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2. REVIEW of CARBOHYDRATES

10. ANOMERIC CARBON

11. CHAIR & BOAT CONFORMATIONS

12. AMINO SUGARS

27. REACTIONS OF GLYCOLYSIS STEP REACTION ENZYME REACTION TYPE Δ G in kJ/mol 1 Glucose + ATP  G-6-P + ADP + H + Hexokinase Phosphoryl transfer -33.5 2 G-6-P  F-6-P Phosphoglucose isomerase Isomerization -2.5 3 F-6-P + ATP  F-1,6-BP + ADP + H + Phosphofructo-kinase Phosphoryl transfer -22.2

28. STEP REACTION ENZYME REACTION TYPE Δ G in kJ/ mol 4 F-1,6-BP  DHAP + GAP Aldolase Aldol cleavage -1.3 5 DHAP  GAP Triose phosphate isomerase Isomerization +2.5 6 GAP + Pi + NAD +  1,3-BPG + NADH + H + Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Phosphorylation coupled to oxidation +2.5 7 1,3-BPG + ADP  3-phosphoglycerate +ATP Phosphoglycer-ate kinase Phosphoryl transfer +1.3 8 3-phosphoglycerate  2-phosphoglycerate Phosphoglyce-rate mutase Phosphoryl shift +0.8 9 2-phosphoglycerate  PEP + HOH Enolase Dehydration -3.3 10 PEP + ADP + H+  pyruvate + ATP Pyruvate kinase Phosphoryl transfer -16.7

29. CITRIC ACID CYCLE STEP REACTION ENZYME PROSTHETIC GROUP REACTION TYPE Δ G o in kJ/ mol 1 acetylCoA + oxaloacetate + HOH  citrate + CoA + H + Citrate synthase Condensation -31.4 2a Citrate  cis-aconitate + HOH Aconitase Fe-S Dehydration +8.4 2b Cis-Aconitate + HOH  isocitrate Aconitase Fe-S Hydration -2.1

30. CITRIC ACID CYCLE STEP REACTION ENZYME PROSTHETIC GROUP REACTION TYPE Δ G o in kJ/ mol 3 Isocitrate + NAD+  α -ketoglutarate + CO 2 + NADH Isocitrate Dehydro-genase Decarboxylation & oxidation - 8.4 4 α -ketoglutarate + NAD+ CoA  succinyl CoA + CO 2 + NADH α -ketogluta-rate dehydro-genase complex Lipoic acid, FAD, TPP Decarboxyla-tion & oxidation -30.1 5 Succinyl CoA + Pi + GDP  succinate + GTP + CoA Succinyl CoA synthet-ase Substrate-level phosphoryla-tion -3.3

31. CITRIC ACID CYCLE STEP REACTION ENZYME PROSTHETIC GROUP REACTION TYPE Δ G o in kJ/ mol 6 Succinate + FAD (enzyme-bound)  fumarate + FADH 2 (enzyme-bound) Succinate dehydro-genase FAD, Fe-S Oxidation 0 7 Fumarate + HOH  L-malate Fumarase Hydration -3.8 8 L-malate + NAD+  oxaloacetate + NADH + H + Malate dehydro-genase Oxidation +29.7

32. REGULATION OF TCA CYCLE Pyruvate Acetyl CoA Citrate Isocitrate Α -Ketoglutarate Succinyl CoA Succinate Fumarate Malate Oxaloacetate - ATP, acetyl CoA & NADH - ATP & NADH + ADP - ATP, succinyl CoA & NADH Α -KGD ICD

33. BIOSYNTHETIC ROLES OF TCA CYCLE Pyruvate Acetyl CoA Citrate Isocitrate Α -Ketoglutarate Succinyl CoA Succinate Fumarate Malate Oxaloacetate Aspartate Other amino acids, purines & pyrimidines Porphyrins, heme, chlorophyll Glutamate Other amino acids & purines Fatty acids, sterols

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