E-democracy comprises using electronic communications like the Internet to enhance democratic processes. One obstacle is citizen identification for secure elections and transactions while preserving privacy. Another is that direct democracy may threaten some political and business interests. The digital divide refers to unequal access to digital technology and skills between those who have effective access and those with limited or no access. It can be classified by gender, income, race, and location. While access is increasing globally, divides still exist such as between rich and poor in Canada and a growing divide in China. In Europe, age and education are primary factors in the digital divide.

1. Political Communication In CMC Aazim Javed

4. E-Democracy E-democracy comprises the use of electronic communications technologies such as the Internet in enhancing democratic processes within a democratic republic. One major obstacle to the success of e-democracy is that of citizen identification. For secure elections and other secure citizen-to-government transactions, citizens must have some form of identification that preserves privacy and maybe also one which could be used in internet forums. Another obstacle is that there are many vested interests that would be harmed by a more direct democracy. Amongst these are politicians, media moguls and some interests in big business and trade unions.

5. Digital Divide digital divide refers to the gap between people with effective access to digital and information technology and those with very limited or no access at all. It includes the imbalances in physical access to technology as well as the imbalances in resources and skills needed to effectively participate as a digital citizen. The digital divide may be classified based on gender, income, and race groups, and by locations. The term global digital divide refers to differences in technology access between countries or large regions of the world.