3. File Handling Handling Input, Output From Files Is Much Easier Than You Think !!! freopen(“input file name”,”r”,stdin); freopen(“output file name”,”w”,stdout);

4. - TIP - string s; getline(cin , s , ''); Use this to read a whole line of text from the input file

9. Extract Data From A String With sscanf() It is like scanf() but, scans from a string instead of standard input !!! string s=“12:40”; int h,m; sscanf(s.c_str() , &quot;%d:%d“ , &h , &m); cout<<h<<endl<<m;

10. - TIP - You can use find and replace together, to replace all occurences of a particular substring in a string, with some other sequence of characters, irrespective of the size of the new sequence of characters ! Very Useful !!!

12. Converting Anything Printable, To A String Not as hard as it sounds !! stringstream ss; string s; float f=1.732; int i=43; char c=‘g’; ss<<“StringstreamsRock!!”<<f<<i<<c; ss>>s; cout<<s;

13. - TIP - It Is A Better Idea To Use-- getline(ss , s , ‘’); (or) s=ss.str();

15. a^=b^=a^=b; What Does It Do ?? Guesses Permitted !!

16. a=a^b; b=a^b; a=a^b; After Simplifying It A Little Bit

17. It Works Coz Of The Fact That: a^b=c => b^c=a c^a=b

19. Capabilities: Easy Sorting!! Constant Access Time!! Linear Time for finding elements!!

20. So why not Arrays?? Variable Size!!

21. Useful Functions: push_back() pop_back() insert() erase() clear() assign()

23. C++ Already Contains: (Used with respect to Vector v1) sort() stable_sort() qsort() find() reverse() merge()

24. There’s More.. min_element() max_element() next_permutation() prev_permutation()