2. • The term floorings or floor finish usually refers to all floors
surface other than carpet.
• Floor covering, material made from textiles, felts, resin,
rubber or other natural and man-made substances applied or
fastened to the floor.
• Such material includes both handmade and machine made
rugs and carpets and smooth surface floor coverings.
• Although the word carpet and rugs are frequently used
interchangeably in referring to textile floor covering, in
modern usage carpets are fastened to the floor and usually
cover an entire floor area, and rugs are not fastened and
rarely cover the entire floor.
INTRODUCTION
3. Classification of Floor Covering
Hard floor Covering
Semi–hard Floor Covering
Soft floor Covering
Vinyl
Linoleum
Rubber sheets
Carpets
Rugs
Gabbeh
Durries
Different Floor Coverings for Different Rooms
Kitchen and bathroom- vinyl, linoleum, cork, ceramics, natural stone,
concrete, wood, laminate
Living rooms- carpets, wooden floor coverings
Bed rooms- carpets
4. Vinyl
• Manufactured from PVC or
other synthetic resins.
• Used on staircases and
pathways
Linoleum
• is a floor covering made from materials
such as solidified linseed oil, pine rosin,
ground cork dust, and mineral fillers such
as calcium carbonate.
• The finest linoleum floors, extremely
durable. And were printed with thinner
layers which were more prone to wear and
tear.
Rubber sheets
• Rubber floors are nonporous,
waterproof surfaces. Used in
areas like bars and bathrooms
• They are noise free
5. Carpets
They can be categorized by
construction,
patterns &
types of yarn used.
Carpet prevents
slipping;
provides an additional source of insulation,
lower noise levels; and
most resilient of all floor coverings,
which is a major benefit to individuals who must remain on their
feet for extended periods.
Carpet is typically installed wall-to-wall to eliminate the maintenance
of hard flooring surfaces around the edge of a carpet.
Sizes of Carpets
Broadloom carpets – 12 feet in width, but can be ordered up to 15
feet in width.
Carpet runners – 2 feet to 9 feet in width.
Carpet squares or tiles – 18 square inches.
6. TYPES OF CARPETS
Weaving Technique
Hand Woven Carpet
Hand Knotted
Carpet
Hand Tufted
Carpets
Braided Carpets
Namdah
Needle Felt Technique
Tufted Carpets
Cut Pile Carpets
Loop Pile Carpets
Uncut Pile Carpets
Patterned Loop Carpets
7. On The Bases Of Yarn And Fibers
Wool
carpets
Nylon
carpets
Polypro-
pylene
carpets
Polyester
Carpets
Very soft, durable, and resistant to stains,
nylon is the most popular carpet material and
is used in roughly three quarters of all
manufactured pieces.
They do not fade much over time. They are
non-allergenic, and in many cases this material
is crafted from recycled plastic bottles making
it eco-friendly.
Almost as soft as nylon, these fibers are
extremely resilient and resistant to stains,
mildew, and shedding.
This is a natural, luxurious, long lasting
material that is the softest carpet fiber you can
find. Unfortunately low grade wool is more
susceptible to staining, while high grade wool
is extremely expensive
8. On The Bases Of Region
Persian Carpets
Chinese Carpets
Indian Carpets
Pakistani Carpets
Spanish Carpets
Turkish Carpets
English Carpet
Other Types of carpets
Woven
Pile bonded
Tufted
Needle punched
Electro statically
11. Carpet Construction:
• Weaved/Woven Carpet– is the traditional way of making carpet
on a loom.
• Tufted carpet – produced by forcing needles, threaded with
pile yarn, through the primary backing (usually polypropylene) to
form tufts.
• Needle punched carpets – are produced by a manufacturing
method that punches the fibers into a structural backing and
then compresses the fibers into a felt-like fabric. It is used
mainly in indoor-outdoor carpets.
• Electrostatically Flocked carpets – are produced by
electrostatically embedding short carpet fibers into a backing,
producing a velvety-look cut pile surface.
• Knitted carpets – are produced by a method that uses a
specialized knitting machine with different sets of needles to
loop together the pile, backing, and the stitching yarns.
12. • Wool on wool carpets have been made much longer and use
more traditional designs than the other types of carpets.
• Because wool cannot be spun finely, the knot count is often
not very high, compared to wool on cotton and silk on silk.
• High knot count is also not necessary for wool on wool
carpets because they are often traditional geometric designs,
or otherwise non-intricate patterns.
Wool on cotton- This type of carpet can be much more intricate
than wool on wool carpets because cotton can be spun finely
and the knot count is generally much higher.
In wool on cotton rugs, floral designs etc. are also found, in
addition to the geometric patterns.
13. Silk on silk- This is the most intricate
type of carpet with very fine weave.
Knot count for silk carpets intended
for floor coverings should be no
greater than 100 knots per square cm,
or 10 X 10 cm².
Any carpet woven with the knot count
greater than 10 X 10 knots/cm² should
only be used as a wall or pillow tapestry.
These very fine, intricately woven
carpets are no larger than 3m X 3m.
15. These are some basic
carpet components:
A)Piles
B)Primary backing
C) Secondary backing
D) Underlay / padding
E) Carpet Binding
16. Pile Carpets
Pile is the yarn that we see and can readily touch. The fibers
can either be synthetic or natural in composition.
Types of pile carpets Test of Pile Quality:
Pile density; One common test of density
is to bend a piece of carpet, and if the
backing can readily be seen, the carpet is
of an inferior quality.
Face weight; The greater the face weight,
the higher the quality.
Height of the pile; longer fibers are better
than shorter fibers.
Amount of twist the pile fibers have
receives; the tighter the twist, the better
the carpet
17. Backing
The backing is on the underside of the carpet;
Most carpets have a double backing, a primary
backing to which the yarn is attached and an outer
backing called the secondary backing.
A layer of latex adhesive is sandwiched between the
two layers to seal the pile tufts to the primary
backing.
Types of Backing:
Jute; a natural fiber imported from India and Bangladesh,
Polypropylene; a synthetic thermoplastic resin,
Foam rubber.
18. Padding
Padding can be placed under carpet to provide extra
insulation, deaden sound, add comfort, and extend the
life of the carpet by serving as a “shock absorber.”
• Foam rubber
• Urethane foam
• Natural materials such as jute and hair
blends.
Types of Padding:
19. Carpet Binding
Carpet binding is a term used for any material being
applied to the edge of a carpet or rugs.
Carpet binding is usually cotton or nylon, but also comes
in many other materials such as leather.
20. Rugs, on the other hand,
are often used to
accentuate a tile or wood
floor.
In areas where there is
heavy foot traffic, rugs can
be used to equalize wear
and help prevent tracking
onto other floor coverings.
Rugs
Types of Rugs
• Tufted Rugs
• Needle Felted Rugs
• Knotted Rugs
• Hooked Rugs
• Flat weave Rugs
• Embroidered Rugs
• Moroccan Rugs
• Scandinavian Rugs
• Persian Esfahan Rug
21. Tufted Rugs Needle Felted Rugs
The tufted material, is
usually manmade, is
injected into a backing
material, which is then
bonded to another
material, often hessian, for
added strength.
Needle felted rugs are very
durable. Compact fibers are
attracted together by
electrostatic means.
Because of its extreme
durability and higher cost, it is
often used in high traffic
locations rather than homes.
22. Rugs are made as
a handicraft The hooked
rug is a style in which
pieces of material are
drawn through a burlap
backing to create a simple
rug.
Hooked Rugs Flat weave Rugs
Sometimes, hobbyists
make flat weave rugs out of
strips of old pieces of
clothing, such as jeans.
European flat woven carpet
types include Damask,
Venetian and Dutch styles.
23. Embroidered Rugs Moroccan Rugs
Embroidery is a very old craft.
Instead of being formed on a
loom, embroidered rugs were
hand stitched onto a cotton or
linen hacking. Embroidered
rugs are somewhat mass
produced when steel needles
became available.
They don't have a long history
but are most notable for their
dynamic colorful modernist
designs as well as for their
strong sense of geometric
structure (and abstract
designs).
24. • Persian Esfahan Rug Scandinavian Rugs
The elegantly styled field is
complete with a soft powder-
blue guard band that is
decorated with algebraic chess
notations rendered in an
opposing hue of burgundy-red.
Earlier Scandinavian rugs
were made in solid colors,
featuring black, gray, white
and yellow but as time
passed geometric shapes
and floral designs were
introduced. are among the
most popular of all weaves
in modern design.
25. Namda
In India it is said that a person named Nubi
created the first Namda to protect Emperor
Akbar’s Horse from cold.
That Namda was very intricately decorated
and thus increased the emperor.
The craft of Namda making is followed in
very limited areas in Kashmir, Himachal
Pradesh and parts of Rajasthan. They can
be termed as woolen drug gets.
26. Gabbeh Carpet/Rugs
Gabbeh rugs have bold color
and tribal patterns. Patterns are
strongly influenced by the life
and style of herdsmen and
nomadic tribes.
Much cheaper than the other
woolen carpets, they are warm
and stylish.
In India it is said that a person
named Nubi created the first
Namda to protect Emperor
Akbar’s Horse from cold
27. Durries
• A durrie (also durrie or durry) is a thick flat-
woven rug or carpet used traditionally
in India as floor-coverings.
• The concept of durrie is different from a rug or
carpet, but since the durries serve the same
purpose as carpet or rugs they can be
described as one.
• They are often brightly colored with loose
weaves of cotton and wool. They are
reversible rugs and the size apart from the
conventional, can be conveniently varied as
per the requirement.
• Woolen durries are mainly produced in
Bhadhohi, Mirzapur, Agra, Jaipur, Panipat
and Bangalore.
28. Types of Durries
Hand Made Durries
• Braided Durries
• Knotted Durries
• Crocheted Durries
• Chanddi Durries
• Goat Hair Durries
• Camel Hair Durries
Machine Made Durries
• Woven Durries
• Cotton Durries
29. Care and Maintenance of Floor Covering
Inspection and Prevention
Interim Cleaning Method
Restorative Cleaning Method
Spot Cleaning
Deep Cleaning
Methods of floor cleaning
Use tea leaves to collect dirt from carpets & remove odour.
Use diatomaceous earth to remove infestations from floors
30. Inspection and Prevention
• Carpets need to be inspected for spills and stains,
which are far easier to remove if they are treated
before they have a chance to set.
• Prevention includes the use of mats to absorb dirt
and spills around food preparation areas and the use
of grates, track-off mats, and carpet runners to
absorb dirt and grit and control wear at entrances
and in high-foot-traffic locations.
31. Interim Cleaning Method
• Interim carpet care is absolutely necessary to remove
gritty soil and spots before these elements become
embedded in the carpet, causing the pile to wear
prematurely. Interim cleaning methods include:-
– carpet sweeping,
– vacuuming,
– bonnet cleaning and
– spot stain removal.
• Interim cleaning methods do not remove the gummy,
sticky residues and the dry particulates that have
become stuck to them.
• Deep cleaning methods must be employed to restore the
carpet to a near original condition
32. Deep Cleaning
Regular vacuuming is one of the best ways to
care for it.
Water-based and oil-based stains require
different treatment.
Water-based stains include soft drinks, wine,
fruit juice, ketchup, chocolate, vomit, urine,
coffee and pet stains.
34. Spot Cleaning
Spot & spills call for immediate action.
Spot cleaning could be done with a mild non
detergent liquid.
If allowed to set, many substances can
permanently stain a carpet, especially one that is
made of nylon or wool.
Repair
1. Application of needle.
2. Application of natural and synthetic adhesives
3. Combinations of needle techniques and adhesives
35. Other Care And Maintenance
UV is high-energy radiation and is unnecessary for human
viewing of objects.
It should not exceed 75 microwatts per lumen and should
preferably be eliminated completely. Keep light levels low.
A conservator or electrician can measure these levels
using a lux meter; the recommended light level for textiles
is 50 lux.
Textiles are at risk from dust and airborne pollutants, such
as sulphur dioxide in the air. That’s why framed
embroidery should be covered with glass.
36. Display textiles at a constant temperature of 18–
20°C and 50–55% relative humidity. Keep the
temperature stable.
For storage, 12–18°C and 50–55% relative
humidity is ideal. Ideally, temperature should be kept
around 70°F, though some slight fluctuation in either
direction is permissible, as long as it occurs
gradually.
Many museums switch off their heating at night, and
this fluctuation in temperature speeds up the
deterioration of textiles
