when they are using
social media. It analyzes the side effects which are not
explicitly evident and the effects of such to the development of
the young mind.
Turner, A. (2015). Generation Z: Technology and social
interest. The Journal of Individual Psychology, 71(2), 103-113.
Turner provides the explanation of the social interest of
Generation Z. Through an examination of the psychology of
generation Z, the article provides an explanation to why this
generation uses social media extensive/

7. Social Media’s Effect on the Development and Learning Stages
of A Child
Research Outline
1. Introduction
2. Background of the Study
a) Developmental and Learning stages of a child
b) Social Media’s effect on children
3. Sociological Theory and Methodology for the Topic
4. How Young Social Media Starts
· This part shall talk about the various age restrictions of some
social media platforms and the response of Children’s Online
Privacy Act
5. Effect of Social Media in Young Children
a. Addiction
b. Self-Esteem and Self Confidence
c. Effect on Critical skills
6. Addiction to Social Media Children
7. Effects of Addiction to Social Media to the Learning Process
of Young Children
a. Sensorimotor stage
b. Preoperational stage
c. Concrete operational stage
d. Formal operational stage
8. Generation Z and Generation Y with regards to Social Media
9. Improvements of Electronics and the Increase in the use of
Social Media
10. Conclusion
Questionnaire
1. Are you aware of today’s society’s addiction to social media?
Yes
No

8. 2. Do you have children?
If no, skip to question 10.
Yes
No
3. Do you allow them to use electronics?
If no, skip to question 8.
Yes
No
4. Do your children have their own electronics or rely on those
of others?
Their own
Other
5. In total, how many hours a day do they use electronics?
1-3 hours
4-6 hours
6 or more hours
6. Are they used for entertainment or educational purposes?
Educational
Entertainment
Both
7. Do you allow your children to use social media?
Yes
No
8. Does your child mimic things they see on social media? (i.e
dances, phrases, clothing choice, personality traits)
Yes
No
9. Do you think your child is addicted to social media?
Yes
No
10. Do you own any electronics? (i.e laptop, phone, smart
watches, tablets)
Yes
No

9. 11. Do you have any social media account? (i.e Facebook,
Instagram, Twitter, )
Yes
No
12. At what age did you start using social media?
13. In total, many hours a day do you use social media?
1-3 hours
4-6 hours
6 or more hours
14. Do you find yourself mimicking things you see on social
media?
Yes
No
15. Do you think you are addicted to social media?
Yes
No
Sociological Theory and Methodology for the Topic
Sociological Theory
This topic falls under the structural-functionalism sociological
theory. The structural functionalism theory seeks to find out the
effects of social media on the stability and solidarity of society.
This perspective or theory views the society as a complex
system which is depended on the parts or units that make it up
to ensure that the society functions as expected to achieve
stability and solidarity and work as a unit.
One of the main factors under this perspective is that different
social structures are expected to shape society into a functional
unit (Mulkay, 2014). Therefore, children, as part of the society
should be shaped from home to ensure that they grow into
useful and essential members of society by positively
contributing to the welfare of society. This can only be achieved
if the children are not affected by the destructive effects from
social media use which change them into unproductive members
of the society.

10. The methodology of the topic
This research used a qualitative study which analyzed the
research question to find out the effects of social media on the
children. The research gathered data used in the study after
studying, analyzing and synthesizing a total of twenty-one peer-
reviewed articles on the topic. The sectors that were analyzed
included the background of social media use by children, the
effects of social media and whether addiction to social media
impairs the developmental stages of children. The research
focused on finding out the different ways in which social media
affects children.
Introduction
Over a period, social media has been a continuously growing
phenomenon in our society. Today, almost all activities are
influenced by social media. The effects of social media on a
human being’s way of life remain a controversial topic. Some
people believe that social media has a lot of advantages or
benefits to the way of life, but on the other hand, others believe
that it has a lot of disadvantages to the society (Desmottes,
2015). Without any doubt, social media encourages the creation
of a global village by ensuring that people keep in touch
quickly. By facilitating communication and interactions. Every
individual can share sentiments, concerns, or ideas with a large
number of people across the world. While a more natural
connection is an obvious benefit, it is imperative to analyze how
social media affects learning and developmental processes in
children.
Children continuously grow from birth to adulthood. During all
these stages of development, the children gather knowledge
from their environment. The children consume contents and
experiences, which adversely affects their social, language,
intellectual, emotional, and physical development. Every child
follows the same developmental stages and learning process.
The learning process is classified according to the child's

11. developmental stage (Leung, 2014). It is prudent to note that
social media has changed the learning process in children as
they imitate what they are exposed to in social media, either
positive or negative. Children are being exposed to information
which they cannot adequately synthesize due to their mental
capability and physical development. Although it is a good
thing that children are exposed to more information, lack of
parental control has adverse effects on learning. Today, children
have underdeveloped social skills that are due to them being
used to charting of communicating via social media they are
unable to communicate with other people face to face (Best et
al. 2013). Further, continued exposure to social media results in
speech problems. These are some of the adverse effects of
social media on children's developmental process; This is
because the social media is uncontrolled and the children are
exposed to some content meant for adults, and it affects them.
As information is now readily available, children are exposed to
false information on social media due to the lack of control on
the social media platforms. False information on eating habits
and poor lifestyle habits leads to obesity and other lifestyle
conditions. Today, a large number of obesity cases can be
directly attributed to social media. Children at a lower
development stage may be inclined to believe in untrue
information on unhealthy eating habits such as consumption of
sugary and fatty food staffs lifestyle choices which result in
lifestyle diseases (Sampasa-Kanyiga & Lewis, 2015. The
children today have a problem with their eating habits. In most
cases, children are addicted to high-sugar foods (Swist et al.
2015). Social media is recorded as the highest consumer of
children's free time. An average child spends approximately a
third of his/her day on social media platforms. The other major
time consumer is sleep. A combination of high-sugar foods and
lack of physical exercise is synonymous with obesity
advertisements on social media platforms fuel consumption of
such food. There is a need to increase children's involvement in
physical activities (Hamm et al. 2015). Children should be

12. encouraged to embrace dynamic behaviours such as finding
hobbies in things that they like doing, which will supplement
their addiction to media. Children are continuously exposed to
internet advertisements advocating for unhealthy food.
Advertisements on social media seek to satisfy hunger on an
emotional angle rather than health needs. Due to exposure of
false information which affects the health of the child, it then
affects the child’s developmental process is, therefore, affected
immensely.
It is also imperative to consider the effects of social media
on social-emotional growth. The three fundamental types of
learning are affected by social media (observational learning,
classical, and operant conditioning). Children can learn from
social media how to associate with certain events such as eating
habits and association which may lead the children to be
conditioned by social media, unaware that the information
might be false. Additionally,children’s observe behaviour on
social media and end up copying adverse reactions to issues of
lifestyle issues. Social media is turning out to be a forum for
bullying (Swist et al. 2015). Through cyberbullying, victims
suffer emotional and social setbacks. Further, social media can
fuel children into indulging in risky behaviour such as drug
abuse and sexual activities. It is not in contention that social
media benefits children; however, it is essential to carry out an
intensive study on the use of social media in society. In
particular, this research shall seek to critically analyze the
impacts of social media on children's developmental stages and
learning process.
How Social Media Use is Initiated
Influence central organization has reported that an average child
in the United States gets his/her first smartphone at the age of
ten. They also open up their first social media account at the
age of eleven. It is estimated that by the age of twelve, fifty
percent of all the children use at least one social media
platform. This then begs the question of how these children
manage to log on to these platforms, given that there is an age

13. limit for these sites (Griffiths, 2000). Notably, these children lie
about their age especially for sites such as Instagram, Tiktok,
Snapchat and Facebook all of which have set their age limit to
be thirteen as dictated by the Children’s Online Privacy
Protection Act.
Recently, Facebook launched a social media app for children
that was dubbed “Messenger for Kids.” The launch of this app
reignited major debates on how this app will negatively affect
children socialization and the type of content that they will be
able to share between themselves. The debate also would
address the issue of on how young is too young for children to
use mobile apps Common Sense reported in 2016, that up to
fifty-six percent of both teens and tweens have their social
media accounts. Most of the parents who were subjects of this
study pointed out that they have been dependent on the
Children's Online Privacy Act to come up with a stringent
measure to ensure that the companies creating these platforms
come up with more age limiting restrictions which their children
cannot bypass (Desmottes, 2016). It is prudent to note that
while some of them considered twelve to be a young age for
children to be using social media, most of them felt that they
were okay to sit down with their children and talk about the
privacy concerns of Social media use (Akram & Kumar, 2017).
However, the menace still looms with children under the age of
five becoming addicted to the internet. This implies that
children developmental stages of socializing are impeded from
such an early age
According to the report by Common Sense, most of the parents
objecting to thirteen-year-olds using social media were not
concerned with the detriment to the children’s developmental
stages as well as the learning stages, they were concerned with
the amount of time that was spent on the media platforms
(Akram & Kumar, 2017). This was an intriguing concern, as it
could be aligned with the topic with respect to the impediment
to the learning stages that are associated with the increased use
of social media platforms. The information that the children are

14. exposed to on social media tends to affect how they learn things
during their development stages.
Effects of Social Media in Young Children
The effect that social media has on young children with regards
to the learning stages is immense. The effects range from
affected communication and social skills to failure to have an
identity as well as a lack of self-esteem. All these negative
effects of social media are brought about by cyberbullying and
exposure to untrue information.
Firstly, internet use can be very addictive to children, and as
such most children will spend most of their time on social
media. This will mean that they will stop to have relationships
or interactions with people around them. Studies reveal that
engrossment to the internet in people is so great that people
become detached from real life (Best et al. 2015). The report
specifies the name of the report suggested that most children
under the age of five develop communication skills from
continuous interaction with the people around them, failure to
have these interactions will impede their communication skills
(Sampasa-Kanyinga & Lewis, 2015). The learning of
interpersonal communication is achieved at a very young age,
and when children under the age of five years spend most of
their time on social media, then they fail to learn the verbal and
nonverbal cues which are necessary for the development of
interpersonal communications.
Secondly, social media affects self-esteem and self-confidence
in young children. During adolescence is the time when a
person becomes aware of who he/she is since the body
experiences some changes during puberty. It is at this stage that
they become aware of their identity. Social media exposes
adolescents, to cyberbullying as well as unrealistic expectations
of how life in the real world is as compared to the cyber world
(Lewis & Greenshow, 2016). A perfect example is a girl whose
body does not conform to models as well as other children of

15. her age, such a child will strain to achieve such looks to no
avail, and he/she will consequently realize that they cannot
achieve it. This will leave them with negative feelings about
themselves, thus affecting their self-esteem (Dorfberger et al.
2007). Notably, the constant trying to emulate people in the
media will mean that they will not have time to discover
themselves and accept who they are. This translates to an
affected self-confidence.
The young age is the appropriate time when children learn skills
such as researching --no they do not learn to research, they
learn to search! and critical thinking. Children develop critical
thinking skills at the age of eight. However, it has been
suggested that as soon as children can speak in sentences, they
are ready to engage in critical thinking skills (Lewis &
Greenshow, 2016). The study shows that constant interactions
with people around children augment their skills to analyze
situations critically. Excessive use of social media affects and
impedes communication skills and the development of critical
thinking skills (Lewis & Greenshow, 2016). Additionally, the
internet provides most answers with just a click of the button,
which means that children will be dependent on the internet for
answers which they could have gotten through critical analysis
of the questions.
Addiction to Social Media in Children
Social Media Addiction is considered to be a behavioural
addiction. It is defined by an over-concern on what is happening
on social media. It is driven by an uncontrollable urge of a
person to log on to a social media site. Additionally, it is also
defined by the devotion of so much time as well as effort to
social media in a manner that impairs other important areas of
his/her life (Schweddler & Trude, 2018). Research has shown
that children under the age of five when overexposed to social
media to the point of addiction will have a difficult time in
adjusting to the social norms since he/she is used to the unreal
world of social media. It is vital to note that with the social

16. media platforms, reaction and comments for these children is
enough to cause their bodies to release dopamine, which is a
hormone that is released when the body wants to “reward” itself
(Schweddler & Trude, 2018). Consistent “Reward system” will
program their lives to such a system which will mean that they
will cease to engage in activities which they consider less
rewarding, for example, social interaction and engage in
harmful activities which they think may be more rewarding such
as cyber-bullying.
Effects of Addiction to Social Media to the Learning Process of
Young Children
Firstly, there is the sensorimotor stage which begins from birth
through to two years, and it is during this stage that children
become aware of the world through their senses as well as
manipulation of objects. There is not much effect at this stage
of social media on the children. The next stage is the
preoperational stage, and the first effects of social media
addiction are evidenced during this stage. It is during this stage
that memory and imagination are augmented in the children
(Duddai et al. 2015). The children at the adolescent age can
understand things symbolically and also become cognizant of
the ideas of the past and future. Social media addiction at this
age will limit their perception of things to the things present in
the social media platforms and hence deny their minds from
developing their thinking skills.
At the age of seven through to eleven years of age, the children
are at the concrete operational stage. It is at this stage where
they become aware of the external events as well as the feelings
of other people. With the upsurge in social media use, it is quite
evident that cyber-bullying becomes an apparent behaviour of
children as they develop the confidence to shame other people
over this platform (Raut & Patil, 2016). Lastly, there is the
formal operational stage that starts at the age of twelve through
to the teenage years. This developmental stage offers the
children the ability to be able to solve problems using critical

17. analysis (O'Keffe & Clark-Pearson, 2011). Social media limits
the ability of children to think critically by offering answers to
their problems by just a click of the button. In light of this,
therefore, an addiction will limit development at this stage.
Generation Z and Generation Y with regards to Social Media
Different generations use social media differently. While one
generation tends to use social media extensively, another
generation tends to limit their use of social media. Generation Y
is referred to as digital natives. This name can be attributed to
their usage of social media. According to Aksoy et al. (2013)
has shown that this is the largest of the generations and the fact
that they have access to the social networks gives them an upper
hand with regards to an impactful voice (Aksoy et al. 2013). A
millennial child is prone to oversharing, and the fact that they
have access to technology allows them the audience and liberty
to share and makes them ardent users of the technology. It is
important that this generation of users are the most outspoken
on social media and are therefore used to push brands on social
media (Coombes, 2009). The use of social media to this
generation is motivated by the fact that they like something and
not because they have been forced or pressured.
On the other hand, a study by Pew Research has revealed that
only fourteen per cent of adults in 1995 had access to the
internet. There has been a consistent upsurge to eighty-seven
per cent by 2014. The use of social media by generation Z
includes the fact that seventy-two per cent of generation Z 'ers
have access to all mobile wireless services including data and
applications which can grant them the use of social media
(Turner, 2015). The time spent on social media by this
generation is an average of three hours and thirty-eight minutes
per day. This amounts for nearly an excess of fifty minutes to
the amount of time spent online by the average social media
user (Hutter et al. 2013). Most of the time spent online must be
passive reading since most individuals spend more time
refreshing their tweet feeds instead of reading those (Lichy &

18. Kachour, 2017). Passive reading affects the retention abilities
of this generation, and as such, their minds do not develop to be
able to retain much of what they read.
Improvements of Electronics and the Increase in the use of
Social Media
The tech veterans or those in the earlier generations before the
innovation of smartphones admit that technology of
smartphones affects the development of children. According to
Parker (2017) posited that with the change in societal
relationships the development in technologies might be
affecting the growth of children in ways that we cannot fathom
(Chassiakos et al. 2016). The many developments include the
availability of Wi-Fi networks which provide people with easy
internet access to social media platforms. Notably also is the
fact that there is an increasing number of smartphones across
the world and they are cheap. It is not a surprise to find a three-
year-old being gifted with an iPad tablet for their third birthday.
Such instances have also contributed to the increase in the use
of social media at an early age by children.
Conclusion
Even though social media is a technology that should be
embraced, given the fact that it is an element of the society;
social media impedes the development of the children and the
learning stages of their growth. Addiction to social media has
highly affected the children causing misinformation,
cyberbullying which affects the children's self-esteem and
identity crisis. It is important for parents always to keep track
of their children's use of social media to prevent the adverse
effects of social media on the children. This is augmented
through social media addiction, obesity as a result of much time
being spent online, lifestyle diseases resulting from poor diets
as well as the loss of communication skills as part of the effects
of social media. The use of social media exposes the children to
false information, and it prevents the socialization skills in life.

19. With the continued advancements in technology, it will be
prudent for measures to be taken to combat the menace of social
media addiction early enough.
References
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theory. DEBATES IN CONTEMPORARY POLITICAL
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Beauty Business Plan Kit
Start and develop a profitable hair salon business
Index
● Hair Salon Business Opportunity
● Industry Analysis
● Target Market
● Business Strategy
● Marketing Plan
● Management and Financial Plan

22. Hair salon business
opportunity
A salon industry is one of the simple business to start. Based
on
recent studies and researches, the hair salon and beauty
business is a rising sector in the most parts of the world that
year
after year grows steadily and is projected to will continue to
grow.
It is a kind of industry that is estimated to be worth $48 billion
USD with a really good expectations of growth, at least 1,4%
for
the next few years.
This industry is a sector that is booming in this particular era,
accompanied with the digitalization of the time which allows
growth and profitability for this kind of business.
Hair salon and beauty sector
Regularly go to the hairdresser
85%
of women
65%
of men
Define yours:

23. Write your business opportunity...
Industry analysis
Over the globe the hair salon and beauty industry is one of the
major business that has a really high profit earnings. That is
because this industry has always consumers willing to consume
them.
This is a kind of need that people can't do without from his
daily
habits and that’s the reason for his great profitability.
Industry analysis
It is well known that the beauty industry it is resistant to
economic downturns, that’s because is built on the products and
services
that help us to look good and to be at our best.
We all know that it takes a lot of effort to keep us looking at
our best, and the use of beauty products are determining factors
when
we have to prove it. And shows how hair salons and a barber
shops rely on 5-15% of their revenue from this kind of products.
$56 billion USD
Industry analysis
Industry that generate

24. 5-15%
Part of revenue are from
product sales.
Target market
Customer Estimated market share
In the hair salon and beauty sector
the principal consumer is basically
defined by someone that wants to look
good, be at his best and pampered by
a professional who will know how to
boost his self-esteem.
Will be estimated based on a specific
PESTEL Analysis results that will
show the market size and trends.
Define
● Political
● Economic
● Social
● Technological
● Environmental
● Legal
Pestel analysis of your market

25. Define yours:
Political
Economic
write here...
write here...
Define yours:
Social
Technological
write here...
write here...
Define yours:
Environmental
Legal
write here...
write here...
Swot

26. Analysis
Strenghts Weaknesses
ThreatsOpportunities
Business strategy
Short term strategies
The business should focus on establishing functional systems.
All the main procedures and systems for all the areas should be
defined.
Marketing Operations Finance Human Resource
FUNCTIONAL AREAS
Medium term strategies
Customer satisfaction Process efficiency
The whole business had to focus on
achieving and seeking 100% customer
satisfaction. You have to understand
all their needs and preferences to
exceed their expectations.
The business has to focus on
streamlining all the hair salon and
beauty services so they could ensure
that they are performed timely and

27. efficiently at all times.
Growth
The business should be focused on expanding its market and
have a vision of growth that will allow the company to expand
in the long term.
Long term strategies
Marketing plan
Marketing plan has to have these 3 key
points:
Brand identity Brand strategy Customer strategy
Brand strategies
Visibility
In every brand strategy one of the main goals are focused on
strengthening the brand's visibility and positioning across
different markets
to establish a long lasting reputation.
Trust Test Routine

28. Brand strategies
In every brand strategy one of the main goals are focused on
strengthening the brand's visibility and positioning across
different markets
to establish a long lasting reputation.
Visibility Trust
It will include strategies which will give
the brand important reach and
positioning so the store can be
recognized.
Initiatives like:
● PR
● SEO&SEM
● Social Ads
The aim is to link the brand with
other known identities and create
engagement with the final user with
the aim of achieving security in the
service.
Actions like:
● Co-branding
● Sponsorships
● Social Media
Brand strategies
Test Routine
After the visibility and conviction
initiatives which have put the brand at
the front of the users minds, catching
their attention and winning their trust,

29. the time comes when they will try the
service. This step is fundamental.
Through:
● Service Offered
● Customer Service
● Customer Visit to a store
The aim of all this business strategy
is to get customer recurrence,
because this will allow for much
more investment in acquisition and
recruitment, as customer profit will
be high.
The commitment for the beauty business is to give a unique
service and to create and develop a clear and defined brand
identity
that is clear and strong where they are going and what the aim
is.
This will be clear with:
1. Mission
The mission of the business is to allow people to feel good,
look good and live good. With a beauty service that will bring
happiness in customers life.
2. Vision
The main vision is to improve the concept of hair salon and
beauty service as we know it and to become an essential
service.
3. Brand Mantra
The Brand Mantra for this kind of business could be LET
PEOPLE LOOK GOOD, FEEL GOOD AND LIVE GOOD.

30. Brand identity
Define your mission and vision:
write your mission...
write your vision...
Define your motto:
write your motto...
write your target audience...
Define your target audience:
Customer strategies
This section deals with the elements the company has to keep
in mind to attract customers and advertise the Beauty Salon.
The customer will become a recurrent customer if he will have
a good experience with the store. It is important to emphasize
the key differences our store has over other hair salons
options.
We will get that with:
Digital and offline actions
A good digital performance to get brand positioning and
increase its visibility. But none of these actions will have an
effect on the physical salons if they don't perform offline
actions. Hyperlocal actions which provide the necessary

31. visibility
for the customers coming to the Salon.
Acquisition strategies
It's important to carry out these actions so that the Hair Salon
secures customers and becomes profitable.
● Distributing Discounts with Promoters: To get this kind
of collaboration with a Promoter, it is advisable to analyze
the area and see if there are any Promoter with which is
possible collaborate. Promoters are very useful to get
new customers as they act as prescribers of the service
using discounts or flyers provided by the Salon.
● Cross Promotions with Other Establishments: This is an
initiative that allow the company to collaborate with
other businesses in order to publicize our services. Some
kind of business that are frequented by the same target
audience with is possible do this are bars, restaurants,
cafés, etc.
● Flyer distribution: These kind of actions are one of the
most powerful tools to use. It is a hyperlocal, offline
marketing tactic and its success is guaranteed, as well
as being proportional to the invested resources.
● Poster Placement: Put some posters about the store can
be a very useful action to inform the potential customers. It
is advisable to have them in every place or businesses with
a lot of visibility (libraries; hospitals; etc.).
Management and

32. financial plan
An organizational structure of the business is just a simple
hierarchy of the business defining the positions of employees in
the
company.
This structure will help by telling the reporting system of the
company.
ACCOUNTANT and EMPLOYEE(S)
SUPERVISOR
OWNER
Organizational chart
3
2
1
Define your own chart
This section has to include every regular expense,
expected future expenses, and associated expenses.
The financial plan is the task that will determine how the hair
salon and beauty business will afford to achieve its strategic

33. goals and
objectives. Usually, a company creates a Financial Plan
immediately after the vision and objectives have been set.
And at least must be composed of 6 elements:
1. Sales Forecasting
Is how the company has to estimate of the sales revenue for
every month, quarter and year.
3. Statement of Financial Position
The financial position on the balance sheet will offer a more
complete view of the business's health than a profit and loss
statement or a cash flow report.
2. Expense Outlay
Financial plan
A break-even analysis can tell your business how many units
need to sell at various price points to cover the costs.
4. Cash Flow Projection
Is where will predict the cash flow on a monthly, quarter and
annual basis.
6. Operations Plan
To be able to understand how to run the business as efficiently
as
possible will be necessary to understand what roles are required
to operate the whole company. It's important to control every
expense to get a healthy and propitious growth.
5. Break-Even Analysis

34. For a successful hair salon and beauty business, it is necessary
to get proper knowledge and skills in managing the entire
business.
The owners should take care of the company taking a personal
interest in all the activities staying updated the whole time.
And in order to adapt and prevent some risks that the business
could face anytime should take suitable measures to eliminate
or
minimize them.
Conclusion and recommendation
Discover Beauty Jeff
Franchise Company
Find out more!
https://franchise.wearejeff.com/beautyjeff
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