Phyllostomidae and the evolution of diet
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Presentation of my Master 1 BEE (Montpellier, France)
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Phyllostomidae and the evolution of diet
- 1. Curriculum vitae • Fieldwork • Labwork: The world evolutionary radiation of the cosmopolitan genus Myotis : biogeographic and temporal origins (M 2) Phyllostomidae and the evolution of diet (M 1)
- 2. Phyllostomidae and the evolution of diet Phylogeny & evolution of bats: evolution of diet Presented by : Yann Gager Supervised by : Emmanuel Douzery
- 3. Phyllostomidae Phyllostomidae and the evolution of diet
- 4. Phyllostomidae • Leaf-nosed bats from the New World
- 5. Phyllostomidae • Leaf-nosed bats from the New World • ~ 160 species described (55 genus) : More than 10% of Bats = 2nd Order in number of species after Rodents
- 6. Phyllostomidae • Leaf-nosed bats from the New World • ~ 160 species described (55 genus) : More than 10% of Bats = 2nd Order in number of species after Rodents • Great diversity of life-history traits : Family of Mammals with the biggest number of diet
- 10. Phyllostomidae Blood Plants Arthropods Vertebrates
- 11. Goals of the study Phyllostomidae and the evolution of diet
- 12. Goals of the study • Reliable phylogenetic tree: important sampling of species and molecular data
- 13. Goals of the study • Reliable phylogenetic tree: important sampling of species and molecular data • Preliminary to the study of the evolution of dietdiet
- 14. Samplings Phyllostomidae and the evolution of diet
- 15. Samplings • 120 species + 3 outgroups
- 16. Samplings • 120 species + 3 outgroups • Compilation & concatenation of genes* : Supermatrix of 6883 aligned nucleotides *( GenBank )
- 17. Samplings • 120 species + 3 outgroups • Compilation & concatenation of genes* : Supermatrix of 6883 aligned nucleotides 12S 16S CO1 CYB RAG-2 *( GenBank ) 12S 16S CO1 CYB RAG-2 Species 1 X ? X ? X Species 2 X X X X X Species 3 X X X ? X Species n X X X X X
- 18. Phylogenetic analyses Phyllostomidae and the evolution of diet
- 19. Phylogenetic analyses • Maximum likelihood (GTR + Γ + INV)
- 20. Phylogenetic analyses • Maximum likelihood (GTR + Γ + INV) P ,MP ,M
- 21. Phylogenetic analyses • Maximum likelihood (GTR + Γ + INV) • Node support : Bootstrap (100 replicates)
- 22. Phylogenetic analyses • Maximum likelihood (GTR + Γ + INV) • Node support : Bootstrap (100 replicates) • Inference of diet : Trophic levels of the panTHERIA project* *( Jones et al. 2009 ) 1 Phytophagy 2 Omnivory 3 Animalivory
- 23. Evolution of diet Phyllostomidae and the evolution of diet
- 24. Evolution of diet • Function ACE with APE (R) : Ancestral Character Estimation Species 1 Species 2 ? Species 3 ?
- 25. Evolution of diet • Function ACE with APE (R) : Ancestral Character Estimation • Probabilistic model of estimation of the speed of change of the diet character state
- 26. Evolution of diet • Function ACE with APE (R) : Ancestral Character Estimation • Probabilistic model of estimation of the speed of change of the diet character state Species 1 Species 2 Species 3
- 27. Evolution of diet • Function ACE with APE (R) : Ancestral Character Estimation • Probabilistic model of estimation of the speed of change of the diet character state all changes different
- 28. Evolution of diet • Function ACE with APE (R) : Ancestral Character Estimation • Probabilistic model of estimation of the speed of change of the diet character state all changes different Phytophagy Omnivory Animalivory Phytophagy NA R1 R2 Omnivory R3 NA R4 Animalivory R5 R6 NA
- 34. Evolution of diet • Specialisations, but opportunistic omnivory – Food completion
- 35. Evolution of diet • Specialisations, but opportunistic omnivory – Food completion – Survival when the favorite food is rare
- 36. Prospects Phyllostomidae and the evolution of diet
- 37. Prospects • To obtain a fully resolved phylogeny !
- 38. Prospects • To obtain a fully resolved phylogeny ! 1) More taxa
- 39. Prospects • To obtain a fully resolved phylogeny ! 1) More taxa 2) More genes
- 40. Prospects • To obtain a fully resolved phylogeny ! 1) More taxa 2) More genes 3) Both !
- 41. Prospects • Well supported phylogenies: Working basis for numerous research on bats!
- 42. Prospects • Well supported phylogenies: Working basis for numerous research on bats! Life-history traits Artibeus sp.
- 43. Prospects • Well supported phylogenies: Working basis for numerous research on bats! Systematics Cistugo sp.
- 44. Prospects • Well supported phylogenies: Working basis for numerous research on bats! Biogeography Myotis spp.
- 45. Prospects • Well supported phylogenies: Working basis for numerous research on bats! Conservation Craseonycteris thonglongyai
- 46. Acknowledgments • Team Molecular phylogeny and Evolution: E. Douzery, F. Botero, M. Ballenghien, P. Gayral, C. Delsol • Funding: ANR Mitosys 2006-2010 • Presentation design: M. David• Presentation design: M. David
- 47. Thank you !
- 49. Supermatrix • Drawbacks: Missing data e.g. artefacts • Benefits: Contribution for a phylogenetic signalsignal e.g ½ of 7kb = 3.5 kb !
- 51. General Time Reversible ( GTR ) A C G T A - a∏C b∏G c∏T C a∏A - d∏G e∏T • Base frequencies ∏, substitution rates (from a to f) and branch lengths G b∏A d∏C - f∏T T c∏A e∏C f∏G -
- 52. • Nucleotide model of evolution • General Time Reversible (GTR) with a gamma distribution of rate variation (Γ) and a proportion of invariant sites (INV) General Time Reversible + Γ + INV proportion of invariant sites (INV)
- 53. Evolution of diet • Matrix of rates of change of trophic level state Phytophagy Omnivory Animalivory Phytophagy NA 2,50 0 Omnivory 0,71 NA 0,69 Animalivory 0 0 NA
- 54. Rate change of trophic level • ER = Equal rates • SR = Synonym rates Phytophagy Omnivory Animalivory Phytophagy NA R1 R1 Omnivory R1 NA R1 Animalivory R1 R1 NA Phytophagy Omnivory Animalivory • ARD = All rates different Phytophagy Omnivory Animalivory Phytophagy NA R1 R2 Omnivory R1 NA R3 Animalivory R2 R3 NA Phytophagy Omnivory Animalivory Phytophagy NA R1 R2 Omnivory R3 NA R4 Animalivory R5 R6 NA
- 55. Order Chiroptera Jones and Teeling, 2006 Chiroptera
- 59. Phyllostomidae Blood Plants Arthropods Vertebrates