Contains the basics of HAP for Pharm D students

1. Dr Abhimanyu Parashar
Assistant Professor
Dept. of Pharmacy Practice
MM College of Pharmacy,
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2. Cell Types
• Prokaryotic
• Eukaryotic
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3. Prokaryotic Cells
• First cell type on earth
• Cell type of Bacteria and Archaea
• No membrane bound nucleus
• Nucleoid = region of DNA
concentration
• Organelles not bound by
membranes
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4. Eukaryotic Cells
• Nucleus bound by membrane
• Include fungi, protists, plant, and animal cells
• Possess many organelles
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5. Representative Animal Cell
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6. Representative Plant Cell
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7. Cell Structure and Function
• All Cells have:
–an outermost plasma membrane
–genetic material in the form of DNA
–cytoplasm with ribosome's
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8. Plasma Membrane
• Contains cell contents
• Double layer of phospholipids & proteins
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9. • Polar
– Hydrophylic head
– Hydrophobic tail
• Interacts with water
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10. Movement Across the Plasma Membrane
• A few molecules move freely
– Water, Carbon dioxide, Ammonia, Oxygen
• Carrier proteins transport some molecules
– Proteins embedded in lipid bilayer
– Fluid mosaic model – describes fluid nature of a
lipid bilayer with proteins
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12. Membrane Proteins
1. Channels or
transporters
– Move molecules in
one direction
2. Receptors
– Recognize certain
chemicals
3. Glycoproteins
– Identify cell type
4. Enzymes
– Catalyze production
of substances
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13. Nucleus
• Structure
– Nuclear envelope
• Two Phospholipid bilayers with protein
lined pores
–Each pore is a ring of 8 proteins with an
opening in the center of the ring
– Nucleoplasm – fluid of the nucleus
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14. Nuclear pore bilayer facing cytoplasm Nuclear envelope
bilayer facing
nucleoplasm
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15. • DNA is arranged in chromosomes
– Chromosome – fiber of DNA with proteins
attached
– Chromatin – all of the cell’s DNA and the
associated proteins
– Nucleolus
• Area of condensed DNA
• Where ribosomal subunits are made
– Subunits exit the nucleus via nuclear pores
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16. Endo membrane System
• Series of organelles responsible for:
– Modifying protein chains into their final
form
– Synthesizing of lipids
– Packaging of fully modified proteins and
lipids into vesicles for export or use in the
cell
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17. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
– The ER is continuous with the outer
membrane of the nuclear envelope
– There are 2 types of ER:
• Rough ER – has ribosome's attached
• Smooth ER – no ribosome's attached
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18. • Smooth ER (SER)
– Tubular membrane structure
– Continuous with RER
– No ribosomes attached
• Function:
– Lipids are made inside the SER
• fatty acids, phospholipids, sterols..
– Lipids are packaged in transport vesicles and sent
to the Golgi
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19. • Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
• Network of flattened membrane sacs create a
“maze”
– RER contains enzymes that recognize and modify
proteins
• Ribosome's are attached to the outside of the RER
and make it appear rough
• Function:
• Proteins are modified as they move through the
RER
• Once modified, the proteins are packaged in
transport vesicles for transport to the Golgi body
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20. Golgi Apparatus
• Golgi Apparatus
– Stack of flattened membrane sacs
• Function Golgi apparatus
– Completes the processing substances received from the ER
– Sorts, tags and packages fully processed proteins and lipids in vesicles
• Golgi apparatus receives transport vesicles from the ER on
one side of the organelle
– Vesicle binds to the first layer of the Golgi and its contents enter the
Golgi
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21. – The proteins and lipids are modified as they pass
through layers of the Golgi
– Molecular tags are added to the fully modified
substances
• These tags allow the substances to be sorted and
packaged appropriately.
• Tags also indicate where the substance is to be shipped
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22. Endomembrane System
• Putting it all together
–DNA directs RNA synthesis  RNA exits
nucleus through a nuclear pore  ribosome
 protein is made  proteins with proper
code enter RER  proteins are modified in
RER and lipids are made in SER  vesicles
containing the proteins and lipids bud off
from the ER
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23. Endomembrane System
• Putting it all together
ER vesicles merge with Golgi body 
proteins and lipids enter Golgi  each is
fully modified as it passes through layers of
Golgi  modified products are tagged,
sorted and bud off in Golgi vesicles  …
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24. Endomembrane System
• Putting it all together
Golgi vesicles either merge with the plasma
membrane and release their contents OR
remain in the cell and serve a purpose
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25. Vesicles
• Vesicles - small membrane bound sacs
– Examples
• Golgi and ER transport vesicles
• Peroxisome
– Where fatty acids are metabolized
– Where hydrogen peroxide is detoxified
• Lysosome
– contains digestive enzymes
– Digests unwanted cell parts and other wastes
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26. Lysosomes
• The lysosome is an example of an organelle
made at the Golgi apparatus.
– Golgi packages digestive enzymes in a vesicle. The
vesicle remains in the cell and:
• Digests unwanted or damaged cell parts
• Merges with food vacuoles and digest the contents
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27. Mitochondria
• Function – synthesis of ATP
– 3 major pathways involved in ATP production
1. Glycolysis
2. Krebs Cycle
3. Electron transport system (ETS)
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28. Mitochondria
• Structure:
– ~1-5 microns
– Two membranes
• Outer membrane
• Inner membrane - Highly folded
– Folds called cristae
– Intermembrane space (or outer compartment)
– Matrix
• DNA and ribosomes in matrix
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29. Mitochondria
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30. Cytoskeleton
• Function
– gives cells internal organization, shape, and ability
to move
• Structure
– Interconnected system of microtubules,
microfilaments, and intermediate filaments
(animal only)
• All are proteins
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31. Microfilaments
• Thinnest cytoskeletal elements (rodlike)
• Composed of the globular protein actin
• Enable cells to change shape and move
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32. • Intermediate filaments
– Present only in animal cells of
certain tissues
– Fibrous proteins join to form a
rope-like structure
• Provide internal structure
• Anchor organelles in place.
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33. • Microtubules – long hollow tubes
made of tubulin proteins
(globular)
– Anchor organelles and act as tracks
for organelle movement
– Move chromosomes around during
cell division
• Used to make cilia and flagella
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34. Cilia and flagella (structures for cell motility)
– Move whole cells or materials across the cell surface
– Microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma
membrane (9 + 2 arrangement of MT)
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35. Review of Eukaryotic Cells

36. Review of Eukaryotic Cells

38. Molecule Movement & Cells
• Passive Transport
• Active Transport
• Endocytosis
(phagocytosis & pinocytosis)
• Exocytosis

39. Passive Transport
• No energy required
• Move due to gradient
– differences in concentration, pressure, charge
• Move to equalize gradient
– High moves toward low

40. Types of Passive Transport
1. Diffusion
2. Osmosis
3. Facilitated diffusion

41. Diffusion
• Molecules move to equalize concentration

42. Osmosis
• Special form of diffusion
• Fluid flows from lower solute concentration
• Often involves movement of water
– Into cell
– Out of cell

43. Solution Differences & Cells
• solvent + solute = solution
• Hypotonic
– Solutes in cell more than outside
– Outside solvent will flow into cell
• Isotonic
– Solutes equal inside & out of cell
• Hypertonic
– Solutes greater outside cell
– Fluid will flow out of cell

45. Facilitated Diffusion
• Differentially permeable membrane
• Channels (are specific) help molecule or
ions enter or leave the cell
• Channels usually are transport proteins
(aquaporins facilitate the movement of
water)
• No energy is used

46. Process of Facilitated Transport
• Protein binds with molecule
• Shape of protein changes
• Molecule moves across membrane

47. Active Transport
• Molecular movement
• Requires energy (against gradient)
• Example is sodium-potassium pump

48. Endocytosis
• Movement of large material
– Particles
– Organisms
– Large molecules
• Movement is into cells
• Types of endocytosis
– bulk-phase (nonspecific)
– receptor-mediated (specific)

49. Process of Endocytosis
• Plasma membrane surrounds material
• Edges of membrane meet
• Membranes fuse to form vesicle

50. Forms of Endocytosis
• Phagocytosis – cell eating
• Pinocytosis – cell drinking

51. Exocytosis
• Reverse of endocytosis
• Cell discharges material

52. Exocytosis
• Vesicle moves to cell surface
• Membrane of vesicle fuses
• Materials expelled