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14: Operating Systems and Virtualization

                                        Zubair Nabi

                             zubair.nabi@itu.edu.pk


                                      April 21, 2013




Zubair Nabi          14: Operating Systems and Virtualization   April 21, 2013   1 / 24
Outline




  1    Operating Systems




  2    Virtualization




  Zubair Nabi           14: Operating Systems and Virtualization   April 21, 2013   2 / 24
Outline




  1    Operating Systems




  2    Virtualization




  Zubair Nabi           14: Operating Systems and Virtualization   April 21, 2013   3 / 24
Introduction




          Linux is the default choice




  Zubair Nabi             14: Operating Systems and Virtualization   April 21, 2013   4 / 24
Introduction




          Linux is the default choice
          Due to its performance, modularity, power efficiency, scalability, open
          source nature, and ubiquity




  Zubair Nabi             14: Operating Systems and Virtualization   April 21, 2013   4 / 24
Introduction




          Linux is the default choice
          Due to its performance, modularity, power efficiency, scalability, open
          source nature, and ubiquity
          Deployed by everyone, from Google to Dell and from Amazon to IBM




  Zubair Nabi             14: Operating Systems and Virtualization   April 21, 2013   4 / 24
Introduction




          Linux is the default choice
          Due to its performance, modularity, power efficiency, scalability, open
          source nature, and ubiquity
          Deployed by everyone, from Google to Dell and from Amazon to IBM
          But which distribution?




  Zubair Nabi             14: Operating Systems and Virtualization   April 21, 2013   4 / 24
Introduction




          Linux is the default choice
          Due to its performance, modularity, power efficiency, scalability, open
          source nature, and ubiquity
          Deployed by everyone, from Google to Dell and from Amazon to IBM
          But which distribution?
          All distros have different features




  Zubair Nabi              14: Operating Systems and Virtualization   April 21, 2013   4 / 24
Distributions




          Distributions overlap in most of their functionality




  Zubair Nabi              14: Operating Systems and Virtualization   April 21, 2013   5 / 24
Distributions




          Distributions overlap in most of their functionality
          Many share a common package manager




  Zubair Nabi              14: Operating Systems and Virtualization   April 21, 2013   5 / 24
Distributions




          Distributions overlap in most of their functionality
          Many share a common package manager
                CentOS, Red Hat, and Fedora use RPM packages




  Zubair Nabi              14: Operating Systems and Virtualization   April 21, 2013   5 / 24
Distributions




          Distributions overlap in most of their functionality
          Many share a common package manager
                CentOS, Red Hat, and Fedora use RPM packages
                Ubuntu and Debian use APT or .deb packages




  Zubair Nabi              14: Operating Systems and Virtualization   April 21, 2013   5 / 24
Distributions




          Distributions overlap in most of their functionality
          Many share a common package manager
                CentOS, Red Hat, and Fedora use RPM packages
                Ubuntu and Debian use APT or .deb packages
          Almost all distributions will run any type of software




  Zubair Nabi              14: Operating Systems and Virtualization   April 21, 2013   5 / 24
Ubuntu




          Designed for ease of use across desktops as well as servers




  Zubair Nabi            14: Operating Systems and Virtualization   April 21, 2013   6 / 24
Ubuntu




          Designed for ease of use across desktops as well as servers
          Latest software versions are rolled out regularly




  Zubair Nabi             14: Operating Systems and Virtualization   April 21, 2013   6 / 24
Ubuntu




          Designed for ease of use across desktops as well as servers
          Latest software versions are rolled out regularly
          Two different versions available:
                1   LTS (Long Term Support) version with stable packages




  Zubair Nabi                  14: Operating Systems and Virtualization    April 21, 2013   6 / 24
Ubuntu




          Designed for ease of use across desktops as well as servers
          Latest software versions are rolled out regularly
          Two different versions available:
                1   LTS (Long Term Support) version with stable packages
                2   Normal version with cutting-edge packages




  Zubair Nabi                  14: Operating Systems and Virtualization    April 21, 2013   6 / 24
Ubuntu




          Designed for ease of use across desktops as well as servers
          Latest software versions are rolled out regularly
          Two different versions available:
                1   LTS (Long Term Support) version with stable packages
                2   Normal version with cutting-edge packages
          Due to their stability, LTS versions are deployed on production servers




  Zubair Nabi                  14: Operating Systems and Virtualization    April 21, 2013   6 / 24
CentOS




         Emphasizes reliability




 Zubair Nabi             14: Operating Systems and Virtualization   April 21, 2013   7 / 24
CentOS




         Emphasizes reliability
         Well-suited to production environments




 Zubair Nabi             14: Operating Systems and Virtualization   April 21, 2013   7 / 24
CentOS




         Emphasizes reliability
         Well-suited to production environments
         Packages have been tuned over time to work out as many bugs and
         security flaws as possible




 Zubair Nabi             14: Operating Systems and Virtualization   April 21, 2013   7 / 24
CentOS




         Emphasizes reliability
         Well-suited to production environments
         Packages have been tuned over time to work out as many bugs and
         security flaws as possible
         On the downside, software versions are rarely the latest




 Zubair Nabi             14: Operating Systems and Virtualization   April 21, 2013   7 / 24
Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL)




          Targets enterprise-level servers




  Zubair Nabi             14: Operating Systems and Virtualization   April 21, 2013   8 / 24
Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL)




          Targets enterprise-level servers
          Stable and handles heavy loads well




  Zubair Nabi             14: Operating Systems and Virtualization   April 21, 2013   8 / 24
Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL)




          Targets enterprise-level servers
          Stable and handles heavy loads well
          Requires a small licensing fee for non-free software components and
          updates




  Zubair Nabi             14: Operating Systems and Virtualization   April 21, 2013   8 / 24
Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL)




          Targets enterprise-level servers
          Stable and handles heavy loads well
          Requires a small licensing fee for non-free software components and
          updates
          Useful if the target software/workload supports it; enterprise software




  Zubair Nabi             14: Operating Systems and Virtualization    April 21, 2013   8 / 24
Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL)




          Targets enterprise-level servers
          Stable and handles heavy loads well
          Requires a small licensing fee for non-free software components and
          updates
          Useful if the target software/workload supports it; enterprise software
          If not, better off using CentOS




  Zubair Nabi             14: Operating Systems and Virtualization    April 21, 2013   8 / 24
Gentoo




         By default forces the compilation of software rather than grabbing
         precompiled packages




 Zubair Nabi             14: Operating Systems and Virtualization   April 21, 2013   9 / 24
Gentoo




         By default forces the compilation of software rather than grabbing
         precompiled packages
         Achieves great system optimizations if compiler options for the target
         environment known




 Zubair Nabi             14: Operating Systems and Virtualization   April 21, 2013   9 / 24
Gentoo




         By default forces the compilation of software rather than grabbing
         precompiled packages
         Achieves great system optimizations if compiler options for the target
         environment known
         Useful if fine-grained control over each aspect of the system is required




 Zubair Nabi             14: Operating Systems and Virtualization   April 21, 2013   9 / 24
Arch




          A distribution for experienced sysadmins




  Zubair Nabi             14: Operating Systems and Virtualization   April 21, 2013   10 / 24
Arch




          A distribution for experienced sysadmins
          Useful if good low-level control over program execution required




  Zubair Nabi             14: Operating Systems and Virtualization   April 21, 2013   10 / 24
Outline




  1    Operating Systems




  2    Virtualization




  Zubair Nabi           14: Operating Systems and Virtualization   April 21, 2013   11 / 24
Virtual Machine Monitor or Hypervisor




          Sits between one or more operating systems and the hardware




  Zubair Nabi            14: Operating Systems and Virtualization   April 21, 2013   12 / 24
Virtual Machine Monitor or Hypervisor




          Sits between one or more operating systems and the hardware
          Multiplexes the hardware across OSes




  Zubair Nabi            14: Operating Systems and Virtualization   April 21, 2013   12 / 24
Virtual Machine Monitor or Hypervisor




          Sits between one or more operating systems and the hardware
          Multiplexes the hardware across OSes
          Major advantage is server consolidation




  Zubair Nabi            14: Operating Systems and Virtualization   April 21, 2013   12 / 24
Xen




         Hypervisor which enables many instances of different operating
         systems to run atop the same physical host




 Zubair Nabi            14: Operating Systems and Virtualization   April 21, 2013   13 / 24
Xen




         Hypervisor which enables many instances of different operating
         systems to run atop the same physical host
         Used as the basis for a large number of applications: server and
         desktop virtualization, IaaS, security, etc.




 Zubair Nabi             14: Operating Systems and Virtualization   April 21, 2013   13 / 24
Xen




         Hypervisor which enables many instances of different operating
         systems to run atop the same physical host
         Used as the basis for a large number of applications: server and
         desktop virtualization, IaaS, security, etc.
         Powering some of the largest clouds in production




 Zubair Nabi             14: Operating Systems and Virtualization   April 21, 2013   13 / 24
Features




          Small footprint (1MB in size) due to its microkernel design




  Zubair Nabi             14: Operating Systems and Virtualization      April 21, 2013   14 / 24
Features




          Small footprint (1MB in size) due to its microkernel design
          Main device drivers for a system can be run within a VM to ensure
          isolation




  Zubair Nabi             14: Operating Systems and Virtualization      April 21, 2013   14 / 24
Features




          Small footprint (1MB in size) due to its microkernel design
          Main device drivers for a system can be run within a VM to ensure
          isolation
          Paravirtualized guests optimized to run as VMs enabling greater
          performance




  Zubair Nabi             14: Operating Systems and Virtualization      April 21, 2013   14 / 24
Architecture




          The hypervisor runs directly atop the hardware




  Zubair Nabi             14: Operating Systems and Virtualization   April 21, 2013   15 / 24
Architecture




          The hypervisor runs directly atop the hardware
                In charge of handling CPU, memory, and I/O




  Zubair Nabi              14: Operating Systems and Virtualization   April 21, 2013   15 / 24
Architecture




          The hypervisor runs directly atop the hardware
                In charge of handling CPU, memory, and I/O
          Running instance of a VM is called domU or guest




  Zubair Nabi              14: Operating Systems and Virtualization   April 21, 2013   15 / 24
Architecture




          The hypervisor runs directly atop the hardware
                In charge of handling CPU, memory, and I/O
          Running instance of a VM is called domU or guest
          A special domain, called dom0, contains the drivers for all devices in
          the system




  Zubair Nabi              14: Operating Systems and Virtualization   April 21, 2013   15 / 24
Architecture




          The hypervisor runs directly atop the hardware
                In charge of handling CPU, memory, and I/O
          Running instance of a VM is called domU or guest
          A special domain, called dom0, contains the drivers for all devices in
          the system
                Also contains the interface for VM creation, termination, and
                configuration




  Zubair Nabi               14: Operating Systems and Virtualization       April 21, 2013   15 / 24
Zubair Nabi   14: Operating Systems and Virtualization   April 21, 2013   16 / 24
Xen-enabled operating systems




          dom0 requires a Xen-enabled kernel




  Zubair Nabi            14: Operating Systems and Virtualization   April 21, 2013   17 / 24
Xen-enabled operating systems




          dom0 requires a Xen-enabled kernel
          Similarly, paravirtualized guests also require a PV-enabled kernel




  Zubair Nabi             14: Operating Systems and Virtualization   April 21, 2013   17 / 24
Xen-enabled operating systems




          dom0 requires a Xen-enabled kernel
          Similarly, paravirtualized guests also require a PV-enabled kernel
          Most Linux distributions are Xen-enabled and by default contain the
          Xen tool chain




  Zubair Nabi             14: Operating Systems and Virtualization   April 21, 2013   17 / 24
I/O



          dom0 is in charge of all hardware




  Zubair Nabi             14: Operating Systems and Virtualization   April 21, 2013   18 / 24
I/O



          dom0 is in charge of all hardware
          Based on the configuration of a domU, dom0 exports a subset of the
          devices into that domU




  Zubair Nabi             14: Operating Systems and Virtualization   April 21, 2013   18 / 24
I/O



          dom0 is in charge of all hardware
          Based on the configuration of a domU, dom0 exports a subset of the
          devices into that domU
          Devices are exported as “class devices”




  Zubair Nabi             14: Operating Systems and Virtualization   April 21, 2013   18 / 24
I/O



          dom0 is in charge of all hardware
          Based on the configuration of a domU, dom0 exports a subset of the
          devices into that domU
          Devices are exported as “class devices”
                A block device or a network device, not as a specific hardware device




  Zubair Nabi               14: Operating Systems and Virtualization    April 21, 2013   18 / 24
I/O



          dom0 is in charge of all hardware
          Based on the configuration of a domU, dom0 exports a subset of the
          devices into that domU
          Devices are exported as “class devices”
                A block device or a network device, not as a specific hardware device
          dom0 runs the backend of the device which is connected to the
          frontend in the domU




  Zubair Nabi               14: Operating Systems and Virtualization    April 21, 2013   18 / 24
I/O



          dom0 is in charge of all hardware
          Based on the configuration of a domU, dom0 exports a subset of the
          devices into that domU
          Devices are exported as “class devices”
                A block device or a network device, not as a specific hardware device
          dom0 runs the backend of the device which is connected to the
          frontend in the domU
                netback and netfront in case of network devices and blockback and
                blockfront in case of block devices




  Zubair Nabi               14: Operating Systems and Virtualization    April 21, 2013   18 / 24
Linux Containers (LXC)




          Partition the resources managed by the OS into individual silos




  Zubair Nabi             14: Operating Systems and Virtualization   April 21, 2013   19 / 24
Linux Containers (LXC)




          Partition the resources managed by the OS into individual silos
          Instructions are run native to the core CPU




  Zubair Nabi             14: Operating Systems and Virtualization   April 21, 2013   19 / 24
Linux Containers (LXC)




          Partition the resources managed by the OS into individual silos
          Instructions are run native to the core CPU
          In contrast to virtualization, no overhead of instruction-level emulation




  Zubair Nabi              14: Operating Systems and Virtualization    April 21, 2013   19 / 24
Linux Containers (LXC)




          Partition the resources managed by the OS into individual silos
          Instructions are run native to the core CPU
          In contrast to virtualization, no overhead of instruction-level emulation
          Applications presented the illusion of running on a separate machine




  Zubair Nabi              14: Operating Systems and Virtualization    April 21, 2013   19 / 24
Linux Containers (LXC)




          Partition the resources managed by the OS into individual silos
          Instructions are run native to the core CPU
          In contrast to virtualization, no overhead of instruction-level emulation
          Applications presented the illusion of running on a separate machine
          A number of underlying resources are shared




  Zubair Nabi              14: Operating Systems and Virtualization    April 21, 2013   19 / 24
Linux Containers (LXC)




          Partition the resources managed by the OS into individual silos
          Instructions are run native to the core CPU
          In contrast to virtualization, no overhead of instruction-level emulation
          Applications presented the illusion of running on a separate machine
          A number of underlying resources are shared
          For instance, all containers share the same underlying kernel




  Zubair Nabi              14: Operating Systems and Virtualization    April 21, 2013   19 / 24
Linux Containers (LXC)




          Partition the resources managed by the OS into individual silos
          Instructions are run native to the core CPU
          In contrast to virtualization, no overhead of instruction-level emulation
          Applications presented the illusion of running on a separate machine
          A number of underlying resources are shared
          For instance, all containers share the same underlying kernel
          Part of the main kernel tree




  Zubair Nabi              14: Operating Systems and Virtualization    April 21, 2013   19 / 24
Bridging and Filesystem




          Linux bridge code is used to link the container to the network




  Zubair Nabi             14: Operating Systems and Virtualization   April 21, 2013   20 / 24
Bridging and Filesystem




          Linux bridge code is used to link the container to the network
          Each virtual interface has two pairs: one inside the container, the other
          end connected to the bridge




  Zubair Nabi             14: Operating Systems and Virtualization   April 21, 2013   20 / 24
Bridging and Filesystem




          Linux bridge code is used to link the container to the network
          Each virtual interface has two pairs: one inside the container, the other
          end connected to the bridge
          Also possible to create a filesystem for each container




  Zubair Nabi             14: Operating Systems and Virtualization   April 21, 2013   20 / 24
Kernel-based Virtual Machine (KVM)




          Merges the hypervisor with the kernel




  Zubair Nabi             14: Operating Systems and Virtualization   April 21, 2013   21 / 24
Kernel-based Virtual Machine (KVM)




          Merges the hypervisor with the kernel
          Reduces redundancy and speeds up execution times




  Zubair Nabi             14: Operating Systems and Virtualization   April 21, 2013   21 / 24
Kernel-based Virtual Machine (KVM)




          Merges the hypervisor with the kernel
          Reduces redundancy and speeds up execution times
          KVM driver acts as the middleware between the kernel and a
          userspace VM




  Zubair Nabi             14: Operating Systems and Virtualization   April 21, 2013   21 / 24
Kernel-based Virtual Machine (KVM)




          Merges the hypervisor with the kernel
          Reduces redundancy and speeds up execution times
          KVM driver acts as the middleware between the kernel and a
          userspace VM
          Scheduling of processes and memory management is handled by the
          kernel




  Zubair Nabi             14: Operating Systems and Virtualization   April 21, 2013   21 / 24
QEMU




         Manages I/O and enables a virtual home for the guest OS




 Zubair Nabi            14: Operating Systems and Virtualization   April 21, 2013   22 / 24
QEMU




         Manages I/O and enables a virtual home for the guest OS
         QEMU itself runs as a user-space process




 Zubair Nabi            14: Operating Systems and Virtualization   April 21, 2013   22 / 24
QEMU




         Manages I/O and enables a virtual home for the guest OS
         QEMU itself runs as a user-space process
         Virtual processors within a virtual machine simply execute as threads
         in the host process




 Zubair Nabi             14: Operating Systems and Virtualization   April 21, 2013   22 / 24
Advantages




          Reuse of existing software and infrastructure




  Zubair Nabi             14: Operating Systems and Virtualization   April 21, 2013   23 / 24
Advantages




          Reuse of existing software and infrastructure
          Seamlessly works across all platforms: from servers to embedded
          devices




  Zubair Nabi             14: Operating Systems and Virtualization   April 21, 2013   23 / 24
Advantages




          Reuse of existing software and infrastructure
          Seamlessly works across all platforms: from servers to embedded
          devices
          Integrates with the existing Linux scheduler, I/O stack, and available
          filesystems




  Zubair Nabi             14: Operating Systems and Virtualization    April 21, 2013   23 / 24
References

     1    Linux: The Operating System of the Cloud:
          http://www.linuxfoundation.org/sites/main/
          files/publications/linuxincloud.html
     2    Choosing a Linux Distribution:
          http://www.rackspace.com/knowledge_center/
          article/choosing-a-linux-distribution
     3    Xen Overview:
          http://wiki.xenproject.org/wiki/Xen_Overview
     4    LXC: Linux container tools: http://www.ibm.com/
          developerworks/linux/library/l-lxc-containers/
     5    Kernel-based virtualization with KVM:
          http://www.linux-magazine.com/content/download/
          62512/485179/file/Kernel_Based_Virtualization_
          With_KVM.pdf

  Zubair Nabi             14: Operating Systems and Virtualization   April 21, 2013   24 / 24

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Topic 14: Operating Systems and Virtualization

  • 1. 14: Operating Systems and Virtualization Zubair Nabi zubair.nabi@itu.edu.pk April 21, 2013 Zubair Nabi 14: Operating Systems and Virtualization April 21, 2013 1 / 24
  • 2. Outline 1 Operating Systems 2 Virtualization Zubair Nabi 14: Operating Systems and Virtualization April 21, 2013 2 / 24
  • 3. Outline 1 Operating Systems 2 Virtualization Zubair Nabi 14: Operating Systems and Virtualization April 21, 2013 3 / 24
  • 4. Introduction Linux is the default choice Zubair Nabi 14: Operating Systems and Virtualization April 21, 2013 4 / 24
  • 5. Introduction Linux is the default choice Due to its performance, modularity, power efficiency, scalability, open source nature, and ubiquity Zubair Nabi 14: Operating Systems and Virtualization April 21, 2013 4 / 24
  • 6. Introduction Linux is the default choice Due to its performance, modularity, power efficiency, scalability, open source nature, and ubiquity Deployed by everyone, from Google to Dell and from Amazon to IBM Zubair Nabi 14: Operating Systems and Virtualization April 21, 2013 4 / 24
  • 7. Introduction Linux is the default choice Due to its performance, modularity, power efficiency, scalability, open source nature, and ubiquity Deployed by everyone, from Google to Dell and from Amazon to IBM But which distribution? Zubair Nabi 14: Operating Systems and Virtualization April 21, 2013 4 / 24
  • 8. Introduction Linux is the default choice Due to its performance, modularity, power efficiency, scalability, open source nature, and ubiquity Deployed by everyone, from Google to Dell and from Amazon to IBM But which distribution? All distros have different features Zubair Nabi 14: Operating Systems and Virtualization April 21, 2013 4 / 24
  • 9. Distributions Distributions overlap in most of their functionality Zubair Nabi 14: Operating Systems and Virtualization April 21, 2013 5 / 24
  • 10. Distributions Distributions overlap in most of their functionality Many share a common package manager Zubair Nabi 14: Operating Systems and Virtualization April 21, 2013 5 / 24
  • 11. Distributions Distributions overlap in most of their functionality Many share a common package manager CentOS, Red Hat, and Fedora use RPM packages Zubair Nabi 14: Operating Systems and Virtualization April 21, 2013 5 / 24
  • 12. Distributions Distributions overlap in most of their functionality Many share a common package manager CentOS, Red Hat, and Fedora use RPM packages Ubuntu and Debian use APT or .deb packages Zubair Nabi 14: Operating Systems and Virtualization April 21, 2013 5 / 24
  • 13. Distributions Distributions overlap in most of their functionality Many share a common package manager CentOS, Red Hat, and Fedora use RPM packages Ubuntu and Debian use APT or .deb packages Almost all distributions will run any type of software Zubair Nabi 14: Operating Systems and Virtualization April 21, 2013 5 / 24
  • 14. Ubuntu Designed for ease of use across desktops as well as servers Zubair Nabi 14: Operating Systems and Virtualization April 21, 2013 6 / 24
  • 15. Ubuntu Designed for ease of use across desktops as well as servers Latest software versions are rolled out regularly Zubair Nabi 14: Operating Systems and Virtualization April 21, 2013 6 / 24
  • 16. Ubuntu Designed for ease of use across desktops as well as servers Latest software versions are rolled out regularly Two different versions available: 1 LTS (Long Term Support) version with stable packages Zubair Nabi 14: Operating Systems and Virtualization April 21, 2013 6 / 24
  • 17. Ubuntu Designed for ease of use across desktops as well as servers Latest software versions are rolled out regularly Two different versions available: 1 LTS (Long Term Support) version with stable packages 2 Normal version with cutting-edge packages Zubair Nabi 14: Operating Systems and Virtualization April 21, 2013 6 / 24
  • 18. Ubuntu Designed for ease of use across desktops as well as servers Latest software versions are rolled out regularly Two different versions available: 1 LTS (Long Term Support) version with stable packages 2 Normal version with cutting-edge packages Due to their stability, LTS versions are deployed on production servers Zubair Nabi 14: Operating Systems and Virtualization April 21, 2013 6 / 24
  • 19. CentOS Emphasizes reliability Zubair Nabi 14: Operating Systems and Virtualization April 21, 2013 7 / 24
  • 20. CentOS Emphasizes reliability Well-suited to production environments Zubair Nabi 14: Operating Systems and Virtualization April 21, 2013 7 / 24
  • 21. CentOS Emphasizes reliability Well-suited to production environments Packages have been tuned over time to work out as many bugs and security flaws as possible Zubair Nabi 14: Operating Systems and Virtualization April 21, 2013 7 / 24
  • 22. CentOS Emphasizes reliability Well-suited to production environments Packages have been tuned over time to work out as many bugs and security flaws as possible On the downside, software versions are rarely the latest Zubair Nabi 14: Operating Systems and Virtualization April 21, 2013 7 / 24
  • 23. Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) Targets enterprise-level servers Zubair Nabi 14: Operating Systems and Virtualization April 21, 2013 8 / 24
  • 24. Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) Targets enterprise-level servers Stable and handles heavy loads well Zubair Nabi 14: Operating Systems and Virtualization April 21, 2013 8 / 24
  • 25. Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) Targets enterprise-level servers Stable and handles heavy loads well Requires a small licensing fee for non-free software components and updates Zubair Nabi 14: Operating Systems and Virtualization April 21, 2013 8 / 24
  • 26. Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) Targets enterprise-level servers Stable and handles heavy loads well Requires a small licensing fee for non-free software components and updates Useful if the target software/workload supports it; enterprise software Zubair Nabi 14: Operating Systems and Virtualization April 21, 2013 8 / 24
  • 27. Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) Targets enterprise-level servers Stable and handles heavy loads well Requires a small licensing fee for non-free software components and updates Useful if the target software/workload supports it; enterprise software If not, better off using CentOS Zubair Nabi 14: Operating Systems and Virtualization April 21, 2013 8 / 24
  • 28. Gentoo By default forces the compilation of software rather than grabbing precompiled packages Zubair Nabi 14: Operating Systems and Virtualization April 21, 2013 9 / 24
  • 29. Gentoo By default forces the compilation of software rather than grabbing precompiled packages Achieves great system optimizations if compiler options for the target environment known Zubair Nabi 14: Operating Systems and Virtualization April 21, 2013 9 / 24
  • 30. Gentoo By default forces the compilation of software rather than grabbing precompiled packages Achieves great system optimizations if compiler options for the target environment known Useful if fine-grained control over each aspect of the system is required Zubair Nabi 14: Operating Systems and Virtualization April 21, 2013 9 / 24
  • 31. Arch A distribution for experienced sysadmins Zubair Nabi 14: Operating Systems and Virtualization April 21, 2013 10 / 24
  • 32. Arch A distribution for experienced sysadmins Useful if good low-level control over program execution required Zubair Nabi 14: Operating Systems and Virtualization April 21, 2013 10 / 24
  • 33. Outline 1 Operating Systems 2 Virtualization Zubair Nabi 14: Operating Systems and Virtualization April 21, 2013 11 / 24
  • 34. Virtual Machine Monitor or Hypervisor Sits between one or more operating systems and the hardware Zubair Nabi 14: Operating Systems and Virtualization April 21, 2013 12 / 24
  • 35. Virtual Machine Monitor or Hypervisor Sits between one or more operating systems and the hardware Multiplexes the hardware across OSes Zubair Nabi 14: Operating Systems and Virtualization April 21, 2013 12 / 24
  • 36. Virtual Machine Monitor or Hypervisor Sits between one or more operating systems and the hardware Multiplexes the hardware across OSes Major advantage is server consolidation Zubair Nabi 14: Operating Systems and Virtualization April 21, 2013 12 / 24
  • 37. Xen Hypervisor which enables many instances of different operating systems to run atop the same physical host Zubair Nabi 14: Operating Systems and Virtualization April 21, 2013 13 / 24
  • 38. Xen Hypervisor which enables many instances of different operating systems to run atop the same physical host Used as the basis for a large number of applications: server and desktop virtualization, IaaS, security, etc. Zubair Nabi 14: Operating Systems and Virtualization April 21, 2013 13 / 24
  • 39. Xen Hypervisor which enables many instances of different operating systems to run atop the same physical host Used as the basis for a large number of applications: server and desktop virtualization, IaaS, security, etc. Powering some of the largest clouds in production Zubair Nabi 14: Operating Systems and Virtualization April 21, 2013 13 / 24
  • 40. Features Small footprint (1MB in size) due to its microkernel design Zubair Nabi 14: Operating Systems and Virtualization April 21, 2013 14 / 24
  • 41. Features Small footprint (1MB in size) due to its microkernel design Main device drivers for a system can be run within a VM to ensure isolation Zubair Nabi 14: Operating Systems and Virtualization April 21, 2013 14 / 24
  • 42. Features Small footprint (1MB in size) due to its microkernel design Main device drivers for a system can be run within a VM to ensure isolation Paravirtualized guests optimized to run as VMs enabling greater performance Zubair Nabi 14: Operating Systems and Virtualization April 21, 2013 14 / 24
  • 43. Architecture The hypervisor runs directly atop the hardware Zubair Nabi 14: Operating Systems and Virtualization April 21, 2013 15 / 24
  • 44. Architecture The hypervisor runs directly atop the hardware In charge of handling CPU, memory, and I/O Zubair Nabi 14: Operating Systems and Virtualization April 21, 2013 15 / 24
  • 45. Architecture The hypervisor runs directly atop the hardware In charge of handling CPU, memory, and I/O Running instance of a VM is called domU or guest Zubair Nabi 14: Operating Systems and Virtualization April 21, 2013 15 / 24
  • 46. Architecture The hypervisor runs directly atop the hardware In charge of handling CPU, memory, and I/O Running instance of a VM is called domU or guest A special domain, called dom0, contains the drivers for all devices in the system Zubair Nabi 14: Operating Systems and Virtualization April 21, 2013 15 / 24
  • 47. Architecture The hypervisor runs directly atop the hardware In charge of handling CPU, memory, and I/O Running instance of a VM is called domU or guest A special domain, called dom0, contains the drivers for all devices in the system Also contains the interface for VM creation, termination, and configuration Zubair Nabi 14: Operating Systems and Virtualization April 21, 2013 15 / 24
  • 48. Zubair Nabi 14: Operating Systems and Virtualization April 21, 2013 16 / 24
  • 49. Xen-enabled operating systems dom0 requires a Xen-enabled kernel Zubair Nabi 14: Operating Systems and Virtualization April 21, 2013 17 / 24
  • 50. Xen-enabled operating systems dom0 requires a Xen-enabled kernel Similarly, paravirtualized guests also require a PV-enabled kernel Zubair Nabi 14: Operating Systems and Virtualization April 21, 2013 17 / 24
  • 51. Xen-enabled operating systems dom0 requires a Xen-enabled kernel Similarly, paravirtualized guests also require a PV-enabled kernel Most Linux distributions are Xen-enabled and by default contain the Xen tool chain Zubair Nabi 14: Operating Systems and Virtualization April 21, 2013 17 / 24
  • 52. I/O dom0 is in charge of all hardware Zubair Nabi 14: Operating Systems and Virtualization April 21, 2013 18 / 24
  • 53. I/O dom0 is in charge of all hardware Based on the configuration of a domU, dom0 exports a subset of the devices into that domU Zubair Nabi 14: Operating Systems and Virtualization April 21, 2013 18 / 24
  • 54. I/O dom0 is in charge of all hardware Based on the configuration of a domU, dom0 exports a subset of the devices into that domU Devices are exported as “class devices” Zubair Nabi 14: Operating Systems and Virtualization April 21, 2013 18 / 24
  • 55. I/O dom0 is in charge of all hardware Based on the configuration of a domU, dom0 exports a subset of the devices into that domU Devices are exported as “class devices” A block device or a network device, not as a specific hardware device Zubair Nabi 14: Operating Systems and Virtualization April 21, 2013 18 / 24
  • 56. I/O dom0 is in charge of all hardware Based on the configuration of a domU, dom0 exports a subset of the devices into that domU Devices are exported as “class devices” A block device or a network device, not as a specific hardware device dom0 runs the backend of the device which is connected to the frontend in the domU Zubair Nabi 14: Operating Systems and Virtualization April 21, 2013 18 / 24
  • 57. I/O dom0 is in charge of all hardware Based on the configuration of a domU, dom0 exports a subset of the devices into that domU Devices are exported as “class devices” A block device or a network device, not as a specific hardware device dom0 runs the backend of the device which is connected to the frontend in the domU netback and netfront in case of network devices and blockback and blockfront in case of block devices Zubair Nabi 14: Operating Systems and Virtualization April 21, 2013 18 / 24
  • 58. Linux Containers (LXC) Partition the resources managed by the OS into individual silos Zubair Nabi 14: Operating Systems and Virtualization April 21, 2013 19 / 24
  • 59. Linux Containers (LXC) Partition the resources managed by the OS into individual silos Instructions are run native to the core CPU Zubair Nabi 14: Operating Systems and Virtualization April 21, 2013 19 / 24
  • 60. Linux Containers (LXC) Partition the resources managed by the OS into individual silos Instructions are run native to the core CPU In contrast to virtualization, no overhead of instruction-level emulation Zubair Nabi 14: Operating Systems and Virtualization April 21, 2013 19 / 24
  • 61. Linux Containers (LXC) Partition the resources managed by the OS into individual silos Instructions are run native to the core CPU In contrast to virtualization, no overhead of instruction-level emulation Applications presented the illusion of running on a separate machine Zubair Nabi 14: Operating Systems and Virtualization April 21, 2013 19 / 24
  • 62. Linux Containers (LXC) Partition the resources managed by the OS into individual silos Instructions are run native to the core CPU In contrast to virtualization, no overhead of instruction-level emulation Applications presented the illusion of running on a separate machine A number of underlying resources are shared Zubair Nabi 14: Operating Systems and Virtualization April 21, 2013 19 / 24
  • 63. Linux Containers (LXC) Partition the resources managed by the OS into individual silos Instructions are run native to the core CPU In contrast to virtualization, no overhead of instruction-level emulation Applications presented the illusion of running on a separate machine A number of underlying resources are shared For instance, all containers share the same underlying kernel Zubair Nabi 14: Operating Systems and Virtualization April 21, 2013 19 / 24
  • 64. Linux Containers (LXC) Partition the resources managed by the OS into individual silos Instructions are run native to the core CPU In contrast to virtualization, no overhead of instruction-level emulation Applications presented the illusion of running on a separate machine A number of underlying resources are shared For instance, all containers share the same underlying kernel Part of the main kernel tree Zubair Nabi 14: Operating Systems and Virtualization April 21, 2013 19 / 24
  • 65. Bridging and Filesystem Linux bridge code is used to link the container to the network Zubair Nabi 14: Operating Systems and Virtualization April 21, 2013 20 / 24
  • 66. Bridging and Filesystem Linux bridge code is used to link the container to the network Each virtual interface has two pairs: one inside the container, the other end connected to the bridge Zubair Nabi 14: Operating Systems and Virtualization April 21, 2013 20 / 24
  • 67. Bridging and Filesystem Linux bridge code is used to link the container to the network Each virtual interface has two pairs: one inside the container, the other end connected to the bridge Also possible to create a filesystem for each container Zubair Nabi 14: Operating Systems and Virtualization April 21, 2013 20 / 24
  • 68. Kernel-based Virtual Machine (KVM) Merges the hypervisor with the kernel Zubair Nabi 14: Operating Systems and Virtualization April 21, 2013 21 / 24
  • 69. Kernel-based Virtual Machine (KVM) Merges the hypervisor with the kernel Reduces redundancy and speeds up execution times Zubair Nabi 14: Operating Systems and Virtualization April 21, 2013 21 / 24
  • 70. Kernel-based Virtual Machine (KVM) Merges the hypervisor with the kernel Reduces redundancy and speeds up execution times KVM driver acts as the middleware between the kernel and a userspace VM Zubair Nabi 14: Operating Systems and Virtualization April 21, 2013 21 / 24
  • 71. Kernel-based Virtual Machine (KVM) Merges the hypervisor with the kernel Reduces redundancy and speeds up execution times KVM driver acts as the middleware between the kernel and a userspace VM Scheduling of processes and memory management is handled by the kernel Zubair Nabi 14: Operating Systems and Virtualization April 21, 2013 21 / 24
  • 72. QEMU Manages I/O and enables a virtual home for the guest OS Zubair Nabi 14: Operating Systems and Virtualization April 21, 2013 22 / 24
  • 73. QEMU Manages I/O and enables a virtual home for the guest OS QEMU itself runs as a user-space process Zubair Nabi 14: Operating Systems and Virtualization April 21, 2013 22 / 24
  • 74. QEMU Manages I/O and enables a virtual home for the guest OS QEMU itself runs as a user-space process Virtual processors within a virtual machine simply execute as threads in the host process Zubair Nabi 14: Operating Systems and Virtualization April 21, 2013 22 / 24
  • 75. Advantages Reuse of existing software and infrastructure Zubair Nabi 14: Operating Systems and Virtualization April 21, 2013 23 / 24
  • 76. Advantages Reuse of existing software and infrastructure Seamlessly works across all platforms: from servers to embedded devices Zubair Nabi 14: Operating Systems and Virtualization April 21, 2013 23 / 24
  • 77. Advantages Reuse of existing software and infrastructure Seamlessly works across all platforms: from servers to embedded devices Integrates with the existing Linux scheduler, I/O stack, and available filesystems Zubair Nabi 14: Operating Systems and Virtualization April 21, 2013 23 / 24
  • 78. References 1 Linux: The Operating System of the Cloud: http://www.linuxfoundation.org/sites/main/ files/publications/linuxincloud.html 2 Choosing a Linux Distribution: http://www.rackspace.com/knowledge_center/ article/choosing-a-linux-distribution 3 Xen Overview: http://wiki.xenproject.org/wiki/Xen_Overview 4 LXC: Linux container tools: http://www.ibm.com/ developerworks/linux/library/l-lxc-containers/ 5 Kernel-based virtualization with KVM: http://www.linux-magazine.com/content/download/ 62512/485179/file/Kernel_Based_Virtualization_ With_KVM.pdf Zubair Nabi 14: Operating Systems and Virtualization April 21, 2013 24 / 24