2. What is Humanistic Psychology?
• The humanistic approach in psychology developed
as a rebellion against what some psychologists saw
as limitations of the behaviorist and psychodynamic
psychology. The humanistic approach is thus often
called the “third force” in psychology after
psychoanalysis and behaviorism (Maslow, 1968).
• L a i d i mp o r t a n c e o n t h e
s t u d y o f w h o l e p e r s o n
• R a t h e r t h a n s t u d y i n g
p e r s o n a l i t y p a r t s , s u c h a s
e g o , s u p e r e g o e t c .
• F r e e d o m t o c h o o s e
3. Why need for Humanism?
O f f e r e d a n e w s e t o f
v a l u e s f o r a n
u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f
h u m a n n a t u r e
c o n d i t i o n
H u m a n i s t i c s c h o o l i s
a n i n t e n s e l y
o p t i m i s t i c o n e
O f f e r s t h e i n d i v i d u a l
t h e c h a n c e t o t a k e
c o n t r o l o f h i s o r h e r
l i f e
4. Origins
• T h e
p h e n o me n o l o g i c a l
t r a d i t i o n
• T h e e x i s t e n t i a l
t r a d i t i o n
• S e l f -a c t u a l i z a t i o n
• S o c i a l i n f l u e n c e
• P e r s o n a l C o n s t r u c t
T h e o r y
5. Egalitarianism?
C h o i c e o f t h e
t e r m c l i e n t b y
t h e t h e r a p i s t
6. Common assumptions of Humanistic Theories
and Therapies
• V i e w o f t h e
p e r s o n
• F r e e d o m t o
c h o o s e
• F o c u s o n
s u b j e c t i v e
r e a l i t y
• T h e r a p i s t
q u a l i t i e s
• E mo t i o n s
15. Inner conflict and
Anxiety-Need for
Counseling
Discrepancy between one’s
own and others’ expectation
individuals accept the values
of others
to gain positive regard
those values are internalized
and become part of the
personality
behaves or thinks in
ways inconsistent with
those introjected
values
person loses self-
esteem and suffers
anxiety
17. Humanism vs. Existentialism…
Humanism and Existentialism BOTH:
Respect for client’s experience and trust in
clients ability to change
Believe in freedom, choice,
values, personal responsibility
autonomy, meaning
18. Humanism vs. Existentialism…
Humanism
Clients do not suffer from
anxiety in creating an
identity
Clients need to believe
that they have the natural
potential to actualize
Existentialism
Clients come into
counseling because they
are facing anxiety in
trying to construct an
identity in a world without
intrinsic meaning
20. Other contributors
• Illuminated, refined, interpreted or expanded
upon by Schlien (1984), Bozarth (1990), Brodley
(1990) and Mearns (1996).
• Cross cultural relevance has been queried
(Holdstock 1990, 1993) and demonstrated
(Morotomi 1998).
• Application to the arena of creative therapies
has been explored and explained by Rogers
(1985), Silverstone (1994) and Wilkins (1994).
21. Theoretical Propositions
Basic human tendency is toward maintaining and
enhancing the experiencing self—or self
actualization
Assumed the cause of disorder/Problem : blocked
self actualization
Goal: gap between perceived self and ideal self;
increase self-acceptance, inner direction, and
support personal growth
Goal: ―releasing of an already
existing capacity in a potentially
competent individual, not the
expert manipulation of a more
or less passive personality‖
22. The client . . .
not immediately capable for therapeutic process
Threatened by labeled
counseling setting, abnormal
self conscious, hurt
ashamed of looked upon
disclosing and dist- treated with
urbed self concept little respect
23. The Counselor . . .
• Facilitate the client
• Enter the subjective,
personal world of the client
• open communication
• important qualities: genuineness, empathy
and unconditional positive regard
24. The stages of Counseling
In successful counseling, the client moves from fixity to
changeableness, from rigid structure to flow, from stasis to
process (Rogers, 1958).
Stage I: blocked internal communication
Stage II: Self-acceptance by client
Stage III: Beginning to recognize contradictions in
experience.
Stage IV: Disclosure of personal experiences with
caution/restrictively
Stage V: Feelings are expressed freely
25. The stages of Counseling (Cont.)
Stage VI: ―physiological loosening‖ such as
moistness in the eyes, tears, sighs or muscular
relaxation, accompanies the open expression of
feelings
Stage VII: Personal growth and trust on counselor
with readiness to change and actualize.
26. Rogers (1959) described specifically some of the
changes he expected successful counseling to
produce:
• The person comes to see himself differently.
• He accepts and his feelings more fully.
• He becomes more self-confident and self-directing.
• He becomes more the person he would like to be.
• He becomes more flexible and less rigid in his perceptions.
• He adopts more realistic goals for himself.
• He behaves in a more mature fashion.
• He changes his maladaptive behavior, even such a long established
one as chronic alcoholism.
• He became more acceptant of others.
• He becomes more open to the evidence, both to what is going on
outside of himself, and to what is going on inside himself.
• He changes his basic personality characteristics in constructive
ways.
27.
28. • Gestalt therapy
• Transactional Analysis (TA)
• Motivational Interviewing Theory
• Body centered therapies
• Expressive art therapies
Blends, integrations and in-betweeners
34. Existential contributors
Soren Kierkegaard – Introduced existentialism
Martin Heidegger – authenticity
Mutual contributors
Martin Buber
James Bugental
Alvin Mahrer
Rollo May
