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Respiratory system notes std 3 2011
- 2. Respiratory System β’ Functions β Large area for gas exchange β Move air to & from lungs β Protect respiratory surfaces β Produce sounds β Aiding sense of smell
- 3. Frontal sinus Nasal cavity Nasal conchae Sphenoidal sinus Nose Internal nares Tongue Pharynx Hyoid bone Larynx Esophagus Trachea Bronchus Bronchioles RIGHT LEFT LUNG LUNG Diaphragm
- 4. Movement Ciliated columnar of mucus epithelial cell to pharynx Mucous cell Stem cell Mucus layer Lamina propria
- 5. Respiratory Anatomy β’ Respiratory Tract β Upper β’ Conducting portion β External nares to larger bronchioles β Warms, moistens, filters Β» Respiratory mucosa β’ Respiratory epithelium β’ Ciliated columnar β’ Mucous (goblet) cells β’ Loose connective tissue β Lower β’ Respiratory portion β Smallest bronchioles & alveoli
- 6. Nasal cavity Frontal sinus Internal nares Nasal conchae Nasal vestibule External nares Soft palate Hard palate Oral cavity Tongue Mandible
- 7. Respiratory Anatomy β’ Nose β External nares β Nasal cavity β’ Flushed by β Mucus from β¦ β Tears from β¦ β Nasal vestibule β’ Hairs β What for? β Nasal septum β Nasal conchae β’ Folds β useful? β’ Turbulent air flow - useful? β Hard palate β’ Floor of nasal cavity β Soft palate β’ Floor of nasopharynx
- 8. Frontal sinus Internal nares Nasopharynx Soft palate Hard palate Oropharynx Tongue Mandible Laryngopharynx Hyoid bone Esophagus
- 9. Frontal sinus Internal nares Nasopharynx Pharyngeal tonsil Entrance to auditory tube Soft palate Hard palate Oral cavity
- 10. Soft palate Palatine tonsil Oropharynx Hyoid bone
- 11. Epiglottis Laryngopharynx Hyoid bone Esophagus Trachea
- 12. Respiratory Anatomy β’ Pharynx β Internal nares to esophagus/larynx β 3 parts β’ Nasopharynx (nose pharynx) β Internal nares ο edge of soft palate β Pharyngeal tonsil β Opening to auditory tube Β» Which goes where? β Normal respiratory epithelium β’ Oropharynx (mouth pharynx) β Soft palate ο edge of tongue (hyoid bone level) β Palantine tonsils Β» Say βaaaaahhhhhhβ β’ Laryngopharynx (larynx pharynx) β Hyoid bone ο entrance to esophagus β’ What about food?
- 13. Hyoid bone Glottis Vocal fold Thyroid cartilage Cricoid cartilage Esophagus Trachea
- 14. Epiglottis Hyoid bone Extrinsic Corniculate cartilage (thyrohyoid) ligament Cuneiform cartilage Larynx Thyroid False vocal cords cartilage Vocal cords Ligament Arytenoid cartilages Cricoid cartilage Ligament Trachea Tracheal cartilages Anterior view Posterior view
- 15. Figure 15.4ce POSTERIOR Glottis Glottis (closed) (open) False vocal cord Vocal cord False vocal cord Epiglottis Vocal cord Root of tongue Epiglottis ANTERIOR Root of tongue
- 16. Respiratory Anatomy β’ Larynx (voice box) β Starts at the glottis β Whatβs it made of β’ 9 cartilages with associated ligaments & skeletal muscles β The largest 3 cartilages β’ Epiglottis β Projects above glottis β During swallowing covers glottis Β» Why is this rather important? β’ Thyroid cartilage β Forms much of lateral & frontal portions β Adamβs apple Β» Yes, women can have them β’ Cricoid cartilage β Posterior portion
- 17. Respiratory Anatomy β’ Larynx (voice box) β 2 pairs of ligaments β’ False vocal cords (top pair) β Rather inelastic β Prevent stuff from entering glottis β’ True vocal cords (bottom pair) β Elastic ligaments β Small muscles change position & tension Β» For what? β Coughing reflex β’ Triggered by stuff on vocal cords β’ Keep glottis closed while chest & abdomen contract
- 18. Respiratory Anatomy β’ Vocal cords & sound production β Air passing over glottis vibrates vocal cords β Pitch depends on β¦ β’ Diameter & Length β Kids small β MEN! PUBERTY! LARGER! β’ Tension β Only one you can control β Higher tension = higher pitch β Voice NOT only vocal cords β’ Amplification & resonance in pharynx, oral cavity, nasal cavity, sinuses
- 19. Hyoid bone Larynx Trachea Tracheal cartilage Primary bronchi Secondary bronchi RIGHT LUNG LEFT LUNG
- 20. Esophagus Tracheal ligament Trachealis muscle (smooth muscle) Respiratory epithelium Tracheal cartilage Mucous gland
- 21. Respiratory Anatomy β’ Trachea β Tough, flexible tube β Begins @ C6 attached to cricoid cartilage β Ends in mediastinum @ L5 β’ Branches into rt & lt primary bronchi β 15-20 tracheal cartilages β’ Prevent collapse/overexpansion β’ C shaped β posterior open portion β Why? Β» Allow expansion of esophagus β Trachealis muscle β’ Changes diameter β autonomic control
- 22. Trachea Cartilage plates Left primary bronchus Visceral pleura Secondary bronchus Tertiary bronchi Smaller bronchi Bronchioles Terminal bronchiole Alveoli in a Respiratory pulmonary bronchiole lobule Bronchopulmonary segment
- 23. Respiratory Anatomy β’ Bronchi β Right & left primary bronchi β’ Walls resemble trachea β Ciliated epithelium, C shaped cartilage β’ Right is steeper β Bronchial tree β’ Primary ο secondary ο tertiary ο smaller bronchi ο bronchioles β’ Cartilage gets smaller, then disappears β’ Bronchiole walls - smooth muscle β Why? Β» Bronchodilation & bronchoconstriction
- 24. Respiratory epithelium Branch of Bronchiole pulmonary artery Bronchial artery (red), vein (blue), and nerve (yellow) Smooth muscle around terminal Terminal bronchiole bronchiole Respiratory bronchiole Elastic fibers Arteriole Lymphatic Branch of Capillary pulmonary beds vessel Alveolar vein duct Alveoli Alveolar sac Interlobular septum Visceral pleura Pleural cavity Parietal pleura
- 25. Respiratory Anatomy β’ Bronchioles β Terminal bronchioles (.3-.5 mm) β’ Supplies air to lobule of lung β Lobule Β» segment bounded by connective tissue Β» fed by single bronchiole β Terminal bronchiole branches into respiratory bronchioles Β» Deliver gas to exchange surfaces
- 26. Septic cell Alveolar (secretes epithelial surfactant) cell Elastic Alveolar fibers macrophage Alveolar Capillary macrophage Endothelial cell of Alveolar structure capillary
- 27. Respiratory Anatomy β’ Alveoli β Respiratory bronchioles ο alveolar ducts ο alveolar sacs β’ Alveolar sacs β Connected to multiple alveoli β Each lung has about 150 million alveoli β About 140 m2 of surface area β Function? β’ What type of tissue necessary? β Simple squamous β Other cells β’ Alveolar macrophages β’ Septal cells β Surfactant Β» Reduces surface tension of water β’ Why necessary?
- 28. Red blood cell Capillary lumen Nucleus of Endothelium endothelial cell 0.5 οm Fused Alveolar Surfactant basement epithelium membranes Alveolar air space The respiratory membrane
- 29. Respiratory Anatomy β’ Respiratory membrane β Gas exchange β 3 layers β’ Squamous epithelium β’ Fused basement membrane β’ Endothelium in capillary β About 1οm thick β Diffusion muy rapidamente β O2 & CO2 diffuse β’ Both lipid soluble β Receive blood from β¦ β’ Pulmonary arteries branch along bronchi β’ 1 lobule; 1 arteriole β Each alveolus surrounded by capillary bed β Blood pressure β’ Rather low β about 30 mm Hg β’ Easily blocked β Pulmonary embolism
- 30. Apex Superior Superior lobe lobe (costal surface) RIGHT LUNG LEFT LUNG Middle lobe Cardiac notch (in Inferior mediastinal surface) lobe Inferior lobe Base Anterior view
- 31. Respiratory Anatomy β’ Lungs β Right -3 lobes/Left β 2 lobes β Light, spongy consistency β’ Like a twinkie before the filling β¦ mmmmm β’ Why? β Lots of elastic fibers β’ Why? β’ Pleural cavities β 2 β one for each lung β’ Parietal & visceral β Separated by pleural cavity Β» Which is filled with β¦ β’ Which does what? β Separated by mediastinum β Pnuemothorax β’ Air in pleural cavity β bad?
- 32. Respiration β’ Internal Respiration β exchange of CO2 & O2 between IF & cells β’ External Respiration β All activities in exchange of CO2 & O2 between IF & outside β’ Pulmonary respiration β Movinβ air in & out of lungs β’ Gas diffusion β Respiratory membrane & capillary cell membrane β’ Transport of CO2 & O2 β Between alveoli & capillary β Hypoxia & anoxia
- 33. Respiration β’ Pulmonary ventilation β Physical movement of air into & out of lungs β’ Respiratory cycle β A single breath β’ Respiratory rate β Breaths per minute β’ 12-18 adults/18-20 kids β’ Alveolar ventilation β In & out of alveoli β’ Prevent CO2 buildup
- 34. Ribs and sternum elevate Diaphragm contracts
- 35. AT REST Pleural Mediastinum space Diaphragm Pressure outside and inside are equal, so no movement occurs. Po ο½ Pi
- 36. INHALATION Sternocleido- mastoid Scalene muscles Pectoralis minor Serratus anterior External intercostal Diaphragm Volume increases; Pressure inside falls, and air flows in. Po οΎ Pi
- 37. EXHALATION Transversus thoracis Internal intercostals Rectus abdominis (other abdominal muscles not shown) Volume decreases; Pressure inside rises, so air flows out. Po οΌ Pi
- 38. Respiration β’ Pressure & airflow β Air flows from β¦ to β¦ β If you increase volume, then pressure β¦ β Inhalation β’ The volume of the thoracic & pleural cavities β¦ β’ Therefore the pressure β¦ β’ Therefore the external pressure is β¦ β’ Therefore air moves β¦
- 39. Respiration β’ Pressure & air flow β Diaphragm β’ Relaxed β dome up into thoracic cavity β Lungs compressed β’ Contracted β flattens out β Lungs expanded β Rib cage β’ Elevation of rib cage β External intercostals β’ Lowers rib cage β Internal intercostals
- 40. Respiration β’ Compliance β Resilience & ability to expand β’ Lower compliance = greater force to ventilate ο β’ Modes of Breathing β Quiet breathing β’ Muscular inhalation β 75% diaphragm, 25% ext. intercostals β’ Passive exhalation β Forced breathing β’ Both inhalation & exhalation require muscular contraction β Which muscles?
- 41. Pulmonary volumes Males Females IRV 3300 1900 Inspiratory Vital VT 500 500 capacity capacity ERV 1000 700 Functional Inspiratory Residual volume 1200 1100 residual capacity reserve 6000 mL 4200 mL Inspiratory volume capacity (IRV) Resting Vital tidal volume capacity (VT ο½ 500 mL) Total lung capacity Expiratory Volume reserve (mL) volume (ERV) Functional residual capacity Residual volume Minimal volume (30β120 mL) Time
- 42. Respiration β’ Lung Volume & Capacities β Tidal volume β’ Amt of air moved in/out during single cycle β’ Can be increased/decreased β How? β’ Resting tidal volume (VT) β About 500 mL β Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) β’ Amt of air that could be expelled at end of cycle β About 1000 mL
- 43. Respiration β’ Lung Volume & Capacities β Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) β’ Amt of air inhaled above VT β Vital Capacity β’ Max amt of air moved in/out in one cycle β Residual volume β’ Amt of air left after max exhale β Minimal volume β’ Amt of air left after lungs punctured
- 44. Respiration β’ Lung Volume & Capacities β Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) β’ Amt of air inhaled above VT β Vital Capacity β’ Max amt of air moved in/out in one cycle β Residual volume β’ Amt of air left after max exhale β Minimal volume β’ Amt of air left after lungs punctured
- 45. PO2 ο½ 40 Alveolus PCO2 ο½ 45 PO2 ο½ 159 Respiratory PCO2 ο½ 30.4 membrane PO2 ο½ 100 PCO2 ο½ 40 External respiration Systemic Alveolar circuit capillary PO2 ο½ 100 PCO2 ο½ 40 Pulmonary circuit Interstitial fluid PO2 ο½ 95 PCO2 ο½ 40 Systemic circuit Internal PO2 ο½ 40 respiration PCO2 ο½ 45 Systemic PO2 ο½ 40 PCO2 ο½ 45 capillary
- 46. Gas Exchange β’ Partial Pressure β Air is mixture of gases β’ 78% N2; 21% O2; wee bit of H2O & CO2 β Total pressure equal to the sum of the pressures of each gas separately β’ PN + PO2 + PH2O + PCO2 = 760 mmHg β PO = (.209)760 mmHg = 159 mmHg 2 β Oxygen will go down its own partial pressure gradient β’ Outside air = 159 mmHg β’ Alveolar air = 100 mmHg β’ Blood = 40 mmHg
- 47. Red blood cells Cells in Plasma Alveolar peripheral capillary tissues Hb ο· Hb ο·O2 Hb ο·O2 O2 O2 O2 Hb ο· O2 O2 Alveolar O2 air space Systemic capillary O2 pickup O2 delivery
- 48. Gas Transport β’ Oxygen transport β 1.5% dissolved in plasma β 98.5% hemoglobin β’ Bind to iron ion in heme group β Amt O2 bound/released depends on β’ PO2 of surroundings β Normal conditions (PO2 = 40 mmHg) only about 25% released β Active tissue (PO2=15 mmHg) β What are the conditions of active tissue? β Temp? pH?
- 49. CO2 diffuses 7% remains dissolved into bloodstream in plasma (as CO2) 93% diffuses into RBCs 23% binds to 70% converted Hb, forming to H2CO3 by carbaminohemoglobin, carbonic anhydrase Hbο·CO2 H2CO3 dissociates into Hο« and HCO3β Hο« removed by buffers, especially Hb CIβ HCO3β moves out of RBC in exchange for CIβ (chloride shift)
- 50. CIβ HCO3β Alveolar Chloride HCO3β capillary shift Hb ο· Hο« ο« HCO3β CIβ Hο« ο« HCO3β Hb ο· Hb ο· H ο« H2CO3 H2CO3 Hb ο· Hο« CO2 CO2 CO2 H2O H2O CO2 Hb ο· Hb ο· CO2 Systemic Hb ο·CO2 capillary Hb ο·CO2 CO2 delivery CO2 pickup
- 51. Gas Transport β’ Carbon dioxide transport β 7% Plasma β 23% Carbaminohemoglobin β CO2 binds to amino acids in globulins of hemoglobin β 70% Bicarbonate ions β Carbonic anhydrase β CO2 + H2O ο H2CO3 ο H+ + HCO3- β In peripheral tissue, moves to the right β Chloride shift β H + binds to hemoglobin β HCO3- leaves RBC, Cl- enters β What happens in the lungs?
- 52. Control of Respiration β’ Local Control β In active tissues β’ PO2? PCO2? β Greater differences in partial pressure β¦ β’ Rising PCO2 relaxes smooth muscles in arterioles β In lungs β’ Blood directed to alveoli with lots βo oxygen β Low O2 constricts alveolar capillary sphincters Β» Is this the same response in peripheral tissues? β Rising CO2 relaxes smooth muscle in walls of bronchioles
- 53. Control of Respiration β’ Respiratory Centers β Medulla oblongata β’ Respiratory rhythmicity centers β Dorsal respiratory group (DRG) Β» Inspiratory centers β’ Functions EVERY cycle β’ What muscles does it control? β’ Quiet breathing β’ Increasing stimulation for 2 sec β’ Silent for 3 sec β Ventral respiratory group Β» Forced breathing only Β» Has both inspiratory & expiratory centers β’ What muscles does it control?
- 54. Control of Respiration β’ Reflex control β Mechanoreceptor reflexes β’ Respond to changes in lung volume OR arterial pressure β’ Inflation reflex β Prevent overexpansion of lungs Β» Inspiratory center inhibited Β» Expiratory center stimulated β’ Deflation reflex β Prevents lungs from collapsing Β» Inspiratory center stimulated β’ NEITHER involved in quiet breathing β Why?
- 55. Control of Respiration β’ Reflex control β Chemoreceptor reflexes β’ Respond to chemical changes in blood or CSF β’ CO2 more effective than O2 β Why? β’ Free divers β 3 or 4 quick deep breaths Β» What happens to CO2 levels in blood?