The document discusses infrastructure development and its relationship to state domestic product growth in India. It analyzes infrastructure investment and spending patterns across Indian states. Key findings include: 1) Large disparities exist in per capita GDP and infrastructure investment across states; 2) "Growth states" continue outpacing others but their growth is moderating; 3) Legacy poor performers like Bihar and Uttar Pradesh remain behind but Rajasthan is improving; 4) State spending on infrastructure focuses on economic, social, and specific project categories with amounts varying significantly between states.

1. Infrastructure Development and Its Relationship
with SDP Growth
A State-wise Study
Advanced Management Research Project
Report Prepared By:
Abhirup Das 09BM8002
Class of 2011 IIT Kharagpur
VINOD GUPTA SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT, IIT KHARAGPUR

2. Introduction
A major area of concern for sustaining the real gross domestic product (GDP) growth in India has been
lack of adequate infrastructure, which can support the growth process. Realizing this, Government of
India as well as the State Governments has ventured into making heavy investment in infrastructure
especially from the First Five-Year Plan onwards. The major focus of infrastructural investment has been
on irrigation, transportation, electric power, agricultural markets, etc between different regions as well
as in terms of agricultural growth. On the verge of 12th Five Year Plan (will commence in 2012-13), it is
necessary to look into the performances across the states as well as the country as a whole.
Scope of Research Project
The research project will identify various parameters of measuring infrastructural health of all states of
India through factor analysis and will analyze relations between above mentioned parameters and
macroeconomic factor like state GDP or industrial production. With the help of statistics, it will also
establish an econometric model to describe the relationship as well as degree of correlation among
various factors (trend analysis).
Literature Survey
At present various comparative studies on state wise performance is available. Some part of research
devoted to the comparison of pre reform and post reform regime (economic reform of 1991-92 is
concerned here), whereas some were concentrated on forecasting of economic factors. Resources are
also focused on analysis of a particular segment (e.g. agricultural infrastructure) of a specific state.
B.B. Bhattachrya and S. Sakthvel’s analysis of the growth performance and structural changes in
domestic product of Indian states in the last two decades reveals that the development process has
been uneven across states. It also argues that preconception of so called growth states may be wrong.
They also established an inverse relationship between population growth and income growth at the
state level in the recent years.
L. Venkatachalam (2003) recognizes the need of focus on broader and long-term sustainable
infrastructure. He advises on understanding of changing operating environment caused by economic
reform and increasing importance of private sector initiative.
Dr. K. A. Familoni, in his paper The Role of Economic and Social Infrastructure in Economic Development:
A Global View; pointed out Economic and Social Infrastructure as the basic foundation on which the
superstructure of development and growth can be put up. They play a vital role in the development of
developed as well as developing nations. Development is by far attainable in a continuous, steady,
quantitative and qualitative ways when the very basic foundation is strong.
Sarnambar Roy recommends that Indian States will have to put stress on Additional Resource
Mobilization (ARM) measures, phasing out of socially irrelevant subsidies and Effective Debt
Management (EDM), in his creditability analysis of states.
AMRP | 2

3. K. N. Murty and A. Soumya (IIM-B, 2009), in their paper on public investment in infrastructure in India,
have analyzed the likely macroeconomic effects of changes in public investment in infrastructure in
India. They blamed the crowding out effect as private investment is unable to meet the desired level.
Sources of Data and Limitations
The data for the research purpose is collected from Centre for Monitoring the Indian Economy (CMIE)
database, Directorate of Economics & Statistics of respective State Governments, and for All-India --
Central Statistical Organization (CSO). Base year for GDP/SDP’s are taken as 1999-00. This data set has
some limitation. The data refer only to expenditure on government projects and on private corporate
sector projects and excludes investment in the household or unorganized sector (about 33% of total
investment in the economy). Secondly, the investment expenditure reported is the total expenditure for
completing each project, not the expenditure by each project in a year. Therefore the investment
expenditure is in fact spread across years. Finally, the data are collected from various sources as well as
it is not available for some particular states (specifically some of the north-east states). Unavailability of
data in any particular case is taken care by either exclusion of the corresponding parameter or
appropriate assumption based on past data.
1. Understanding of Infrastructure
1.1 Definition and Categorization
Infrastructure is the services and utilities derived from the set of public works that normally has been
produced and maintained by the public sector, even if it may be produced in the private sector. Water
supply, electricity, sanitation, transportation, telecommunications, irrigation dams, regulated markets
and banks are some of the examples of infrastructure for public consumption and use. The agricultural
infrastructure includes all of the basic services, facilities, equipment, and institutions needed for the
economic growth and efficient functioning of the food and fiber markets. As far as nature of
infrastructure is concerned, there are different kinds of infrastructure such as economic infrastructure,
social infrastructure, agricultural infrastructure, financial infrastructure, technological infrastructure etc.
defined in broader terms. But this classification does not signify that each dominates at the cost of
others, rather they are complementary to each other and are indispensable and connected part of
economic development. Economic theory argues that benefits derived from all these kinds of
infrastructure jointly are greater than that of the sum of benefits from each category of individual
infrastructure. In other words, the net benefit of providing diverse kinds of essential infrastructure
together tend to generate more amount of net benefits than that of providing a single infrastructural
facility.
1.2 Importance of Infrastructure
The strong positive correlation between the level of infrastructure and the economic development has
been a well-established fact in the concurrent economics literature. In Keynesian macroeconomic
model, the income or the output in the economy originates from the level of investment made in the
economy. It should be noted that out of all the four factors contributing to income of a nation namely,
government expenditure, consumption expenditure, investment expenditure and net income from
abroad, income from investment comes both from investment expenditure especially by private
individuals as well as from government spending. In spite of the income in the Keynesian model refers to
AMRP | 3

4. short-term income, usually measured on annual basis, the investment made also comprise long-term
investment such as investment in basic infrastructural facilities. Since the model is based on the notion
that there is a direct positive relationship between income and the investment, investment in
infrastructure is economically reasonable.
2. Regional Disparity in Absolute and Relative Economic Terms
There are 29 states and 6 Union territories in the country (considering Delhi as a state). Disparities in
various socio-economical factors can be observed among the states. Geographic location, natural
resources, existing infrastructure, political environment as well as degree of economic reform are the
rationale behind widely varied per capita SDP across states.
Table1.State Domestic Product at current price (New-series) (Rs. Cr.)
Per Capita (Rs.)(Adjusted
State Mar-07 Mar-08 Annual Growth for Inflation)
Jammu & Kashmir 29030 31793 9.52% 20604
Himachal Pradesh 22843 24800 8.57% 38378
Punjab 121209 144309 19.06% 38859
Haryana 130236 154231 18.42% 48456
Uttar Pradesh 309834 344346 11.14% 14083
Rajasthan 153344 176420 15.05% 22350
Delhi 125282 143911 14.87% 65156
Uttarakhand 31380 35592 13.42% 28671
Bihar 99579 114616 15.10% 11416
Orissa 95065 119066 25.25% 22287
West Bengal 264542 307895 16.39% 27062
Assam 64429 71625 11.17% 18877
Meghalaya 7330 8472 15.58% 25349
Tripura 10322 10821 4.84% 24034
Mizoram 2996 3305 10.33% 23174
Manipur 5403 5848 8.24% 18347
Nagaland 5978 6470 8.23% 18490
Arunachal Pradesh 3413 3888 13.93% 25110
Sikkim 2039 2298 12.72% 29506
Jharkhand 63229 69253 9.53% 17956
Gujarat 262723 306813 16.78% 40004
Maharashtra 508836 590995 16.15% 40614
Goa 15248 17215 12.89% 70329
Madhya Pradesh 133073 149840 12.60% 16963
Chhattisgarh 64706 79419 22.74% 24522
Andhra Pradesh 277286 326547 17.77% 31533
Karnataka 205852 238348 15.79% 31305
Kerala 145009 165722 14.28% 39815
Tamil Nadu 276917 304989 10.14% 34417
AMRP | 4

5. Figure 1: Inflation Adjusted Per- Capita SDP across States (in Rs.)
Before drawing any conclusion regarding current economic performance of the states, some factors
needs to be taken care:
• Delhi and Goa are not comparable with other state (Because of their small size and political-
economic importance, they do not represent the diversity of a state)
• Political instability, geographical barrier and consequently poor infrastructure affect SDP for north-
east states and Jammu & Kashmir. In spite of this they are ahead of some central states in terms of
year on year growth, though the overall production as well as per-capita is far less than national
average
AMRP | 5

6. • “Growth States” like Punjab and Haryana continues to deliver superior performance, but growth has
rather moderated for others like Maharashtra and Gujarat. Concurrent economic research argues
that these two states are already achieved a certain scale of per-capita production with a
considerable size of economy, and growth rate seems to be quiet impressive while comparing with
states with small size and less matured economy
• Legacy of the so called BIMARU states (Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and UP) as a consistent
group of poor performers, continues with only exception- Rajasthan. Bihar and Uttar Pradesh and
Madhya Pradesh performed very poorly, growing much more slowly than the average, but the other
members of this group, Rajasthan have performed reasonably well.
• Regional disparity in absolute term can be observed by wide variation of per-capita output of states
(Figure 1). But the more interesting finding is the degree of dispersion in growth rates increased very
significantly in the recent years. The coefficient of variation of the growth rates increased from 0.15
in the period 1985-89 (before economic liberalization of India) to .31 in the current period 2006-09.
3. State Government Expenditure Pattern on Infrastructure Sector
State government expenditures on infrastructure can be categorized in to three main areas namely
economic infrastructure services, social services and specific infrastructure projects pertaining to local
improvement. A brief description of these categories follows:
Based on a paper on ‘Evaluating Investment on Basic Infrastructure’, B.E. Aigbokhan gives examples of
economic infrastructure
Public Utilities
Power, Telecommunication, Piped water supply and piped gas, Sanitation and
sewage, solid waste collection and disposal
Public Works Roads, Major dam and canal works for irrigation and drainage, and other transport
projects like urban and interurban railways, urban transport, seaports and
waterways and airports
Role in the It provides services that are part of the consumption bundle of residents; large-scale
Economy expenditures for public works increase aggregate demand and provide short-run
stimulus to the economy; and it serves as an input into private sector production,
thus boosting output and productivity. The provision of economic infrastructure can
expand the productive capacity of the economy by increasing the quantity and
AMRP | 6

7. quality of such infrastructure thereby accelerating the rate of economic growth and
enhancing the pace of socio-economic development.
Social infrastructures and their role as defined in the same paper:
Education Education is a very important source of economic growth. Even though education
may be a social investment, it is also an economic investment since it enhances the
stock of human capital.
Human Realistic and reliable indicator of modernization or development than any other
resource single measure. It is one of the necessary conditions for all kinds of growth – social,
development political, cultural or economic
Health Health is one of the major determinants of labour productivity and efficiency. Public
health measures include the improvement of environmental sanitation both in rural
and urban areas, removal of stagnant and polluted water, slum clearance, better
housing, clean water supply, better sewage facilities, control of communicable
diseases, provision of medical and health services especially in maternal and child
welfare, health education, family planning and above all, for the training of health
and medical personnel
State-wise specific infrastructure projects are actually categorized in to above two but funding of the
projects does not purely come from government expenditure, rather it is executed on PPP (public-
private partnership), BOT (build-operate-transfer) etc various models
Though the investment pattern can be broadly generalized into these categories, relative investment
varies among states. The average distribution of expenditure in the year 2008 is approximately 17.43%,
27.14% and 49.50% respectively for the above mentioned areas and the trend is followed in subsequent
year (Figure 2). In fact, a growing preference is implementing projects with a specific goal, rather than
taking the general way of running long term programs. Where most of the developed states mostly
adopting the project based approach and their expenditure often beyond planned limit, states from
north- east and “BIMARU’ states are being failed to take the initiative (Figure 3).
AMRP | 7

8. Figure 2: All
State
government
combined
expenditure
break-up for
infrastructure
sector
Table2. State government expenditure on infrastructure sector in the year 2008
States Total expenditure Economic Social Specific
(Rs. Cr.) Factors Factors Projects
Jammu &
Kashmir 17045.82 20.05% 17.58% 38.27%
Himachal
Pradesh 10613.78 18.69% 27.09% 67.31%
Punjab 26518.98 20.66% 16.34% 17.40%
Haryana 22079.43 28.18% 25.99% 56.09%
Uttar Pradesh 87304.42 13.79% 26.44% 15.16%
Rajasthan 37757.47 21.16% 27.01% 26.81%
Delhi 18159.63 3.48% 28.76% 38.49%
Uttarakhand 9974.61 14.65% 28.36% 51.07%
Bihar 31565.86 14.06% 31.26% 12.75%
Orissa 22844.33 16.32% 28.09% 18.55%
West Bengal 46644.08 11.91% 28.86% 53.34%
Assam 15150.3 18.84% 32.72% 11.06%
Meghalaya 2771.14 26.05% 27.19% 13.69%
Tripura 3835.11 12.37% 24.61% 6.20%
Mizoram 2559.15 22.12% 27.23% 8.91%
Manipur 3716.16 17.25% 19.36% 76.07%
Nagaland 3562.91 20.26% 18.44% 0.00%
Arunachal
Pradesh 3068.13 30.41% 23.03% 4.70%
Sikkim 2819.62 11.37% 15.54% 134.38%
Jharkhand 18359.89 17.54% 27.35% 3.75%
Gujarat 42681.06 18.60% 27.65% 76.51%
Maharashtra 80240.29 16.50% 33.37% 85.72%
Goa 3559.18 28.38% 26.14% 10.29%
Madhya 35265.68 18.54% 23.10% 27.86%
AMRP | 8

9. Pradesh
Chhattisgarh 15029.22 20.89% 27.40% 12.16%
Andhra Pradesh 74875.38 22.58% 24.92% 93.13%
Karnataka 48031.09 23.85% 27.32% 74.03%
Kerala 29044.99 10.30% 27.59% 117.64%
Tamil Nadu 55748.48 13.94% 28.21% 34.27%
* Addition of percentage values may exceed or less than 100% as states have borrowed fund or un-utilized fund.
Figure 3: State government expenditure pattern on infrastructure sector for the
year 2008 (in Rs. Cr.)
AMRP | 9

10. 4. Relationship between Economic Health and Industrial Activity of a State
Table2. Industrial Investment (All industries annually)
State 2007 (In cr) % of GDP 2008 (In cr) % of GDP Y-o-Y Growth
Jammu & Kashmir 2820.5 9.72% 4047.52 12.73% 43.50%
Himachal Pradesh 10875.92 47.61% 24475.73 98.69% 125.05%
Punjab 32324.58 26.67% 39986.76 27.71% 23.70%
Haryana 37038.62 28.44% 47856.42 31.03% 29.21%
Uttar Pradesh 70485.91 22.75% 91591 26.60% 29.94%
Rajasthan 28411.66 18.53% 34302.71 19.44% 20.73%
Delhi 6450.22 5.15% 6966.88 4.84% 8.01%
Uttarakhand 13405.6 42.72% 18677.32 52.48% 39.32%
Bihar 5533.1 5.56% 5636.84 4.92% 1.87%
Orissa 35871.08 37.73% 52217.74 43.86% 45.57%
West Bengal 43806.14 16.56% 50801.8 16.50% 15.97%
Assam 11795.26 18.31% 13019.65 18.18% 10.38%
Meghalaya 610.07 8.32% 832.51 9.83% 36.46%
Tripura 443.84 4.30% 464.19 4.29% 4.58%
Mizoram NA
Manipur 15.97 0.30% 20.06 0.34% 25.61%
Nagaland 73.57 1.23% 69.53 1.07% -5.49%
Arunachal Pradesh NA
Sikkim NA
Jharkhand 27131.67 42.91% 29761.22 42.97% 9.69%
Gujarat 185132.5 70.47% 209558.4 68.30% 13.19%
Maharashtra 192130.1 37.76% 214767.5 36.34% 11.78%
AMRP | 10

11. Goa 6676.39 43.78% 7575.97 44.01% 13.47%
Madhya Pradesh 31502.91 23.67% 36431.68 24.31% 15.65%
Chhattisgarh 26570.6 41.06% 30862.15 38.86% 16.15%
Andhra Pradesh 75464.49 27.22% 95835.45 29.35% 26.99%
Karnataka 70453.34 34.23% 86223.98 36.18% 22.38%
Kerala 14856.41 10.25% 17075.9 10.30% 14.94%
Tamil Nadu 115435.9 41.69% 129523.1 42.47% 12.20%
From above data it can be concluded that almost every state are investing a certain % of their SDP for
industry purpose, though the ratio of investment varies for different states. It can be concluded that
growth in SDP certainly affects the industrial activity of a state in almost same way (the correlation
coefficient of spending in industrial sector as a % of SDP over the two years being 0.902). Further
analysis shows that both industrial investment and gross output growth have a positive correlation with
SDP growth.
Figure 4: Industrial investment as a % of SDP is almost fixed in recent years,
though they vary in absolute terms
AMRP | 11

12. Now the question remains if change in SDP does have any impact on state government and private
sector activities in infrastructure sector. The following table summarizes state-wise infrastructure
activities under implementation (data is not available for some of the north east states)
Table 2. Infrastructure project investments under implementation (Rs. Cr)
Intiative Government Private
Growth Over Growth Over
State Mar-08 Previous Year Mar-08 Previous Year
Jammu & Kashmir 5300 -18.76% 1116 100.21%
Himachal Pradesh 9951 39.28% 17806 48.73%
Punjab 14447 213.09% 26950 104.14%
Haryana 7881 -36.37% 197771 24.87%
Uttar Pradesh 39477 198.26% 129227 195.56%
Rajasthan 16861 66.56% 30364 148.09%
Delhi 7148 2.26% 24636 19.84%
Uttarakhand 4865 -4.50% 10105 -24.82%
Bihar 4028 0.07% 661 -33.51%
Orissa 5104 20.45% 221302 26.30%
West Bengal 25206 1.32% 124686 56.92%
Assam 1741 3.87% 1043 14.43%
Meghalaya 600 58.19% 1554 72.89%
Tripura 238 0.00% 230 0.00%
Mizoram 228 0.00% NA
Manipur 3227 14.15% NA
Nagaland NA NA
Arunachal Pradesh 106 -26.56% 900 0.00%
Sikkim 3078 -18.77% 3732 -4.45%
Jharkhand 579 -15.97% 91595 7.51%
Gujarat 53978 65.30% 178826 22.30%
Maharashtra 83268 21.06% 172151 46.63%
Goa 366 0.00% 910 378.95%
Madhya Pradesh 13097 33.31% 79092 49.49%
Chhattisgarh 812 -55.57% 57187 86.13%
Andhra Pradesh 129563 85.80% 138448 85.24%
Karnataka 32913 -7.44% 78967 10.92%
Kerala 29678 -13.15% 11886 67.04%
Tamil Nadu 29302 53.38% 113102 89.75%
The findings shows that the growth rate of combined investment of government and private entities is
almost un-correlated with SDP growth rate (correlation factor being ~.05). This result can be mostly
attributed to long term nature of projects where the benefits achieved from it spread across years after
commencement of the project. Also some amount of investment goes for in terms of economic theory
which stresses on more focus on ‘social’ infrastructure (subsidies, cap on outflow of funds) which is
quite different from generic infrastructure in terms of various factors.
5. The Determinants of Growth in the States
AMRP | 12

13. The rate of investment is generally regarded as one of the most important factors explaining growth in
any economy and it is therefore appropriate to consider whether inter-state differences in growth are
associated with differences in the rate of investment in individual states. The growth rate of SDP would
be explained in terms of the common explanatory variables traditionally used like the magnitude of
investment in states, industrial activity and the factors of infrastructure index.
g= C +a* independent var. which is a linear equation where C and a constant
Several separate regression equations (g= C +a* independent variable where C is a constant and a is the
intercept) which are to be estimated in which the dependent variable in each case was
g = growth of SDP, while the independent variables were
1. IPUB (cumulative expenditure in public sector projects as a ratio of SDP),
2. IPVT (cumulative expenditure in private sector projects as a ratio of SDP)
3. ITOT=IPUB+IPVT.
4. IGO (increase in gross output of all industries)
5. IINV (increase in gross investment in all industries)
7. V (percentage of villages electrified in the base year)
9. T (tele-density).
5.1 Investment Ratios at the State level
Three separate regression equations were estimated in which the dependent variable in each case was g
= growth of SDP in 2006 to 2009, while the independent variables were IPUB, IPVT and ITOT which already
defined above. The results are reported below
g= 0.152 - 0.06366 IPUB R2 = 0.040955
g = 0.137756 + 0.010789 IPVT R2 = 0.1649
g = 0.137876 +0.010141 ITOT R2 = 0.0264
No significant relationship can be found between the variation in growth across states and the variation
in the public investment ratio while, the private investment ratio proves to be extremely considerable
(coefficient has the expected positive sign). This variable explicate nearly one- sixth (16%) of the
variation in growth for different states.
The above result does not imply that public investment is not important. There may be large errors in
the data-set because of factors mentioned earlier (especially inclusion of future investment in
unfinished projects is likely to introduce a larger error the more inadequately managed the investment
programme). Incomplete projects due to lack of funding and delays may not fuel the growth as
expected.
As private investment is subject to greater financial control the data error arising from a large number of
unfinished and under-funded projects is likely to be much smaller. Because of efficient use of resource
and time, private investment is more directly correlated with growth. It can be concluded that private
AMRP | 13

14. investment matters and under-performing states needs to be focused to ensure private sector
participation for development initiatives.
5.2 Industrial Activity
Considerable part of a states investment is devoted for industrial sector. Though private sector is
dominant participant, it is supported by governments which provide the basic frame-work as well as
investments. Two factors presented here are IGO (increase in gross output of all industries) and IINV
(increase in gross investment in all industries)
g= 0.120971 + 0.061133 IGO R2 = 0.05985
g = 0.122652 + 0.012 IINV R2 = 0.170444
The above relationship re-establishes the fact that a state’s capability of representing itself as an
attractive destination for investment and providing a business conductive environment would add to its
economic growth.
5.3 Quality of Infrastructure
The CMIE has calculated a composite index of the relative infrastructure quality of different states based
on 13 separate components. The individual components are : per capita electric power, percent of
villages electrified, railway route length per 000 sq.km., surfaced road length per 000 sq.km., unsurfaced
road length, handling capacity of major ports, gross irrigated area as % of cropped area, tele-density plus
the following per lakh of population: bank branches, post offices, primary schools, hospital beds, and
primary health centers. Each indicator is computed for each State relative to the all India average=100.
The composite index is the weighted sum of individual indices. (Details: CMIE 1997)
As the composite index is not available for recent periods, some of the individual components are tested
for the impact on growth in the states by estimating separate regression equations. The independent
variables in this case are growth in % village electrification (V) and growth in tele-density (T)
g= 0.136157 + 0.096952 V R2 = 0. 1292
g = 0.139103 + 0.39027 T R2 = 0.02444
The positive relationship between growth and the two infrastructure related parameter (village
electrification and tele-density) broadly matches with expectations. Significance of these factors leis in
their origin- government expenditure and consumption expenditure which are direct contributor to a
state’s growth.
6. Conclusion
Statistical results have been achieved somewhat mixed result. They generate expected confirmation
that change in the private investment ratios are positively and notably correlated with change in growth.
They also give corroboration that certain factors of infrastructure are associated with variations in
growth. They also recommend that public investment is not as certainly allied with growth as apparently
AMRP | 14

15. expected. Although, all these results, including the lack of an important relationship in some cases, are
subject to limitation of the data available (like absence of composite infrastructure index).
7. Future Plan of Work
More work needs to be done in improving the data available on possible factors which may help explain
the variations in growth across states, which will provide the statistical analysis the desired robustness.
After examining the factors and their relative importance, this study is to be extended further to devise
a strategy for slow growth states for achieving economic development while addressing their funding
issues.
References:
 Murty K. N. and Soumya A. : Macro Economic Effects of Public Investment in Infrastructure in India,
IGIDR , August 2009
 BHATTACHARYA B.B. and SAKTHIVEL S. : REGIONAL GROWTH AND DISPARITY IN INDIA: A
COMPARISON OF PRE AND POST-REFORM DECADES, INSTITUTE OF ECONOMIC GROWTH
UNIVERSITY OF DELHI
 Krishna K. L. : PATTERNS AND DETERMINANTS OF ECONOMIC GROWTH IN INDIAN STATES, ICRIER,
SEPTEMBER, 2004
 Roy Sarnambar : CREDIT RATING OF INDIAN STATES – THE SOCIAL SECURITY INVESTMENT ANGLE,
India Life AMC
 FAMILONI DR. K. A. : THE ROLE OF ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE IN ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT: A GLOBAL VIEW
 Venkatachalam L. : INFRASTRUCTURE AND AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN KARNATAKA STATE,
Institute for Social and Economic Change, June 2003
 Ahluwalia M. S. : State Level Performance Under Economic Reforms in India, Conference on Indian
Economic Prospects: Advancing Policy Reform Stanford University, May 2000
AMRP | 15