Ben Goertzel

1. Dr. Ben Goertzel
CEO, Novamente LLC and Biomind LLC
CTO, Genescient Corp
Adjunct Research Professor, Xiamen University, China
ViceVice Chairman, Humanity+
Advisor, Singularity University and Singularity Institute
Text
AIs, Superflies
and the Path to Immortality

2. For an earlier, textual treatment of some of these themes, see the
article
“AIs, Superflies and the Path to Immortality”
in H+ Magazine, hplusmagazine.com
Also check out:
•genescient.com
•biomind.com
•http://code.google.com/p/openbiomind/
•opencog.org

3. 1.Why Biology, Biopharma & Longevity Research Need AI & AGI
2.OpenBiomind: OSS Machine Learning for Genomics
3.Understanding Longevity via AI-based Analysis of Genescient’s
Long-lived Flies
4.OpenCog and the Path to Advanced AGI

4. 1.Why Biology, Biopharma & Longevity Research Need AI & AGI
2.OpenBiomind: OSS Machine Learning for Genomics
3.Understanding Longevity via AI-based Analysis of Genescient’s
Long-lived Flies
4.OpenCog and the Path to Advanced AGI

5. the human body can be effectively understood, for many
purposes, as a very complex machine
genomics and experimental evolution, together, give us
fantastic data about the operation of this machine
human minds struggle to understand this data
with the help of AI we can do better -- and more rapidly
and dramatically improve human health and increase
human healthspan
as well as analyzing data already obtained, AI can
help pose new experiments, leading to the generation
of new and better data -- a virtuous cycle
why AI?

6. • biological systems operate based on complex, multi-level, self-organizing
networks
• as modern instrumentation probes these networks ever more
thoroughly, the collective intelligence of human scientists proves ever
less adequate to understand the data collected
• human brains are adapted for analyzing the sense-data relevant to
“caveman” goals – not for analyzing complex biological datasets
• the amount of quantitative, relational and textual biological data
currently online far exceeds the capacity of any human to comprehend
biology’s big challenge

7. • new therapeutics are badly needed, but development is too costly
• each new drug approved by the US FDA is estimated to cost anywhere
between $802 million (Tufts) to $1.2 billion (Bain) to develop
• current pharma research methods, focused on specific single targets, are
poorly suited to address the complexity of the biological networks
underlying complex diseases like those related to longevity
pharma’s big challenge

8. • specific mechanisms like the Hayflick limit or recursively accelerating
DNA damage only account for a small percentage of age-associated
disease and death
• damage repair approaches like SENS may struggle to cope with side-
effects ensuing from biological complexity
• cross-species data analysis strongly suggests that most age-associated
disease and death is due to “antagonistic pleiotropy” – destructive
interference between adaptations specialized for different age ranges.
The result is that death rate increases through old age, and then
stabilizes at a high constant rate in late life
• increased healthspan relies on thoroughgoing changes in multiple
interlocked networks, not centrally on any specific genes or pathways
longevity research’s big challenges

9. What does “AI” Really Mean?
AGI
“the ability to achieve complex goals in
complex environments using limited
computational resources”
• Autonomy
• understanding of self and others
• solving new types of problem, unanticipated
by the system’s programmers
Narrow AI
“software that can solve particular
problems whose solutions humans
consider to require intelligence”
• example: machine learning bioinformatic
data analysis software like OpenBiomind,
which can see data patterns no human can
• more examples: Google, Deep Blue,
DARPA Grand Challenge
Artificial General Intelligence versus Narrow AI

10. OpenCog:
An Open Source Software Framework
&
A Design &Vision for Advanced AGI
• 2011-2012:A Proto-AGIVirtual Agent in aVideogame type world
• 2013-2014:A Complete, Integrated Proto-AGI Mind ... virtual world +
humanoid robot
• 2015-2016:Advanced Learning and Reasoning
• 2017-2018: AGI Experts: biology, finance, service robotics,???
• 2019-2021: Full-On Human Level AGI
• 2021-2023: Advanced Self-Improvement
Extremely tentative
schedule,
assuming the design/
theory is basically right
and funding is adequate

11. Biomind LLC: advanced “narrow AI” for postgenomic bioinformatics
• leveraging and extending a large, relevant academic literature
• extending standard “machine learning” approaches via ensemble
methods that find multiple patterns in biological datasets and study
the meta-patterns connecting them
• Biomind’s machine learning approach found the first evidence of a
genetic basis for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, in mutations in genes
associated with neural function (collaboration with CDC)
• near-100% accurate diagnostics for Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s
based on heteroplasmic mutations in mitochondrial DNA (collaboration
with UVA Health System)
I

12. both narrow AI and AGI have massive potential
to help biology and pharma
AGI scientists will one day put human scientists out of business
… but until that day, our best strategy is to allow
AI and bioinformatics to advance hand in hand
• applying best-of-breed narrow AI and proto-AGI technology to
understand biological data
• allowing bioscience requirements to help guide the path to human-level
AGI and beyond

13. How general is human general intelligence?
Truly general intelligence requires infeasibly much
computing power (e.g. AIXI)
Real-world intelligence is biased toward certain classes of
goals and environments
Intelligent agents embodied in everyday human situations
are more likely to have humanlike intelligence (biases)
“Artificial scientists” may benefit from having different biases
& capabilities than humans

15. 1.Why Biology, Biopharma & Longevity Research Need AI & AGI
2.OpenBiomind: OSS Machine Learning for Genomics
3.Understanding Longevity via AI-based Analysis of Genescient’s
Long-lived Flies
4.OpenCog and the Path to Advanced AGI

16. openbiomind –
open-source AI
for postgenomic bioinformatics
Finding nonlinear
combinations of genes,
mutations or clinical
indicators that are
associated with diseases,
toxic reactions, symptoms,
or other phenotypic qualities

17. openbiomind –
open-source AI
for postgenomic bioinformatics
• unique ensemble based machine
learning methods, focused on
GP
• portions integrated into NIH-
NIAID’s ImmPort portal for
immunological data analysis
• customized for microarray and
SNP data, also more broadly
applicable

18. supervised classification
for bio data analysis
 Often more statistically meaningful than clustering
– and allows one to do clustering of features based on whether
they’re used in the same categorization models
 The researcher must divide the data into two or more categories,
e.g.
– Case vs. Control
– Early vs. Late (in a time series experiment)
– Multiclass categorization: which kind of cancer?
 Algorithms learn rules (“models”) that predict which category a
microarray gene expression profile falls into, via combining
expression values in an automatically learned mathematical formula

19. supervised classification
for bio data analysis
Many supervised categorization algorithms exist, each with strengths and
weaknesses
Unlike with clustering, a choice may be made largely based on rigorous
validation methodology
 Decision trees
 Neural networks
 Logistic regression
 Support vector machines
 Genetic programming
 Etc.

20. supervised classification
for bio data analysis
 Classification models may be used as diagnostic rules
 Classification models may be studied to yield intuitive insight
– particularly interesting in the case of model ensembles
Classification models may be used as diagnostic rules
Classification models may be studied to yield intuitive insight
– -- particularly interesting in the case of model ensembles

21. supervised classification
for bio data analysis
if
(NM_005110 + NM_001614)/NM_002230 - .3* NM_002297 > 1
then Case
else Control
Example classification model learned via
genetic programming algorithm from
gene expression datat

22. inference and ontologies for enhancing feature vectors

23. inference and ontologies for enhancing feature vectors

24. inference and ontologies for enhancing feature vectors
example: high accuracy
model predicting if a human
has prostate cancer

25. “important features” analysis
 Classification models may be used as diagnostic rules
 Classification models may be studied to yield intuitive insight
– particularly interesting in the case of model ensembles
 Given a classification model ensemble, one can
list the features that occur in the greatest number
of models
 These are NOT necessarily the same features
that provide the greatest differentiation the two
categories, considered individually

26. “important features” analysis
 Classification models may be used as diagnostic rules
 Classification models may be studied to yield intuitive insight
– particularly interesting in the case of model ensembles

27. clustering based on category model utilization
 Classification models may be used as diagnostic rules
 Classification models may be studied to yield intuitive insight
– particularly interesting in the case of model ensembles

28. 1.Why Biology, Biopharma & Longevity Research Need AI & AGI
2.OpenBiomind: OSS Machine Learning for Genomics
3.Understanding Longevity via AI-based Analysis of Genescient’s
Long-lived Flies
4.OpenCog and the Path to Advanced AGI

29. The “Holy Trinity” of
21st Century Medicine:
Genomics,
Experimental Evolution,
AI

30. Genescient, Biomind, UCI -- collaborative work combining
experimental evolution, genomics and AI
Michael Rose’s lab at UCI has evolved a host of fly populations selected for
various phenotypic characters
A subset of these flies have been spun out to Genescient Corp. -- these are
“Methuselah flies” that live 4-5 times as long as normal flies of the
same species Text
The capability is in place to rapidly
evolve new fly populations
selected for phenotypic characters
identified with the aid of AI analysis
of the genomics of the existing
populations

31. Methuselah flies
• These super-flies have greater total fecundity, much longer sex
lives, increased athletic performance (flying), and increased ability to
survive acute stresses (starvation, desiccation, toxins), & normal
metabolic
• As such, we take them to be an appropriate model for extended
healthspan; they now live nearly 5x as long as their controls

32. Methuselah flies have extremely strong hearts
• Running current through fly body to accelerate heart-rate, often to the
point of failure
• After 2 minute recovery time, Methuselah (O) populations had significantly
lower percentage heart failure than controls (B)(p<0.05, X2 test)

33. • use fundamental understanding of the genomics underlying
aging and aging-associated diseases, to arrive at a rational
understanding of which substances are most worthy of test
• rapid substance testing in the fly model, followed by testing in
mouse and human
• longer-term: initiate a “virtuous cycle” involving repeated
cycles of experimental-evolution experiments and advanced
AI data analysis
Genescient’s proposed solution to pharma’s big problem

34. some of our discoveries about the Methuselah flies
using Biomind AI technology
• Biomind’s machine learning algorithms applied to Genescient (expression
and SNP) data, indicate that there are a few dozen key aging-
associated genes that affect lifespan dramatically – with many other
genes also playing significant roles
• hubs of the genetics underlying longevity have been isolated and their
interactions limned
• multiple drugs and GRAS substances have been identified, acting on gene
combinations associated with longevity and various age-associated
diseases

35. gene expression analysis: 2009-present
• Samples of Methuselah (O) and ordinary (B) flies compared using
Affymetrix gene expression profiling
• Genes with significantly differential expression identified
• Comparison with databases to determine human orthologs
• Comparison with WTCCC human SNP dataset
• Machine learning data analysis to discover combinations, networks
Genetic programming for classification; mutual information to find network hubs
• Comparison with DrugBank database of gene/substance mappings

36. novel gene/disease relationships,
obtained by correlating Methuselah fly genetics
with public human SNP dataset

37. some existing drugs related to longevity,
based on correlating Methuselah fly genetics with DrugBank

38. some existing supplements that act on proteins identified by our
analysis as particularly important for Methuselah fly longevity
selenium vitamin E
estradiol sodium selenite
valproic acid quercetin
calcitriol genistein
resveratrol zinc
folic acid isoflavones

39. • seems to be giving us dramatically more insight into the genetic
patterns underlying longevity
sequence data from the Methuselah fly genome is
currently undergoing AI analysis

40. • Illumina whole genome resequencing of genomic DNA from the 5 long-lived (O) and 5
control (B) populations
• We can accurately estimate allele frequencies in each population and identify SNPs that are
highly diverged in allele frequency. This allows us to identify the SNPs that make the O
flies live a long time.
~150 B alleles
~2 million SNPs
sequencing of the Methuselah flies and controls

41. NYT article discussing a recent Nature paper co-authored by Molly Burke, Michael
Rose and Anthony Long), based on gene sequence analysis of a similar fly
population. Genescient’s Methuselah flies preliminarily appear to display qualitatively
similar phenomena.

42. The panels (top to bottom) are chromosomes: X, 2L, 2R, 3L, 3R, tiny 4. The "x" axis is position
along the chromosome. The "y" axis is -log10(p- value).
The three lines are: black -- a Fisher exact test differentiation between {pooled} B's (control)
and O's (Methuselah); red -- chi-square test for allele frequency differentiation with the B's;
green -- like the red, but for O's.

44. preliminary results from sequence analysis
• “Soft sweep” phenomenon is observed -- there are many, many
changes in SNP frequency, all across the genome
• But still: some frequency changes are more important than others!
• Can find (using Genetic Programming) dozens of rules
distinguishing Methuselah from ordinary flies with 100% accuracy,
each rule using SNPs in the close vicinity of 2-3 genes
• Many of these genes closely interact, hinting at a central “influence
network” underlying aging & longevity
• Can find rules distinguishing Methuselah from ordinary flies with
>90% accuracy using only SNPs near a handful of genes with
human homologues and known relationship to neurological
function
... or, alternately, cardio function
... or, alternately, immune function

45. potential implications for drug discovery
Understanding of Networks
Novel Combinational Therapies

46. 1.Why Biology, Biopharma & Longevity Research Need AI & AGI
2.OpenBiomind: OSS Machine Learning for Genomics
3.Understanding Longevity via AI-based Analysis of Genescient’s
Long-lived Flies
4.OpenCog and the Path to Advanced AGI

48. For an earlier, textual treatment of some of these themes, see the
article
“AIs, Superflies and the Path to Immortality”
in H+ Magazine, hplusmagazine.com
Also check out:
•genescient.com
•biomind.com
•http://code.google.com/p/openbiomind/
•opencog.org